IMPACT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Information Technology - refers to the combination of hardware, software,

and services that people use to manage, communicate, and share
information.
Herman Hollerith - founder of IBM
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
Systems analysis and design - is a step by step process for developing
high quality information systems
Information system - combines information technology, people, and data to
support business requirements.
Systems analyst - plan, develop, maintain information systems

WHO DEVELOPS INFORMATION SYSTEMS

In-house applications - information systems developed by companies
Software Packages - information systems purchased from outside vendors

INFORMATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS

System - is a set of related components that produces specific results

Mission-critical system - one that is vital to a company's operations
Data - consists of basic facts that are the system's raw material
Information - is data that has been transformed into output that is valuable
to users

An information system has 5 key components

a) Hardware - consists of everything in the physical layer of the information
system.
Moore's Law - number of transistors on an integrated circuit would
double about every 24 months
b) Software - refers to the programs that control the hardware and produce the
desired information or results.
System Software - manages the hardware components, which can
include a single workstation or a global network with many thousands of
clients

Application Software - consists of programs that support day to day

business functions and provide users with the information they require
Enterprise applications - company wide applications
Horizontal system - is a system that can be adapted for use in many

different types of companies

Vertical system - is designed to meet the unique requirements of a

specific business or industry

Legacy systems - older systems
c) Data - is the raw material than an information system transorms into useful
information
d) Processes - describe the tasks and business functions that users, managers,
and IT Staff members perform to achieve specific results
e) People
Stakeholders - have an interest in an information system
Users - sometimes called end users, interacts with the system

UNDERSTAND THE BUSINESS

Business process modeling - process to represent company operations
and information needs
Business profile - is an overview of a company's mission, functions,
organization, products, services, customers, suppliers, competitors,
constraints, and future direction
Business process - is a specific set of transactions, events, and results that
can be described and documented
Business process model - graphically displays one or more business
processes
Business process modeling notation - computer-based modeling tools
that use a standard language

NEW KINDS OF COMPANIES

Product-oriented - manufactured computers, routers, or microchips
Service-oriented - included vendors, software developers, and service
providers

 Internet-dependent firm - often desribed as dot.com company, primary

business depends on the Internet rather than a traditional business channel
Traditional firms - sometimes called brick-and-mortar, conduct business
primarily from physical locations

IMPACT OF THE INTERNET

Internet-based commerce - is called E-commerce(Electronic commerce) or
I-commerce(Internet commerce)
2 Main Sectors:
a) B2C(Business to consumer) - using the internet, consumers can go
online to purchase an enormous variety of products and services
b) B2B(Business to business)
Electronic data interchange (EDI) - data sharing arrangement
that enables computer to computer data transfer, usually over

private telecommunication lines

Extensible markup language (XML) - enabled company to
company traffic to migrate to the internet, which offered
standard protocols, universal availability, and low communication

costs.
Supply chain management (SCM) or Supplier relationship
management (SRM) - popular form of b2b interaction

BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Enterprise computing - refers to information systems that support companywide operations and data management requirements
Enterprise resource planning(ERP) - provide cost effective support
for users and managers throughout the company
Transaction processing systems - process data generated by day to day
business operations
Business support systems - provide job-related information support to users
at all levels of a company
Management information systems(MIS) - new systems

Radio frequency identification(RFID) - newest development in data

acquisition which uses high frequency radio waves to track physical

objects
Knowledge management systems - called expert systems becase they
simulate human reasoning by combining a knowledge base and inference rules
that determine how the knowledge is applied
Knowledge base - consists of a large database that allow users to
find information by entering keywords or questios in normal English

phrases.
Inference rules - logical rules that identify data patterns and

relationships
Fuzzy logic - allows inferences to be drawn from imprecise

relationships
User Productivity - companies provide employees at all levels with technology
that improves productivity.
Groupware - run on a company intranet and enable users to share
data, collaborate on projects, and work in teams
WHAT INFORMATION DO USERS NEED
Top Managers - develop long range plans (strategic plans) which define the
company's overall mission and goals
Middle Managers - provide direction, necessary resources, and performance
feedback to supervisors and team leaders
Knowledge workers - include professional staff members such as systems
analysts, programmers, accountants, researchers, trainers, and human resource
specialists.
Supervisors - often called team leaders, oversee operational employees and
carry out day to day function
Operational Employees - include users who rely on TP sytems to enter and
receive data they need to perform their jobs
Empowerment - gives employees more responsibility and
accountability
*Binabasa mo ba talaga to? Wag na. Babagsak ka rin lang*
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT TOOLS

 Modeling - produces a graphical representation of a concept or process that

system deleopers can analyze, test, and modify
Business model or requirements model describes the information

that a system must provide.

Data model describes data structures and design
Object model describes objects, which combine data and processes
Process model describes the logic that programmers work together

to describe the same environment from different points of view.

Prototyping tests system concepts and provides an opportunity to
examine input, output, and user interfaces before final decisions are made.
Prototype is an early working version of an information system
Computer-aided systems engineering (CASE) tools also called
computer-aided software engineering, is a technique that uses powerful
software, called CASE tools, to help systems analysts develop and maintain
information systems
SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT METHODS
Structured Analysis a traditional method that still is widely used
Systems development life cycle (SLDC) series of phases used to
plan, analyze, design, implement, and support an information system.
The SDLC Model usually includes five steps:
a) Systems planning usually begins with a formal request to
the IT department, called systems request, which describes
problems or desired changes in an information system or a
business process.
o Preliminary investigation evaluates an ITo

related business opportunity or problem

Feasibility study reviews anticipated costs and
benefits and recommends a course of action based
on operational, technical, economic, and time

factors.
b) Systems analysis purpose is to build a logical model of
the new system
o Requirements modeling investigate the business
processes and document what the new system must
o

do to satisfy users
System requirements document describes
management and user requirements, costs, and

benefits, and outlines alternative development

strategies.
c) Systems Design purpose is to create a physical model
that will satisfy all documented requirements for the system
o System design specification is presented to
management and users for review and approval.
d) Systems Implementation during this phase, the new
system is constructed
o Systems Evaluation determines whether the
system operates properly and if costs and benefits are
within expectations
e) Systems Support and Security the IT staff maintains,
enhances, and protects the system
o Scalable design can expand to meet new business
requirements and volumes
Object-oriented (O-O) analysis is a more recent approach that many
analysts prefer
Object member of a class
Class collection of similar objects
Properties inherited from the objects class or possessed on its own
Methods built in processes
Message requests specific behavior or information from another

object
Interactive model can accurately depict real-world business

processes
Agile Methods also called adaptive methods, include the latest trends in
software development
Spiral model represents a series of iterations, or revisions, based on
user
o
o
o
o

feedback
Planning - define objectives, constraints, and deliverables
Risk Analysis identify risks and develop acceptable resolutions
Engineering develop a prototype that includes all deliverables
Evaluation perform assessment and testing to develop

objectives for next iteration

Project management is the process of planning, scheduling, monitoring,
controlling, and reporting upon the development of an information system.
Other Development Methods katamad na to itype eh tignan niyo na lang
sa book. Hahaha
THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT

 IT Group provides technical support, which includes six main functions:

a) Application Development provides leadership and overall
guidance
b) System support and security provides vital protection and
maintenance services for system hardware and software
c) User support provides users with technical information, training,
and productivity support
d) Database administration involves data design, management,
security, backup, and access
e) Network Administration includes hardware and software
maintenance, support, and security.
f) Web support vital technical support function
g) Quality Assurance reviews and tests all applications and system
changes to verify specifications and software quality standards.
SYSTEMS ANALYST
Systems analyst investigates, analyzes, designs, develops, installs,
evaluates, and maintains a companys information system.
Responsibilities be a good bedan student.
Skills
o Technical knowledge
o Communication skills
o Business skills
o Critical thinking skills
Education mag-aral ka daw para maging systems analyst ka
Certification verifies that an individual demonstrated a certain level of
knowledge and skill on a standardized test
Others medyo common sense na yung iba or kung gusto niyo tignan niyo na
lang last page sa Chapter 1