DRAFT

NORM

EN 14531-1
Edition: 2012-10-01

Railway applications Methods for calculation of

stopping and slowing distances and immobilisation
braking
Part 1: General algorithms utilizing mean value calculation for
train sets or single vehicles

Bahnanwendungen Verfahren zur Berechnung der Anhalte- und

Verzgerungsbremswege und der Feststellbremsung Teil 1: Grundlagen
Applications ferroviaires Mthodes de calcul des distances d'arrt, de
ralentissement et d'immobilisation Partie 1: Algorithmes gnraux utilisant des
valeurs moyennes pour des compositions de trains ou vhicules isols

Note:
Because of possible comments, the final version of this NORM can
differ from the present Draft.
Please send your comments (in writing) by 2012-11-15 to Austrian
Standards Institute.

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ICS
Identical (IDT) with

45.060.01
prEN 14531-1:2012-07

Supersedes

NORM EN 14531-1:2006-01

responsible

Committee 213
Railway applications

DRAFT NORM EN 14531-1:2012

Explanations concerning Draft

The present Draft European Standard EN 14531-1 has been submitted to CEN members for voting. In case of
a positive result of the voting as required by CEN/CENELEC regulations, this Draft will be published as EN.
Like all member organizations of CEN, Austrian Standards Institute is basically obliged to implement European Standards in Austria and to withdraw conflicting standards.
Austrian Standards Institute herewith submits this Draft of a European Standard as Draft NORM to
public enquiry and information.
Since a German translation is not yet available, the English version of prEN 14531-1 is submitted to public
enquiry and information, in order to observe the deadline fixed by CEN.

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EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPENNE

DRAFT
prEN 14531-1

EUROPISCHE NORM
July 2012
ICS

Will supersede EN 14531-1:2005

English Version

Railway applications - Methods for calculation of stopping and

slowing distances and immobilisation braking - Part 1: General
algorithms utilizing mean value calculation for train sets or single
vehicles
Applications ferroviaires - Mthodes de calcul des
distances d'arrt, de ralentissement et d'immobilisation Partie 1: Algorithmes gnraux utilisant des valeurs
moyennes pour des compositions de trains ou vhicules
isols

Bahnanwendungen - Verfahren zur Berechnung der

Anhalte- und Verzgerungsbremswege und der
Feststellbremsung - Teil 1: Grundlagen

This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 256.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which
stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language
made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to
provide supporting documentation.

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Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and
shall not be referred to as a European Standard.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG

Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels

2012 CEN

All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved

worldwide for CEN national Members.

Ref. No. prEN 14531-1:2012: E

prEN 14531-1:2012 (E)

Contents

NORM DRAFT

Page

Foreword ..............................................................................................................................................................4

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Introduction .........................................................................................................................................................5
1

Scope ......................................................................................................................................................6

Normative references ............................................................................................................................6

3
3.1
3.2

Definitions, symbols and abbreviations ..............................................................................................6

Terms and definitions ...........................................................................................................................6
Symbols and indices .............................................................................................................................8

4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.4
4.4.1
4.4.2
4.4.3
4.4.4
4.4.5
4.4.6
4.4.7
4.4.8
4.5
4.5.1
4.5.2
4.5.3
4.5.4
4.5.5
4.5.6
4.6
4.7
4.7.1
4.7.2
4.7.3
4.8
4.8.1
4.8.2

Stopping and slowing distances calculation ................................................................................... 10

General ................................................................................................................................................. 10
Accuracy of input values ................................................................................................................... 10
General characteristics ...................................................................................................................... 10
Train formation.................................................................................................................................... 10
Characteristics of a train .................................................................................................................... 11
Brake equipment type characteristics .............................................................................................. 13
General ................................................................................................................................................. 13
Forces of friction brake/tread brake equipment .............................................................................. 14
Forces of friction brake (disc brake) equipment ............................................................................. 20
Mean dynamic coefficient of friction (m) ........................................................................................ 25
Brake forces of other brake equipment types ................................................................................. 25
Time characteristics ........................................................................................................................... 34
Blending concept ................................................................................................................................ 37
Sharing, proportioning of the brake forces - achieved forces ....................................................... 39
Initial and operating characteristics ................................................................................................. 39
Gradient of the track ........................................................................................................................... 39
Initial speed ......................................................................................................................................... 40
Coefficient of adhesion ...................................................................................................................... 40
Level of the brake demand ................................................................................................................ 41
Quantity of each brake equipment type available ........................................................................... 41
Calculation in degraded conditions .................................................................................................. 41
Total retarding force at train level ..................................................................................................... 41
External forces .................................................................................................................................... 42
Gradient ............................................................................................................................................... 42
Wind force on the train ....................................................................................................................... 42
Train resistance .................................................................................................................................. 42
Stopping and slowing calculation based on mean values ............................................................. 42
Mean braking force with respect to the distance ............................................................................ 42
Equivalent deceleration (ae) based on mean forces ....................................................................... 43

4.8.3

Mean decelerations supplied by each braking force ( ai ) .............................................................. 43

4.8.4
4.8.5
4.8.6
4.8.7
4.9
4.9.1
4.9.2
4.9.3
4.9.4
4.9.5
4.10

Equivalent free run distance (s0) ....................................................................................................... 44

Stopping and slowing distance (s) ................................................................................................... 44
Stopping distance on a gradient (sgrad) ........................................................................................... 45
Other specific formulae for the calculation of stopping distance ................................................. 46
Supplementary dynamic calculations .............................................................................................. 46
General ................................................................................................................................................. 46
Mass to be braked (mB) ...................................................................................................................... 46
Braking energy .................................................................................................................................... 46
Braking power ..................................................................................................................................... 48
Maximum specific power flux for each type of friction brake ........................................................ 49
Specific expressions of performance ............................................................................................... 49

NORM DRAFT

prEN 14531-1:2012 (E)

4.10.1
4.10.2
4.10.3
4.10.4
4.10.5

General ................................................................................................................................................. 49
Braked weight percentage () ............................................................................................................ 49
Braked weight ...................................................................................................................................... 50
Braking ratio ........................................................................................................................................ 50
Equivalent brake force ........................................................................................................................ 50

5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.5.1
5.5.2
5.5.3
5.5.4
5.5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10

Immobilization brake calculation ....................................................................................................... 50

General ................................................................................................................................................. 50
General characteristics ....................................................................................................................... 50
Static coefficient of friction ................................................................................................................ 51
Train and operating characteristics .................................................................................................. 51
Immobilization force provided by equipment type .......................................................................... 51
Force of a screw hand brake (Tread brake) ...................................................................................... 51
Force of a screw hand brake (Disc brake) ........................................................................................ 51
Force of a tread brake unit ................................................................................................................. 51
Force of a disc brake unit ................................................................................................................... 52
Force of a permanent magnetic track brake ..................................................................................... 53
Immobilization force for each axle .................................................................................................... 53
Total immobilization force per train .................................................................................................. 54
Immobilization safety factor ............................................................................................................... 54
Coefficient of adhesion required by each braked axle .................................................................... 54
Maximum achievable gradient ........................................................................................................... 55

Annex A (informative) Workflow of stopping and slowing distance calculation method ......................... 56
Annex B (informative) Workflow of immobilization calculations ................................................................. 58
Annex C (informative) Brake equipment type example calculations ........................................................... 59
Annex D (informative) Train stopping distance and immobilization brake calculation example ............. 73
D.1
General ................................................................................................................................................. 73
D.2
Train stopping calculations ................................................................................................................ 75
D.3
Train stopping calculations on a gradient ........................................................................................ 76
D.4
Train immobilization (parking) brake calculations .......................................................................... 77
Annex E (informative) Development of the formula for the mean brake force with respect to the
braking distance .................................................................................................................................. 78
Annex F (informative) Slowing or stopping distance calculation using alternative method of
equivalent response time calculation as French Railway requirements for train operating
in G position ..................................................................................................................................... 80

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Annex G (informative) Requirements and example calculation of brake force data required for UK
rolling stock library ............................................................................................................................. 82
G.1
Purpose ................................................................................................................................................ 82
G.2
Scope .................................................................................................................................................... 82
G.3
General ................................................................................................................................................. 82
G.4
Calculation of brake force data .......................................................................................................... 82
G.4.1 Vehicles with either a single value of brake force, or values fixed for the tare and laden
conditions............................................................................................................................................. 82
G.4.2 Vehicles with a value of brake force that varies in proportion to the load .................................... 83
G.4.3 Factors to be considered in the derivation of brake force .............................................................. 84
G.5
References (UK Standards) ................................................................................................................ 85
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential
Requirements of EC Directive 2008/27/EC ....................................................................................... 87
Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................................... 88

prEN 14531-1:2012 (E)

NORM DRAFT

Foreword
This document (prEN 14531-1:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 256 Railway
applications, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
This document will supersede EN 14531-1:2005.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).
For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document.
This series of European Standards EN 14531, Railway applications Methods for calculation of stopping and
slowing distances and immobilization braking consists of:

Part 1: General algorithms utilizing mean value calculation for train sets or single vehicles;

Part 2: Step by step calculations for train sets or single vehicles.

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The two Parts are interrelated and should be considered together when conducting the step by step
calculation of stopping and slowing distances.

NORM DRAFT

prEN 14531-1:2012 (E)

Introduction
The objective of this European Standard is to enable the railway industries and operators to work with a
common calculation method.
It describes the general algorithms utilizing mean value calculation in the design and validation of brake
equipment and braking performance for all types of train sets and single vehicles. In addition the algorithms
provide a means of comparing the results of other performance calculation methods.
To assist in the understanding of a standard it may be appropriate to include information in the form of
normative annexes, and/or informative annexes and/or notes and examples.
Normative annexes give provisions that are mandatory and additional to those in the body of the document.
The inclusion of normative annexes is optional. An annexs normative status is made clear by the way in
which it is referred to in the text, by an indication in the table of contents and under the heading of the annex.
Informative annexes give additional information that is not mandatory but intended to assist the understanding
or use of the document. They do not contain mandatory requirements, except in the case of optional
requirements. The inclusion of Informative annexes is optional. An annexs informative status is made clear by
the way in which it is referred to in the text, by an indication in the table of contents and under the heading of
the annex. Informative annexes may contain optional requirements. For example, a test method that is
optional may contain requirements but there is no need to comply with these requirements to claim
compliance with the document.

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Notes and examples integrated in the text of a document are only used for giving additional information that is
not mandatory, but are intended to assist the understanding or use of the document. These elements do not
contain requirements or any information considered indispensable for the use of the document.

prEN 14531-1:2012 (E)

NORM DRAFT

Scope

This European Standard describes general algorithms which may be used for all types of train sets, units or
single vehicles, including high speed, locomotive and passenger coaches, conventional vehicles and wagons.
This standard does not specify the performance requirements. It enables the estimation and,/or comparison
by calculation of the various aspects of the performance: stopping or slowing distances, dissipated energy,
power, force calculations and immobilization braking.
If it is required to validate, verify or assess braking performance it is recommended that a more detailed
calculation is performed in accordance with prEN 14531-2, i. e. a step by step calculation.
This European Standard contains generic examples of the calculation of brake forces for individual brake
equipment types and calculation of stopping distance and immobilisation braking relevant to a train (see
Annex C and D).

Normative references

The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 14067-2, Railway applications Aerodynamics Part 2: Aerodynamics on open track
EN 14478, Railway applications Braking Generic vocabulary
prEN 14531-2, Railway applications Methods for calculation of stopping and slowing distances and
immobilisation braking Part 2: Step by step calculations for train sets or single vehicles
ISO 80000-3, Quantities and units Part 3: Space and time.
ISO 80000-4, Quantities and units Part 4: Mechanics

3
3.1

Definitions, symbols and abbreviations

Terms and definitions

For the purpose of this standard, the definitions given in EN 14478, prEN 14531-2, ISO 80000-3 and
ISO 80000-4, and the following apply.
3.1.1
static mass per axle
mass measured by weighing at the wheel-rail interface, or estimated from design evaluation, of each axle in a
stationary condition for each operating condition required e. g. operational mass in working order, as defined
in EN 15563

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3.1.2
static mass of the train
summation of all the static mass values per entity e. g. per axle, for each operating condition
3.1.3
equivalent rotating mass
linear conversion of the moment of inertia due to rotating parts coupled to the wheelsets during braking e.g.
brake disc, gear wheel etc.
3.1.4
brake equipment type (i)
group of equipment the purpose of which is to provide braking force