Deep Foundation

References:
Coduto, D.P. (1994): Foundation design: principles and
practices
Day, R.W. (2010): Foundation engineering handbook
Hardiyatmo, H.C. (2011): Analisis dan Perancangan
Fondasi, Bagian II

Teng , Wayne C. (1992): Foundation Design

Tomlinson, M.J. (2001): Foundation design and
construction

Topics (from SAP):

Kapasitas dukung tiang terhadap gaya lateral
dalam tanah kohesif

a. Ujung tiang bebas (tiang pendek dan tiang panjang)

b. Ujung tiang terjepit (tiang pendek dan tiang panjang)

Defleksi tiang

a. Ujung tiang bebas (tiang pendek dan tiang panjang)

b. Ujung tiang terjepit (tiang pendek dan tiang panjang)

Analisis stabilitas fondasi tiang

a. Beban tiang
b. Kapasitas dukung tiang
c. Jumlah tiang
d. Susunan tiang
e. Kontrol

Turap

a. Pengertian
b. Tipe struktur turap
c. Tipe turap dari segi bahan

Perancangan turap jenis kantilever

a. Gaya-gaya yang bekerja

b. Panjang turap yang dipancang
c. Dimensi turap dan pemilihan profil turap

Perancangan turap dengan angkur

a. Letak tumpuan angkur

b. Dimensi batang angkur
c. Konstruksi angkur

Fondasi caisson

a. Pengertian dan jenis fondasi caisson

b. Bentuk tampang fondasi sumuran
c. Analisis fondasi sumuran

Design of Sheet Pile

Determination of sheet pile stability
a. Calculate the depth of embedded sheet pile into the ground
b. Determinate the sheet pile dimension.

Steel sheet pile use the table of section profile

Concrete sheet pile use the table of section profile for
corrugated sheet pile or determine the thickness and arrange the
steel reinforcement
Timber sheet pile determine the dimension

a. Cantilever-type sheet pile

1. For non-cohesive soil
Analyze the sheet pile width of 1 m
drawing area
Determine d (depth of embedded
part)
(SF = 1,50 - 2,00)

Sheet pile dimension is determined

based on Mmaks

 Assuming:
The sheet pile is a fixed-solid structure, so that the elastic line
appears as an inclined straight line rotating at Point Do

Acting forces:
Right side
Left side

: ADo active lateral earth pressure

DDo Passive lateral earth pressure
: BDo Passive lateral earth pressure
DoD Active lateral earth pressure

 Forces Diagram
A

Ea
B
do
d

dog.KP

Do (H+do)g.Ka

dg.Ka dog.Ka

(H+do)g.KP

Do
D

EP1 -Ea
dg.KP

Do
EP2 -Ea2
Do
D

 Sheet pile stability at every point:

M 0

Use SF = 1,50 2,00 B-do can be defined. Then the length of

embedded sheet pile (B-D) can be calculated
In the analysis:
1. (SMP/SMA) > 1,50 - 2,00 at point Do , or
2. SF is used to divide EP
3. Length of embedded sheet pile is do = BDo
and the implemented (real) sheet pile embedment
d = (1,20 - 1,40)do

Stage of analysis:
Assuming Do same location as Do'
A
K force is acting on Do and remain
unknown if :
SMP & SMA id calculated on Do

SMDo= 0 calculate do
and then decide d = 1,2do

B
d

do
Do
D

Sheet pile dimension is determined

from the actual Mmaks.
Mmaks at the point with distance of x
from B, so (dMx/dx) = 0 or SD = 0

Example:
A timber sheet pile with 2.00 m high, supporting the backfill with
j = 30o, cohesion is neglected, g = 18 kN/m3 and s all timber = 10
MPa. Calculate the length and dimension of sheet pile to be used.

Solution:
Calculation is being done on the sheet pile with the width of 1 m
drawing area:
K a tan 2 45 j 1
2
3

K p tan 2 45 j 3
2

H=2m

H=2m

B
d

x
do

do

Ea
X

EP

Do
Do

2
Ea 1 H1 g K a
2

Ea 1

and

H1 H d o 2 d o

2 d 18 1
2
3
2

Ea 32 d o kN
2

With the distance to Do:

1 d
2

ea 1 2 d o
3

18 3

2
E p 1 do g K p
2

Ep

E p 27d o kN
2

With the distance to Do:

e p 1 d o
3

a. Determination of embedded sheet pile do

M
or

Do

so

E a ea E p e p 0

2
2
32 d o 1 2 d o 27 d o 1 d o
3
3

2 d o 3 9 d o 3
2 d o 2,08 d o
d o 1,85 m

The actual embedded sheet pile: d 1,2 d o 2,23 m

Use d = 2,30 m
Total length of sheet pile = 4,30 m

b. Determination of sheet pile dimension

(thickness of timber sheet pile)
Mmaks occured at the location between B & Do
Analyzing point X with the distance of x m from B, so:
2
Eax 1 2 x g K a
2
2
Distance from x:
Eax 32 x kN

E px

eax 1 2 x
3

x g K p
2

E px 27x kN
2

Distance from x:

e px 1 2 x
3

There are two methods to solve this problem

1. SD = 0 (the sum of lateral forces = 0)

Eax E px
32 x 27x
2

x = 1 , from point B to downward direction

2.

M E
x

ax

eax E px e px

2
2
1

3
2

27
x
1 2 x
x
3
3
3
1

9
x
x
3
3

d M
x

0 So :

32 x 27 x 2 0
2

dx
x = 1 m, from point B to downward direction
Mmaks = Mx=1 = -18 kNm

Assuming:

thickness = t m,

So:

2
2
3
t
1
W
1 t m
m3
6
6

Meanwhile

s all timber 10 MPa

s all

M 18 kNm
timber
2
t
W
6

So:

t = 0,104 m = 10,4 cm

Use:

t = 11 or 12 cm

width = 1 m

a. Cantilever-type sheet pile

2. Cohesive soil
For cohesive soil, the internal friction angle is 0 or nearly 0.

Based on Japan Port & Harbour Association-Design Standard for

Port and Harbour Structures coefficient of active lateral earth
pressure for cohesive soil (Kac)= 0,50, meanwhile coefficient of
passive lateral earth pressure for cohesive soil (KPc)= 2,00

Sheet pile supported by pile foundation

A combination of pile and horizontal sheet or horizontal and
vertical sheet pile

The solution of this type of sheet pile may be divided into two
parts :
a. The pile supports horizontal forces
b. Horizontal sheet pile construction or the combination of
horizontal and vertical sheet pile

The pile supports horizontal forces

Pile, with
a certain
distance

b
Horizontal
sheet pile

B
H

b B

A
B

B
B

30 cm

B
Cross-section A-A

Layout

Cohesive Soil

Non-cohesive soil

1,5b

1,5b
do
9 cu.b

Do
D

do
d
3b.do.g.KP

Do
D

Example:
A

1,25

H=1,2

1,25

1,25

do
3b.do.g.KP

Do
D

1,25

Sheet pile supported by

piles (as shown in the
picture) is installed on noncohesive soil with j= 30o, c
1,25 = 0, unit volume weight (g)
= 17 kN/m3
Calculate:
1,25
a. The length of embedded
sheet pile,
1,25
b. Dimension and thickness
of the pile
sall timber = 10 MPa
Width of the pile = 10 cm

Solution:
A
1,25
H=1,2

1,25

Ea

0,4 m

1,25

1,25

1,25
do

1,25
d

Do

3b.do.g.KP

1,25

a. Determination of the pile length

Analyzing 1 m drawing area

3
2
1 H g K 1 1,2 17 1 4,08 kN (1 m)
2
2
3

K a tan 2 45 30
Ea

2 13

K p tan 2 45 30

Moment arm from Do = (0,40 + do) m

E p 1 3b d o g K p d o 1 3 0,1 d o 17 1 d o
2
2
3

E p 7,65 d o

Moment arm from Do = do m

Equilibrium condition:
SMDO = 0
Note: active lateral earth pressure should be calculated with the
width of 1,25 m

1,25 Ea 0,4 d o E p 1 d o
3
2
1,25 4,08 0,4 d o 7,65 d o 1 d o
3
3
2,55d o 5,1d o 2,04 0

Trial:

Use:

do = 1
-0,510
do = 1,1 -0,176
do = 1,12 -0,089 0
do = 1,12 m
d = 1,2 do = 1,344 m or d = 1,40 m

Total length of the pile:

t = H + d = 1,20 + 1,40 = 2,60 m

b. Determination of pile dimension

A

M E
x

0,4
B

x
X

eax E px e px

1,25 Ea 0,4 x E p 1 x
3

3
M

2
,
04

5
,
1
x

2
,
55
x
x

Ea

EPX

ax

Maximum moment occurred if:

d M
x

dx

We get
x = 0,816 m
Mmax
= -4,8165 kNm

Assuming: thickness = t m,
width = b m

t
So:

W 1 b t 2 m3
6
M
s
s all timber 10 MPa
W

If b = 0,10 m, we get t = 16,9997 cm

Use t = 20 cm

c. Determination of sheet pile thickness

A

1,25

1,25
B

p = H.g.Ka kN/m
EP

1,25

p = H.g.Ka
t
Mmax
B= 1,25 m

Use the width of sheet pile = 1 unit length and thickness = t

The load acting of sheet pile p = HgKa

M max 1 p.B 2 1,328 kNm

8
M
s
and W 1 b t 2
6
W
t = 0,0282 m or t = 2,82 cm
Use t = 3 cm

use unit length of 1m