Professional Documents
Culture Documents
FLASH
METER
IV
USER
GUIDE
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#wrst*nts
Incidentand ReflectedLight Meterings
Incidentlight metering:basicoperation
Det e rm i n i nth
g e l i g h ti n gra ti o .
10
12
Aperture-prioritymetering
14
16
Reflectedlight metering:characteristics
18
20
22
Contrastcontrol
28
Creativeexposuremeasurement .
30
Cumulativeexposuremetering
38
BoosterII....
44
Spot-probeattachment. .
46
Boostercompensation .
48
ffiffiffi?#
A
E
Frash
Meterrv
b Fiiinirl:'
Spot light:
Tungsten
Diffuser
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ffi
Floodlight:
Tungsten
35mm camera
mj
ffi
Rerrector
6 x 6 camera
flm
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View
cameraqffiffiil]{illll
extension
ury{
compensation
lightmetering
Fig. 1 Incident
Light source
lncident liqht
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rl
ml
Camera
lncidentlightmetering
(usingsphericalrecePtor)
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Sphericaldiffuser
Accordingly,
incidentlightmeteringwill indicatethe sameexposurelevel(f/16in
groupA photographs)for
all subjects,i.e.irrespective
of the subjectreflection
factor,
whenphotographing
uMer the samelightconditions,
andthereforerenderthe neutral Flat diffuser
graysheeras gray,the highreflection
factorwhitesheetas white,and the low reflection
factorblacksheetas black.
*Standard reference subjects may have
a ref lection factor anywhere between 120/oand26%
reference subject with an 180/oreflection factor.
Minireceptor
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Reflected-light attachment
Viewfinder5o
BoosterII
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subject
@ Three-dimensional
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Sffa'*fl.ilnNoNc
Fig. 2 Effectof illumination
sourcesIn
photograPhY
of threeandflat
dimensional
subjects
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f/8, 1/60sec.
Exoosure:
ry
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,,r.!:],l::'
, : l : . af i:
r.ri
t'':"i'"t Attachthe
i,,.N,'..
diffuser
,i spherical
or flat diffuserto the
receptor,
or usethe mini
receolor.
'
,"]; I Setrhemode
s, I selectorto the
oeisiiriometertype.
(AMB|,CORD,NON.C.)
AH
-Jtl
Pressthe
' " , meaSuring
buttonto take a
measuremenl.
'"ii-';
Usethe
,"*F
i decrease/
.
inCieasecontrolto selecl
eitherthe shutterspeed
or aperture(f-number).
(fhis shouldnormallybe
set to the flashsync
speedduringflash
photography.)
oAMBI:measures
(continuous)
light.
ambient
light.
flashlightorflashligltandambient
NONC:measures
CORD,
onoperation.
fordetails
oPlease
manual
readtheFlashMeterIVinstruction
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(A)Exposedat meteredvalues.
(B)Slightly"underexposed"
(B)Slightly
lf the reflection
factoris high:lightersubjects
Forexample,if the sceneis of predominantly
white,i.e.has a high reflectionfactor,and thesewhitesubjectsare to
be reproduced
with maximumdetail,betterresultswill be obtainedby underexposing
the pictureone-halfto one
stopfrom the exposureindicatedby the incidentlightmeter.
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(A)1122,
Exposure:
1/60sec.;1/3stop
(B)t132,1/60sec; 1/3stop
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Exposure:
(A)11132,
1/60sec.;1/2stop
(B)t122,1/60
sec.;1/2stop
(A)Exposedat meteredvalues.
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Openscenery
Althoughthe lightreceptoris normallyplacednearthe
subjectand directedat the cameralens,this is often
not possibleand frequentlynot necessarywhen photographingoutdoors.The receptorcan usuallybe placed
nearthe camerawith acceptableresults.This is
becausea lightsourcesuch as the sun will providethe
same illumination
at the cameraas at the subiect.
1,
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Exoosure: f/8. 1/250sec.
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(A)Lightingratio:B:1
Exposure:(A)Il22+ 213,1160
sec; 1/2stop
Thesetwo exposures
were madewith different
lightingratiosto demonstratethe effectof differing
ratioson the finalexposure.The top photograph
hada lightingratioof 8: 1
which was adjustedto the
2:1 ralioo1the lower
photograph
by fillingin
snadows.
Fig. 3 Lightingratio
Table 1
Differencein
Lighting
meteredexposure
ratio
(ExlN )
1 stop
2:1
2 stops
3 stops
4 stops
5 stops
6 stops
7 stops
11
B:1
16:1
JZ.
64:1
128:1
(B) Llghtingratio'.2:1
Exposure:(A)Il22+ 213,1160
sec; 1/2stop
FlashMeterlV analyzefunction
ln actual flash photographythe total light used for the exposurecontainssome degree
of ambientlight-unless you'reworkingin totaldarkness.This meansconventional
flashmeters(e.9.the MinoltaFlashMeterIII)expressthe requiredexposureas the
strikingthe receptorwithinthe periodthe
sum of both constantand flash illumination
does not know the amountof
the photographer
shutteris open.Accordingly,
providedby onlythe flashor ambientlight,and the meterseemsto
illumination
indicatea constantexposureevenijthe shutterspeedwas changedafter light
meteringwas completed.
The FlashMeterIV employsseparatemeteringand adjustmentfor ambientand
flashexposures.lt then storesthesevaluesto calculatethe exposuresetting.
the ratiobetweenflashand ambientlightcan be readfrom an analog
Accordingly,
scaleon the FlashMeterIV and usedto retainthe effectso{ ambientlight(whether
this raliocan
naturallightor modelinglights)or to emphasizeshadows,Furthermore,
be controlledby changingthe shutterspeedto varythe amountof the ambientlightor
the guidevaluecan be adjustedto varythe amountof flashlightafter meteringis
completed.
When meteringthe scene shown in the photographsat right with the Flash Meter IV,
switchat ANALYZElo meterthe flash light;the threepointers
set the normallanalyze
appearon the analogscaleand the exposurerequiredfor the overalllightlevelis shown
on the digitaldisplay.The pointersin pholograph
@oo
B indicate:
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(1)Totalexposurevalueof the ambientlightand
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electronicflashlight(thepointerat 0 on the
nrct.c
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'-. contrastscale)
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(2)Proportion
of the flashlight(blinkingpointer)
(3)Proportionof ambientlight
The differencebetweenflashand ambientlightlevelscan be determinedwith
pointers(2)and (3).The differencehere is approximately
1/4stop,indicatingnearly
equalportionsof flashand ambientlightin the exposure(seephotographB at right). p
In photographA, the shutterspeedwas loweredlo increasethe tungsten(ambient)
lightcomponent,As shownon the contrastscale,the ratioof flashto tungstenlightis
clear:the flash lightto totallightratiois indicatedat 2 stopswhiletungstenlightis
indicatedat 1/4stops.
In photographC the situationwas reversed:the flash units power levelwas increased
The tungstenlightto totallight
to increasethe amountoJflash lightin the exposure.
ratiois - 2.5 stops,makingthe flashthe main lightsource.flffhilethe same ratiocan
be obtainedby increasingthe shutterspeed,the totallightlevelwill also changq and
the displaywill indicatea largerapertureis required.)
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(A) Erp.rosure:
iilr. l sec
\E'
- 4 . - 3 s . - 2
. r i . ' . 6 .
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hur
2 s . 3 . 4
FNo
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L.Lr
(B)ExposureI!2+31t1,
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e.
Aperture-priorityflashmetering
flashmeteringin additionto ambientlight
The FlashMeterIV permitsaperture-priority
meteringof daylightandtungstenlight.i
;:1, .r . , : .,
the .,,.,
whichControls
by the aperture,
arecontrolled
Sinceambientlightexposures
ji
amountof lightstrikingthe film,and shutterspeed,whichcontrolsthe lengthof time'r
metering
this lightstrikesthe film,one mustdeterminethe aperturefor shutter-priority
metering.
the shutterspeedfor aperture-priority
and,conversely,
However,
tne flasnunit'sdurationis veryshort,andwith mostcameras,it is not , .:
possibleto controlthe amountof time lighifromthe flashstrikesthe film plane. i)''
Accordingly,
the apertureis normallyadjustedto controlthe amountof lightreaching
ln conventional
thb film.(Onautomaticflashesthe flashdurationis controlled.)
meteringsystems(theMinoltaFlashMeterIII),the shutterspeedwas set (withinthe
for the amountof flashand
camera'sX-syncrange)andthe aperturewas calculated
ambientlightwhichwouldstrikethe receptorat thisshutterspeed.
Sincethe FlashMeterIV employsseparatemeteringand adjustmentfor ambient
whichcan indicatethe amountof flashlight,the scenecan be
andflashexposure
meteredwith the requiredX-syncshutterspeedand desiredaperture,and the meter
as a 'guidevalue"IGW is
flashlight(expressed
will indicatehow muchadditional
(unvarying)ambient
light
constant
figure
is
a
This
based
on
requiredfor the exposure.
level,and indicateshow manystopsthe powerlevelmust be increasedor decreased
to providea properexposureat the specifiedaperture.
Forexample,lessd'epthof fieldwas desiredin the photographat right.Accordingly,
the aperturewas set to f/16,and the meterindicated* 1 GV indicatingthat flash
illumination
mustbe reducedone stop,i.e.powershouldbe reducedlo 1t2the current
the powerlevelshouldbe increasedone stop.
level.Similarty,
if +'1 GV is indicated,
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2 00 w s
b
b
200ws
filmSiensitivity
&posihtemefers'ehd
of the film whenthinkingaboutexposure.
It is importantto knowthe characteristics
on the film appearsas the
Whenthe film is developed,the amountof light(exposure)*
betweenexpothe relationship
densityof imageson the film.The linegraphillustrating
curveindicates
curve.Thecharacteristic
sureanddensityis the film characteristic
film latitudeandother :
exposure,
whichis requiredwhendetermining
film sensitivity,
factorsimportantto a obtainingcorrectexposure.
"curvesfor color reversaland color negative
Fig.A showsthe typicalcharacteristic
films.As wouldbe expected,thesecurvesindicateoppositetendenciesfor each of
the threeprimarycolors,red:green,and blue.We will referto the compositecurveof
here.
Fig.B to simplifythe discussion
TheX-axisindicatesthe logarithmof the exposure,and the Y-axisis the transmission
transparentas the expodensityof the film.Colorreversalfilm becomesincreasingly
opaqueas the exposuredecreases,prosureincreases,and becomesincreasingly
ducingan invertedS-curvedescendingto the right.The curveindicatesthat exposure,
at the two extremes(thetop and bottomof the curve)'
and densityare not proportional
throughthe straightlinein between.Thisstraightlineindicates
but are proportional
on . .l
in lightintensity
variations
thatpartof the filmwhichmostaccuratelyreproduces
,;,'-,
.'t.t:
thesubject.
This rangeis referredto as the film'sexposurelatitude,most commonlya difference
of aboutfive stopsbetweenmaximumand minimumexposureswith color reversal ,:.
:'
film.(TheareabetweenS and H on the FlashMeterIVcontrastscaleis the exposure
exposureHm,which
latitudeof the film.)Ataboutthe centerof this rangeis reference
Hm produces
at whichreference
the intersection
is usedto calculatefilm sensitivity;
M.
midtonedensityDm is filmsensitivity
the requiredexposureis obtainedby measuringillumi'
Withincidentlightmetering,
nationon the subject.Exposurecalculationsin this systemare designedto reproduce
an 18% graysubjectexposedat the indicatedapertureand shutterspeedin neutral :.:
-,
tones,i.e.at meandensitYDm.
meteringsystems,the lightreflectedby the subjectis measuredto ..,,,
In reflected-light
determinesubjectluminance,and exposureis adjustedso this is equivalentto refer- '"
ence exposureHm. In otherwords,all subjects,no matterwhattheir reflectionfactor,
the highest
will be reproducedas a meandensityDm image.In actualphotography,
and the lowest
reflectionfactorencounteredfor whiteobjectsis about85% to 9Ao/o,
reflectionfactoris that of blackobjects,about2.5o/oto 3%.
this rangebreaksdown intoaboutfive stoPsof
In termsof exposuredifferences,
4Bo/0,
and 96%, placingthe 18% graysubject
120/o,24.0/0,
3o/0,60/o,
apprOximately
the exposureindicatedby an incidentlightmeterand
roughlythe middle.Accordingly,
theixposure indicatedby a reilectedlightmeterusinga subjectwith a reflection
lightingconditions.
18% will be nearlyequalunderequivalent
factorof approximately
lf thepictureis exposedat the meteredlevels,subjectswith a reflectionfactorof from
l6
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Color negativefilm
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etering:
Ch
;:*jK"j
=o
o
z.
O
--#h";:';;';:""
Exposure:
il45+112,1/60sec;
1/3aperture
6
o
c
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Fointthe
receptor
directlyat the subject
AH
TIME
GV
rso
FNo
Pressthe
measunng
button to take a
measuremenl
Use the
decrease/increase
control to select either
the shutter speed or
aperture(f-number).(fhis
shouldnormallybe set to
the flash sync speed
during flash photography.)
Beadthe
requrreo
exposure
settingfrom
thedatapanel
r Forfurtherdetails,
manual.
referlo theinstruction
betweenmeteringwith a reflectedlightmeterand an incident
The biggestdifJerence
is in step 5: in reflectedlightmeteringthe receptormust alwaysbe directed
lightm-e1er
at the subjectfrom the directionat which the camerawill be located.
Thereare two majortechniquesused in reflectedlightmetering:(1)averaging*,in
which the entiresubjectis meteredfrom the cameraposition,and (2)spot metering,in
which a narrowacceptanceangleis usedto metera specificpart of the subject.(See
Fig.4.)
*Caremuslbe takenso thatshadows
do notcoverthesubject.
fromthemeteror photographer
betweenacceptanceangle and subject
Fig. 4 Relationship
t
I
20
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Averagemetering
In averagemetering,the receptoracceptanceangle (40' on the reflectedlight attachment,10" on the VieMinder10o[, 5o on the Viewfinder5")permits meteringof light
reflectedoff the subject,therebyproducingan averagedreadingand exposure.
lf the reflectionfactorof the overallscene is approximately
18%,the exposurewill
be equivalentto an incidentlight meteredexposureof the same scene.See photographsA and B.
Althoughthis techniqueproducesa quick,easy reading,the exposurewill be unbalancedif largepartsof the sceneare extremelylight,dark,or backlit.See photographsC and D.
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Spot metering
A narrowedacceptanceangleis usedfor spot metering,thus permittingmeteringof a
closelydefinedpart of the subject.This narrowanglepreventsinterference
from surroundinglightsand reproducesthe meteredarea as a midtonedensity.lf the metered
area has a reflectionfactor of about 18%, an averagedexposuresimilarto that producedby an incidentlightmeterwill result.See photographsE and F.
With the FlashMeterIV,the photographer
can metereithertight(whites)ordark
(blacks)areas,and pressthe highlight(H)or shadow(S)keyto retainmaximumdetail
in that part of the subjectwhile maintaininga naturalbalanceon the overallexposure.
Accordingly,
best resultsare obtainedwith spot meteringby first determiningthe
overallcomDosition
beforemeterino.
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Subject contrast
and exposuredetermination
The spot meteringtechniquedescribedon the previouspagecompensatesfor many
of the problemsinherentin reflectedlightmeteringand can be usedto produce
of
photographs
exposedfor specificobjectives.To reallyoptimizethe possibilities
iettecteOtigntmetersand to get the most from the film,the followingtechniqueshould
also be mastered.
Thistechniqueinvolvesspot meteringof both highlightsand shadows,and then
from thesemeteredexposuresand the exposurelatitudeof
determiningthe expoSure
the film. In otherwords,knowingthe brightness,ie. luminance,of the subjectis the
most effectiveway to reproducetheseimageson film.This rangeof subject
brightnessis calledsubjectcontrast*(or subjectbrightnessrange)and is expressed
as a ratiobetweenthe highestand lowestluminanceson the subject.Subject
contrastis definedby the lightingratioand the subjectreflectionfactor'
The FlashMeterIV includesboth a memoryfunctionand analogscalefor easy,
visualconfirmationof subjectcontrast.lt is alsoequippedwith highlight(H),shadow
determinethe exposureby
(S)and averaging(A)keyswhich let the photographer
m6nitoringsubjectbrightnessbeforeshutterrelease.
Forexample,the differencebetweenhighlights(thewall of the outsidebuilding)and
shadows(thecar radiatorgrill inside)in the picturesat rightis eightstops,or a subject
contrastof 256: 1.(SeeTable2.)
At the same time,howevetthe latitudeof most color reversalfilm is approximately
five stopswith subject
Table 2
(see
contrastof32:1
Highlightarea (memorized)
Differencein
Subject
pages16and 17).In
meteredexposure
contrast
such situationswhere
(Ex lN.)
'""JJ,o*'
*J[.
contrastexceedsfilm
z , I
1 stop
latitude,exposingthe
,.ori,/
A'1
L L -1
2 stops
\
scenewith an averaged
6.1
stops
3
[(A)key]exposurewill
16:1
4 stops
oroducewashed-out
0
32:1
5 stops
anddark
highlights
,/in -? f,
64:1
6 stops
shadows(pictureB).
128:1
7 stoos
lf the situationallows
to be
the highlights
256:1
B stops
emphasizedand the
expohighlight-weighted
(highlight)
for
a
press
key
to
meter
the
H
shadowsdismissed,
sure;all shadowareasbelowthe S mark on the contrastscalewill be completelyblack
pressthe S (shadow)key
(pictureA). Conversely,
if the shadowsare to be emphasized,
exposure;all highlightsabovethe H on the contrastscalewill '
for a shadow-weighted
be washedout (pictureC).Referto the scalesand exposuresindicatedto the rightof ,'
each photograph.
-fl
i.\n
*lt is important
to thecomposition,
anddarkestpointsessential
meterthebrlghtest
to selectively
to
lt is alsoimportant
pointsof maximum
contrast.
anytwoindiscriminate
notsimplymeasure
related
to colorhues.
inbrightness
thedifferences
consider
22
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(A)Highlight-weighted
exposure
Exposure.
Il11+ 114,I /30 sec
'l
J
(B)Averagedexposure
E x p o s u r eI l 5 6 + 1 1 2 ,1 / 3 0s e c
(C)Shadow-weightedexposure
Exposure:
Il4+ 114,1/30sec
m
Exposure:fl11+114.1/60sec
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Exoosure:tl22+112.1/60sec.
@-3
A-3 Highlight-weighted
exposure
Exposure:
ll56+314, 1/60sec
75ws
B Shadow-weightedexposure