19C

BCTRAN"toderive[A],[R]or[R],[[Equation:omega]L]ofmulti
phasetransformer
SupportingroutineBCTRANcanbeusedtoderivealinear[A][R]or
[R][[Equation: omega]L] representation for single or 3phase (both
coretype and shelltype) 2winding, 3winding or multiplewinding
transformers,usingtestdataofboththeexciting testandtheshort
circuittestattheratedfrequency.
Excitationlossescanbetakenintoaccountbythismodel,although
these losses can be neglected for both singlephase transformers and
threephase lowreluctance transformers. Some more explanation related
tothezerosequence excitation testforthreephase transformers seems
tobedesirable:
1. For threephase transformers having one or more DELTAconnected
windings,thecoreconstruction(Shelltypeorcoretype)isofminor
importance. In such a case, the excitation test really becomes a
shortcircuittestbecauseaclosedDELTAactsasashortcircuitfor
zerosequencecurrents.
Itistherefore assumedthatallDELTAconnections areopenduring the
zero sequence excitation test. In this case, the homopolar flux will
close its path through the tank, where saturation effects will occur.
Unfortunately,onlyoneworkingpointratherthanacompletesaturation
curvecanbespecifiedcurrently.Becausetheexcitationcurrentcannot
beneglected,alsotheexcitationlossesshouldbeincluded.
Ontheotherhand,iftheDELTAwindingremainsclosed,neitherthevalue
ofthezerosequenceexcitingcurrentnorthevalueofthezerosequence
excitationlossarecritical.
2. For threephase transformers having only WYEconnected windings,
thecoreconstructionisofmajorimportance.Adistinctionshouldbe
madebetweenlowreluctanceandhighreluctancetransformers.
2a.Lowreluctance:e.g.banksofsinglephasetransformers
threephaseshelltypetransformers
threephasefourorfivelegtransformers
Insuchcase,thehomopolarfluxclosesitspathovercorematerial,
thusmeeting alowreluctance path. Inthis case,thezerosequence
excitationcurrentwillbesmall,andtheresultingexcitationlosses
willbenegligable.
2b.Highreluctance:e.g.3legcoretypetransformer.
Thehomopolarfluxwillcloseitspaththroughtheairandthetank
(i.e.ahighreluctancepath).Becauseinsuchcasethezerosequence
excitationcurrentisimportant,theresultingexcitationlossescan
not be neglected. Even saturation effects will occur in the
transformertank.Unfortunately,onlyoneworkingpointratherthana
completesaturationcurvecanbespecified.
The shortcircuit losses can, and always should, be taken into
account.

19C

Stray capacitances are ignored in this representation, which

therefore is only valid up to a few kHz. As opposed to the XFORMER
model,theBCTRANmodelisevenvalidatlowfrequencies.Thisisdueto
the fact that the inductive and resistive part of the shortcircuit
impedancearetreatedseparatelybythismodel. Asaconsequence, all
offdiagonalresistiveelementswillremainzero,unlessonetakesinto
account the excitation losses. Since at DC these losses are zero, no
nonzero resistive elements can occur at DC anyway. Therefore, at DC
conditions, novoltagecanbeinducedfromonewinding intotheother,
whichisphysicallycorrect.
Nonlinearbehaviourcan'tbeincludedinthe"BCTRAN"modelproper.
Such behaviour (saturation or hysteresis) can be taken into account,
however,byaddingtype93,96or98elements,connectedtotheproper
transformerterminals(i.e.thosewindingswhichareclosesttothecore)
intheelectricalnetwork,duringthesteadystateortransientrun.In
such case, however, it is mandatory to specify Iex,dir=0, since
otherwise,themagnetizinginductancewillbetakenintoaccounttwice.
Another possibility is to switch over to the "saturable transformer
model" (section IVE), which seems to work fine for all types of 2
windingtransformers,butwhichcanbecomeunstablenumericallyforthe
3windingcases.Thereasonforthisinstabilityisnotyetunderstood,
butreorderingthewindingsequencemightsolvetheproblem.
Since this model uses the admittance formulation internally, the
magnetizingcurrentcanhaveanyvalue(evenzero). Ontheotherhand,
of course, if the user specifies too little magnetizing current, the
admittance matrix becomes nearly singular, so that the [R][[Equation:
omega]L] output option becomes useless. Always use the [A][R] output
option in such cases. Recall that [A] equals the inverse of [L].
Further,notethatthefloatingpointmiscellaneousdataparameterEPSLIN
(seeSectionIIB)isusedasasingularitytolerance.
Thepunchedcardoutputof"BCTRAN"immediatelycanbeusedasinput
branch cards for mutually coupled, highprecesion PIcircuit elements
(highprecisionTYPE1,2,...)intheelectricalnetwork(SectionIVB).
This is explained in section XIXC4. Assigning node names not only
establishes the type of connection (WYE or DELTA), but also the phase
shift (clock system) for a threephase transformer (see example in
sectionXIXC3).
Further, don't forget that all input data are only valid for the
ratedfrequencyatwhichalltestshavebeenperformed. Alsonotethat
it is impossible (even useless) to try to reset the value of this
frequency!!
Thefollowingsubsectionwillexplaintheinputdatadeckstructure
for all possible BCTRAN cases. Next will follow a singlephase and a
threephasetransformerexample.Inthelastsubsection,applicationsof
BCTRANoutputwillfollow.Itshouldbestressedthatallformulastobe
usedareinaccordancewithIECPublication761.

19C

Inputdatadeckstructurefor"BCTRAN"
The most important differences between singlephase and 3phase
transformerinputarethefollowing:
1phasetransformers:
leaveallfieldsforthezerosequenceinputparametersblank.
useonlythesinglephase,positivesequencepowerrating.
settheflag"NP"=1ontheexcitationtestdatacard(point4)
usethewindingvoltages,devidedbySQRT(3)(point5)
assignonlynodenamestoBUS1andBUS2ofphase1(point5)
leave flag "ID" blank on all shortcircuit test data cards
(point6)
bankof3singlephasetransformers:
leaveallfieldsforthezerosequenceparametersblank.
useonlythesinglephase,positivesequencepowerrating.
settheflag"NP=1"ontheexcitationtestdatacard(point4)
forthewindingvoltage,theconnection(WYEorDELTA)isimportant
(point5)
assignnodenamestoBUS1andBUS2forallthreephases(point5)
leave flag "ID" blank on all shortcircuit test data cards
(point6)
lowreluctancetransformers:
theexcitationbehaviourdependsonthewindingconnection.Ifno
DELTAwindings occur, the zerosequence excitation current IEXZERO
willbelow,andthecorrespondinglossesLEXZEROcanbeneglected.
However,ifaDELTAwindingoccurs,ithastobeopenedduringthe
zerosequence excitation test. The excitation IEXZERO will become
importantandthecorrespondinglossesLEXZEROhavetobetakeninto
account.
value of the impedances (shortcircuit impedance, magnetizing
impedance)equalinboththepositiveandzerosequencemode.
settheflag"NP"=0ontheexcitationtestdatacard.(point4)
forthewindingvoltage,theconnection(WYEorDELTA)isimportant
(point5)
assignnodenamestoBUS1andBUS2forallthreephases(point5)
takecareforflag"ID"(point6)

19C

highreluctancetransformers:
inthiscasethezerosequenceexcitationcurrent willalways be
high, and hence, the corresponding losses should be taken into
account.Inaddition,theexcitationbehaviourdependsonthewinding
connection,thesamewayasforthelowreluctancetransformer.
thevalueoftheimpedances(shortcircuitimpedance,magnetizing
impedance) is different in both the positive sequence and zero
sequencemode.
settheflag"NP"=0ontheexcitationtestdatacard.
(point4)
forthewindingvoltage,theconnection(WYEorDELTA)isimportant
(point5)
assignnodenamestoBUS1andBUS2forallthreephases(point5)
takecareforflag"ID"(point6)
The difference between 2winding, 3winding or multiwinding
transformerinputisstraightforward:
"NW",thenumberofwindingspercoreleg,isaninputparameter.
(point5)
Flag "ID" (point 6) is important for 3phase, 3 or multiwinding
transformers.
In general, an input datadeck for the "BCTRAN" supporting routine
hasthefollowingstructure:
1.BEGINNEWDATACASE.
2. BCTRAN
specialrequest
(transferscontroltotheproperoverlay)
3. $ERASE
request(optional)
(eraseanycardimagesthatmightexistinpunchbuffer)
4.1excitationtestdatacard
5.NWwindingdatacards
(NW=numberofwindingspercore)
6.NW*(NW1)/2Shortcircuittestdatacards
7.BLANKCARDterminatingshortcircuittestdata
8.$PUNCHrequest(optional)
(flushcontentsofpunchbufferofprecedingBCTRANcase)
Remark thatthedataofpoints 4through 8may berepeated asmany
timesasdesired. Eachsuchgroupingisaseparatedatacasewithin
theBCTRANsetup,correspondingtoadifferenttransformer.
9.BLANKCARDendingallBCTRANcases
10.BEGINNEWDATACASEcardtobeginnewEMTPdatacase
11.BLANKCARDendingallEMTPcases

19C

For an example of such input, the reader is referred to benchmark

DCNEW8ortosectionsXIXC2andXIXC3.Let'sdiscussthedifferent
cardformatsinmoreextensivedetailnow.
The"BEGINNEWDATACASE"cardcomesfirst.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

B E G I N

N E W

D A T A

C A S E

Nextcomesthe"BCTRAN"card,aspecialrequestcardthatservesto
transfercontroltotheoverlayinquestion.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

A C C E S S

M O D U L E

B C T R A N

Nextcomestheoptional"$ERASE"card,aspecialrequestcardwhich
servestoresetthepunchbuffer(LUNIT7).
1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

$ E R A S E

NOTE:Thisoptionalcardshouldbeusedwheneverpunchedoutputis
requested.
Nextcomesonecardcontainingexcitationtestdata,construction
data,theratedfrequency,andtheoutputrequests:

19C

1
1 2 3 4 5 6

I2

E 1 0 .

N W

7 8 9 0 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

E 1

F R E Q

0 .

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8 9 0 1 2 3 4

E 1 0 .

E X P O S

S P O S

4
5 6 7 8 9 0

E 1

0 .

5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

L E X P O S

E 1 0 .

positive sequence test

8 9 0 1 2 3 4

E X Z E R O

5 6 7 8 9 0

E 1 0 .

S Z E R O

7
1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8

E 1 0 .

9 0 1 2 3 4 5

L E X Z E R O

6 7 8 9 0

I2

I2

I2

I2

N P

IT

IW

IP

zero sequence test

(all DELTA windings open)
>>>>>

leave blank if NP=1

<<<<<

Parameters:
NW

totalnumberofwindingspercoreleg

FREQ : rated frequency (in Hz) at which all tests are performed.
Notethatthisvalueisnecessaryonlytoalloweither[A][R]or[R]
[[Equation: omega]L] output. For this conversion, the value of
[Equation:omega]=2.[Equation:pi].FREQisneeded.
IEXPOS :
exciting current (in percent) in the positivesequence
excitationtest.Theformulaeareasfollows:
singlephase:[Equation:IEXPOS=Isubex[VsubLV]over[SPOS]100]
threephase:[Equation:IEXPOS=Isubex[root3[VsubLV]]overSPOS
100]
where Iex = measured excitation current (nominal conditions phase
value)
VLV=ratedlinevoltageonLVside(seecard5)
SPOS=powerbase
Note that if both IEXPOS = 0 and IEXZERO = 0, the [R][[Equation:
omega]L]outputrequestwillgenerateanerrormessage.Indeed,insuch
cases, the admittance matrix becomes singular, so it can not be
inverted!!!Insuchcase,onlytheARoptionshouldbeused.Notethat
[A]=[L]1.
SPOS : thepowerbase(inMVA),usedfor"IEXPOS"referencing.
LEXPOS :
excitation loss (in kW) in the positivesequence
excitationtest.
singlephase:LEXPOS=Pex,loss(negligable)
threephase:LEXPOS=Pex,loss
wherePex,loss=measuredexcitationloss(nominalconditions)
IEXZERO : the exciting current (in percent) in the zerosequence
excitationtest.
NP=1:IEXZERO=blank

19C

threephase:[Equation:IEXZERO=1over3Isub[ex,h][[root3Vsub
LV]overSZERO]100]
whereIex,h=measuredexcitationcurrent(nominalconditions)
VLV=ratedlinevoltageonLVside(seecard5)
SZERO=powerbase
IfatleastoneDELTAwindingexists,itshouldbeopenedbecause
forthezerosequencecurrenttheclosedDELTAwouldactasashort
circuitpath.ForopenDELTA,thehomopolarexcitationcurrentIex,h
always will be important. However, if the DELTA remains closed,
neither IEXZERO nor LEXZERO are critical. Taking the positive
sequencevaluesisagoodenoughapproximationthen.
If only WYEconnected windings occur, the homopolar excitation
current Iex,h can only be neglected in case of a lowreluctance
transformer, not in the case of a highreluctance transformer.
Typicalvaluesare:
threelegcoretype:IEXZERO=100%
fivelegcoretype:IEXZERO=4*IEXPOS
Note that, if both IEXPOS = 0 and IEXZERO = 0, the [R][[Equation:
omega]L]outputrequestwillgenerateanerrormessage.Indeed,insuch
cases, the admittance matrix becomes singular, thus it can't be
inverted!!!Insuchcase,onlytheARoptionshouldbeused.Notethat
[A]=[L]1.
SZERO :
thepowerbase(inMVA),usedfor"IEXZERO"referencing.
NP=1:SZERO=blank
threephase:SZERO=(nonzero)e.g.SPOS
LEXZERO : excitation loss (in kW) in the zerosequence excitation
test(nominalconditions).Theselossescanonlybeneglectedforthree
phase lowreluctance transformers, having only WYEconnected windings.
Leaveblankforbothasinglephasetransformerandabankof3single
phasetransformers(NP=1).
NP
:
flag, used to distinguish between singlephase and 3
phase
=0orblank:true3phasetransformer
= 1 : a bank of 3 singlephase transformers or 1 singlephase
transformer.
IT
:
=1,...,NW:referencenumberofthewindingfromwhere
theexcitationtestwasmade.Normallythisisthelowvoltagewinding.
Note that winding reference numbers are allocated in card type 5.
Further, note that, if both "IT" and "IW" are zero or BLANK, then the
programconnectsmagnetizingbranchesacrossALLwindings. Finally,if
"IT"isspecified,then"IW"alsoshouldbe!
IW
:
= 1, ..., NW : reference number of the winding across
whichthemagnetizingbranchistobeplaced.Inmostcasesthiswillbe

19C

thelowvoltagewinding, sincethisisthewinding closest totheiron

core.
Remark:see"IT".
IP
: outputrequestflag
=0orblank:matrices[A]and[R]requestedasoutput
>0:matrices[R]and[[Equation:omega]L]requestedasoutput
<0:both[A][R]and[R][[Equation:omega]L]requestedasoutput
Don'tforgettospecifythe$PUNCHrequest!!(point8).
Note that, if both IEXPOS = 0 and IEXZERO = 0, the [R][[Equation:
omega]L]outputrequestwillgenerateanerrormessage.Indeed,insuch
cases, the admittance matrix becomes singular, so it can not be
inverted!!Insuchcases,onlytheARoptionshouldbeused.Notethat
[A]=[L]1
Nextcomeexactly"NW"datacards,oneforeachtransformerwinding.
Thesecardscanbereadinarbitraryorder,sinceeachcardbearsits
ownwindingreferencenumber.Thecardformatisdisplayednext:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

E 1 0 .

E 1 0 .

V R A T
(optional)

A 6

A 6

A 6

A 6

A 6

A 6

B U S 1

B U S 2

B U S 3

B U S 4

B U S 5

B U S 6

phase 1

phase 2

phase 3

Parameters:
K
:windingreferencenumber.Thisnumberingshouldbeinorder
ofdecreasing(actually,nonincreasing)voltage,sothatwinding1isto
bethehighestvoltagewinding,winding2isthenexthighest,etc.The
placementofthecardsinthedeckisinarbitraryorder,though.
VRAT :ratedwindingvoltage(inkV)
singlephasetransformer:
VRAT=V/[Equation:root3](linetogroundequivalent)
threephasetransformerorbankof3singlephasetransformers
DELTAconnected:VRAT=V(linelinevalue)
WYEconnected:VRAT=V/[Equation:root3](linetogroundvalue)
NotethatVistheratednominallinelinevaluetobeusedinallformer
andfollowingperunitcalculations.
R
phase.
NOTE:

: winding resistance (in Ohm, at rated frequency) of one

19C

1)Ifthevaluesdifferinthethreephases,theaveragevalue
shouldbeused.
2)Ifthewindingresistancesarenotknown,theirvaluecanbe
derived automatically from the shortcircuit losses "Pij" (see
group6),onlyifthefollowingthreeconditionsarefullfilled
atthesametime:
NW.LE.3(seegroup4)
Pij>0forallshortcircuittests(seegroup6)
IL>0onFIRSTshortcircuitcard(seegroup6)
BUSi :nodenamesoftheterminalsofthewinding"k"ineachoneof
thethreephases.Onepairofnodenamesisneededperphase.
NOTE:
1)Ifaterminalisconnectedtoground,thenuseablankfield
forthenameofthatterminal.
2)Byassigningnamestothewindingterminals,thepunchedcard
output can be used directly as branch card output for a
subsequenttransientsimulation.
3) Assigning node names not only establishes the type of
connection (DELTA of WYE) but also the phase shift (clock
system)forathreephasetransformer.
Example:
Dy5 500/230 kV

BUS1
A2

B1

C1

BUS2

A1

C1

C2

B1

A1

A2

C1

B1

B2

PHASE

A1

C2

B2

Fig.1 : Clock-system declaration.

NotethatforagroundedWYE,xshouldbereplacedbyBLANK.
PHASER
K VRAT R
BUS1BUS2
2 [Equation:230over[root3]]
x
1 500
A1C1

PHASES
BUS1BUS2

PHASET
BUS1BUS2
C2x
A2x

B1A1

C1B1

B2

19C

10

NotethatontheDELTAsideapathtogroundshouldexist,inorderto
avoid"floatingsubnetwork"warningmessages.Thisproblemisdiscussed
inextensivedetailinsectionIVE3.
Nextcomeexactly"NW*(NW1)/2"cards,onecardforeachshort
circuittestbetweenapairofwindings.Thecardscanbereadin
arbitraryorder,sinceeachcardbearsitsownpairofwindingreference
numbers.Thecardformatisasfollows:
1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

I2

I2

E 1 0 .

Pij

E 1 0 . 2

ZPOSij

E 1 0 .

SPOS

E 1 0 . 2

ZZEROij

E 1 0 .

SZERO

I2

I2

ID

IL

Parameters:
I,J : reference numbers of the pair of windings between which the
shortcircuittestismade.
Pij
:shortcircuitlossorloadlosses(inkW)inthepositive
sequencetest.Takecareofthefollowing:
singlephase:Pij=Psh
threephase:Pij=Psh
wherePsh=measuredloadloss(nominalconditions)
Under certain conditions, the winding resistance "R" (see
preceeding group 5 data) can be calculated from the load losses. See
parameter"R"ofthepreceedinggroup5formoredetails.
ZPOSij :shortcircuitimpedance(inpercent,atratedfrequency)in
thepositivesequenceshortcircuittestforwinding"i"withwinding"j"
shorted.
forsinglephase:[Equation:ZPOS=UsubshoverIsubsh[[SPOS]overV
subHVsuper2]100]
for threephase: [Equation: ZPOS = U sub sh over [root 3 I sub sh]
[[SPOS]overVsubHVsuper2]100]
whereIsh=nominalcurrentonHVside(linevalue)
Ush=measuredshortcircuitvoltageonHVside(nominal
conditions,linevalue)
SPOS=powerbase
VHV=ratedlinevoltageonHVside(seecard5)
SPOS :powerbasevalue(inMVA),usedfor"ZPOSij"referencing.
ZZEROij
: shortcircuit impedance (in percent, at rated
frequency) in the zero sequence test for winding "i" with winding "j"
shorted.

19C

11

forsinglephase:ZZERO=blank
forthreephase:[Equation:ZZERO=UsubshoverIsubsh[SZEROoverV
subHVsuper2]100x3]
whereIsh=nominalcurrentonHVside(linevalue)
Ush=measuredshortcircuitvoltageonHVside(nominal
conditions,linevalue)
SZERO=powerbase
VHV=ratedlinevoltageofHVside(seecard5)
Note:foraclosedDELTA,theexcitationtestresultswith
closedDELTAarealmostthesameastheshortcircuitresults.
SZERO :powerbasevalue(inMVA),usedfor"ZZEROij"referencing.
forsinglephase:SZERO=blank
forthreephase:SZERO=(nonzerovalue!!)e.g.SPOS
ID
: this variable is only important for three or more
windingthreephasetransformers.
=blank:inallsinglephasetransformercases.
=0:thisisaflag,indicatingthatthezerosequence
reactance will be calculated, using the zerosequence shortcircuit
impedanceandtheresistance(automaticallycalculated)representingthe
positive sequence shortcircuit losses. Hence, the resistance of the
group5datawillNOTbeused.Thiscanbedoneinfollowingsituations:
in all twowinding threephase transformer
cases,regardlessofthewindingconnection.
for multiwinding threephase transformers,
where the zero sequence shortcircuit test only involves
windings i and k. If during this test, an additional DELTA
connected winding (different from i or k) is involved, this
DELTAmustbeopen.
>0:Thisisaflag,indicatingthefactthatthewinding
resistancesgivenongroup5datawillbeusedtoobtainreactancesfrom
impedances for the zerosequence test. Hence these winding resistances
willrepresentthezerosequenceshortcircuitlosses.Thissituationcan
onlyoccurasfollows:
for multiwinding threephase transformers
where the zerosequence shortcircuit test not only involves
windingsiandk,butalsoanotherwinding(referencenumber=
ID),typicallycloseddeltaconnected.
Thefollowingclarifiestherulesfor3winding
transformers:
Yydconnection: "d" is the additional shorted
windinginthezerosequencetestbetween"Y"and"y".
YDdconnection: "d" is the additional shorted
windinginthezerosequencetestbetween"Y"and"D"."D"is
the additional shorted winding in the zerosequence test

19C

12

between "Y" and "d". Furthermore, both these tests should

produceidenticalimpedances.
Dddconnection: the program cannot handle Ddd
connectedwindingswithoutfirstopeningthedeltaconnection.
Thisagreeswithfieldmeasurementexperience:inordertobe
able to perform the zerosequence test, the deltaconnection
shouldbeopenedanyway!!!
IL
: flag specifying how the winding resistance (group 5 data)
shouldbeobtained.
=0 or blank: The readin winding resistances (see group 5
inputcards)willbeused.
>0:thereadinwindingresistancevaluesofthegroup5data
will be ignored. Instead, the winding resistance values will be
calculated from the shortcircuit losses "Pij", on condition that all
restrictionsmentionedabove(see"R",point5)arefullfilled.
Note:ThisparametershouldonlybespecifiedontheFIRST
shortcircuittestdatacard.
Ablankcardcomesnext,toterminatetheinputofshortcircuittest
data.
Nextcomestheoptional"$PUNCH"card,aspecialrequestcardwhich
servestoactivatetheLUNIT7punchingofbranchcards

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

$ P U N C H

Notes:
1) This optional card should be used whenever punched card
outputisdesired.
2)Thispunchedoutputwillusethehighaccuracyfixedformat
notationforTYPE123elements.
3) Werefer to section XIXC4for rules to befollowed when
inserting the punched card output in an electrical network
simulation.
Remarkthatthedataofpoints4through8mayberepeatedasmany
timesasdesired.Eachsuchgroupingisaseparatedatacasewithinthe
BCTRANsetup,correspondingtoadifferenttransformer.
Toendall"BCTRAN"cases,ablankcardshouldbeenterednext.
IftheuserwantstoshutofftheEMTPatthispoint,a"BEGINNEW
DATACASE"card,followedbyablankcard,shouldbeenterednext.

19C

13

Singlephaseexample
a.Datasetup

Consider thecaseofaonephasetransformer withbothprimaryand

secondarywindinggroundedatoneterminalnode.Theotherterminalsare
called"P1"and"S1"forprimaryandsecondary,respectively. Finally,
thefollowingdatawereobtainedbymeasurementsonthistransformer(at
50Hz):
PowerratingS
ExcitationlossesPex,loss
ExcitationcurrentIex
ShortcircuitlossesPsh,loss
ShortcircuitcurrentIsh
ShortcircuitvoltageUsh
VoltageratingVprim/Vsec

:0.0063MVA
:65W
:1,85Amps
:95W
:16Amps
:8.3Volts
:220/377Volts

Thevaluesfortheactualinputparameterswillbederivedhereafter:
forcardtype4:

NW=2sincewehavea2windingtransformer
FREQ=50sinceboththeexcitationtestandshortcircuit
testhavebeenperformedat50Hz
IEXPOS=6,4603(%)
Indeed,theperunitmagnetizingcurrent:
[Equation:[1,85#x220over[6300]]x100=6,4603%]
SPOS=0.0063(MVA)
LEXPOS=0.065(kW)
NP=1becausewehaveasinglephasetransformer.
IT = 2 because the excitation test was made at the low
voltagewinding,havingreferencenumber2.
IW=2,assumingthelowvoltagewindingisclosesttothe
core.
IP = 1, thus requesting all possible output. Note that
IEXPOS = 6,4603%, hence no danger for nearsingularity of the
admittancematrix[A].

forcardtype5:

19C

14
AtotalofNW=2cardsofthistypewillbeusedinthis

example.
CardK=1(HVwindingcard)
VRAT(1)=.377/[Equation:root3]=.21766(kV)
The entry of R is not mandatory, since it can be
calculated automatically by BCTRAN. If one would prefer to work
manually,followingformulamustbeused:
R(1)=.186(Ohms)
Indeed,theshortcircuitresistance:
[Equation:Rsubsh=Psub[sh,loss]overIsuper2subsh=95
over16super2=.3711#f[Ohms]]
Thus,theresistanceoftheHVwinding(1)equals.3711/2=.186
Ohms.
WefurthertakeBUS1=H1andBUS2=blank(connection
toground)
CardK=2(LVwindingcard)
VRAT(2)=.220/[Equation:root3]=.12702(kV)
The entry of R is not mandatory, since it can be
calculated automatically by BCTRAN. If one would prefer to work
manually,followingformulamustbeused:
R(2)=.063(Ohms)
TheshortcircuitresistanceRsh =.3711Ohms(seeabove)sothe
resistanceoftheLVwinding(2)equals:
[Equation:.3711over2*(220over377)super2=0.063#f[Ohms]]
BUS1=L1andBUS2=blank(connectiontoground)
forcardtype6:

AtotalofNW*(NW1)/2=1cardofthistypewillbeused
inthisexample.
I=1
J=2
P12=.10363(kW)
The short circuit test was performed using 16A rather than the
nominalHVcurrentInom.Hencethevaluefortheshortcircuitlosses
shouldbemodifiedaccordingtothefollowingformula:
[Equation:Psub[sh,nom]=Psub[sh,m]x(Isub[sh,nom]overIsub
[sh,m])super2]
wheretheindex"nom"referstonominalconditionsand"m"refersto
theactualmeasuringconditions.
SinceIsh,nom=[Equation:6300over377]=16,71A
wefind[Equation:Psub[sh,nom]=0,095x([16,71]over16)super2
=0,10363kW]

19C

15

ZPOS12=2,2994(%)
[Equation:ZPOS=8.3over16x[0.0063]over0.377super2x100=
2.2994]
SPOS=.0063(MVA)
ID=blankbecausethisisasinglephasetransformercase
IL=1becausewewanttheprogramtocalculatethewinding
resistancesoutoftheshortcircuitlossesautomatically
Thesupportingroutine"BCTRAN"willcalculatethemagnetizingshunt
resistance(ironcoreloss)too.Inordertoverifytheoutput,the
usercancheckthisparameterveryeasily:
[Equation:Rsubmagn=Vsuper2subLSover[Psub[ex,loss]]=
220super2over[65]=744,62#f[Ohm]]
NotethatEMTPcalculatesavalueRself=747,01
Inputdatacardsforthe"BCTRAN"processingofthiscasethencould
appearasfollows:

BEGINNEWDATACASE
C
C(inputdatacorrespondtoexcitationandshortcircuittests,
Cperformedon13/02/84ona1phasetransformer)
C
CPowerrating:0.0063MVA
CVoltagerating:220/377Volts
CExcitationlosses:65W
CExcitationcurrent:1,85A
CShortcircuitlosses:95W
CShortcircuitcurrent:16A
CShortcircuitvoltage:8.3V
C
ACCESSMODULEBCTRAN
$ERASE
C
CExcitationdata
C
C3456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789
250.6.46030.00630.0651221
1.21766H1
2.12702L1
C
CShortcircuitdata
C
C3456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789
12.103632.29940.00631
BLANKLINEENDINGSHORTCIRCUITTESTDATA
$PUNCH
BLANKLINEENDINGbctran

b.output

Commentcard.NUMDCD=1.|Cdata://B/TRAFO/BCTRAN1F.IN

19C

16

MarkercardprecedingnewEMTPdatacase.|BEGINNEWDATACASE
Commentcard.NUMDCD=3.|C

Commentcard.NUMDCD=4.|C(inputdata
correspondtoexcitationandshortcircuittests,
Commentcard.NUMDCD=5.|Cperformedon
13/02/84ona1phasetransformer)
Commentcard.NUMDCD=6.|C
Commentcard.NUMDCD=7.|CPowerrating:0.0063MVA
Commentcard.NUMDCD=8.|CVoltagerating:220/377
Volts
Commentcard.NUMDCD=9.|CExcitationlosses:65W
Commentcard.NUMDCD=10.|CExcitationcurrent:1,85A
Commentcard.NUMDCD=11.|CShortcircuitlosses:95W
Commentcard.NUMDCD=12.|CShortcircuitcurrent:16
A
Commentcard.NUMDCD=13.|CShortcircuitvoltage:8.3
V
Commentcard.NUMDCD=14.|C

Generatetransformer[R],[L]or[A],[R].|ACCESSMODULEBCTRAN
Eraseallof0cardsinthepunchbuffer.|$ERASE
Commentcard.NUMDCD=17.|C

Commentcard.NUMDCD=18.|CExcitationdata
Commentcard.NUMDCD=19.|C

Commentcard.NUMDCD=20.|C3456789123456789
123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789
Excit.card.25.00E+016.46E+006.30E03|250.6.46030.0063
0.0651221
Windingcard.12.18E010.00E+00"H1".|1.21766H1
Windingcard.21.27E010.00E+00"L1".|2.12702L1
Excitationtestmadefromwindingnumber2.Magnetizingimpedanceisplaced
acrosswindingnumber2.
PositivesequenceZero
sequenceCloseddelta
FromToLoadloss[kW]Impedance[percent]Rating[MVA]Impedance
[percent]Rating[MVA]in
Commentcard.NUMDCD=24.|C

Commentcard.NUMDCD=25.|CShortcircuitdata
Commentcard.NUMDCD=26.|C

Commentcard.NUMDCD=27.|C3456789123456789
123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789
Shorttest.121.04E012.30E+00|12.103632.2994
0.00631
120.103632.299400.006
2.299400.0060
Shorttest.000.00E+000.00E+00|BLANKLINEENDINGSHORT
CIRCUITTESTDATA
ILOSS=1
Resistancematrixvaluescalculatedfromloadlosses.
Shuntresistancesforrepresentationofexcitationlosses.
Placetheshuntresistancematrixacrosswinding2withRself[ohm]=
7.47008966E+02andRmutual[ohm]=0.00000000E+00
Branchcardswith[A],[R]inwide($VINTAGE,1),fixedformatarecreated
next.Usea$PUNCHdatacardtoseeacopyofthese
onLUNIT6.Matrix[A]istheinverseinductancematrixin[1/henries],
whereas[R]isresistancematrixin[ohms].
Branchcardswith[R],[wL]inwide($VINTAGE,1),fixedformatarecreated
next.Usea$PUNCHdatacardtoseeacopyofthese

19C

17

onLUNIT6.RadianfrequencywcorrespondstotheinputfrequencyFREQ=
5.00000000E+01Hz.
Requestforflushingofpunchbuffer.|$PUNCH
Alistingof80columncardimagesnowbeingflushedfrompunchbufferfollows.
===============================================================================
1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789
===============================================================================
C<++++++>Cardspunchedbysupportroutineon07Feb9109.44.22<++++++>
CACCESSMODULEBCTRAN
C$ERASE
CC

CCExcitationdata
CC

CC3456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789
12345678
C250.6.46030.00630.06512
2
C1.21766H1
C2.12702L1
CC

CCShortcircuitdata
CC

CC3456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789
12345678
C12.103632.29940.00631
CBLANKLINEENDINGSHORTCIRCUITTESTDATA
$VINTAGE,1,
1L1747.00896590667
USEAR
1H1866.71803330735.18554656040922
2L11485.1979777180.0
2547.6262427514.06318876613197
$VINTAGE,0,
$UNITS,1.,1.
USERL
C<<caseseparator>>>
$VINTAGE,1,
1L1747.00896590667
USEAR
1866.71803330735.18554656040922
21485.1979777180.0
2547.6262427514.06318876613197
$VINTAGE,0,
$UNITS,1.,1.
USERL
C<<caseseparator>>>
$VINTAGE,1,
1L1747.00896590667
USEAR
1866.71803330735.18554656040922
21485.1979777180.0
2547.6262427514.06318876613197
$VINTAGE,0,
$UNITS,1.,1.
USERL
C<<caseseparator>>>
$VINTAGE,1,
1L1747.00896590667
USERL
$UNITS,0.50E+02,0.
1H1.18554656040922354.0518885064

19C

18

2L10.0206.40278389066
.06318876613197120.45061844065
$VINTAGE,0,
$UNITS,1.,1.
USERL
C<<caseseparator>>>
$VINTAGE,1,
1L1747.00896590667
USERL
$UNITS,0.50E+02,0.
1.18554656040922354.0518885064
20.0206.40278389066
.06318876613197120.45061844065
$VINTAGE,0,
$UNITS,1.,1.
USERL
C<<caseseparator>>>
$VINTAGE,1,
1L1747.00896590667
USERL
$UNITS,0.50E+02,0.
1.18554656040922354.0518885064
20.0206.40278389066
.06318876613197120.45061844065
$VINTAGE,0,
$UNITS,1.,1.
USERL
C<<caseseparator>>>
=========<EndofLUNIT7punchedcardsasflushedby$PUNCHrequest
>=======

Note:
1) Theshuntresistancesrepresentingtheexcitationlosses
acrosswinding2areaddedautomatically.
2)
The"$UNITS,1.,1."requestisusedtotogglebacktothe
normalXOPTandCOPTvaluesusedfurtherinthenetwork.
Threephaseexample
a.datasetup

Considerthecaseofathreeleggedcoretypethreephasetransformer
with both primary and secondary winding WYEconnected, and with both
STARpoints grounded (YNyn0). The other terminals are called BUS1_R,
BUS1_S, BUS1_T and BUS2_R, BUS2_S, BUS2_T respectively. Further,
followingdatawereobtainedbystandardmeasurementsonthistransformer
(at50Hz):
PowerratingS
Voltagerating

:35.MVA
:132./11.05kV

directmeasurements:
Excitationlosses
Excitationcurrent
Excitationvoltage
Shortcircuitlosses
Shortcircuitcurrent
Shortcircuitvoltage

:18.112kW
:2.39A
:11.01kV
:192.53kW
:153.1A
:35.213kV

homopolarmeasurements:
Excitationlosses

:115.325kW

19C

19

Excitationcurrent
Excitationvoltage
Shortcircuitlosses
Shortcircuitcurrent
Shortcircuitvoltage

:500.A
:1.183kV
:8.825kW
:70.A
:2.86kV

Thevaluesfortheactualinputparametersarederivedhereafter:
forcardtype4:

NW=2sinceagainwehavea2windingtransformer
FREQ=50.(Hz)
indeedalltestshavebeenperformedat50Hz.
IEXPOS=0.1316(%)
Because the direct excitation test was not performed under nominal
conditions,acurrentupgradingmustbeperformed:
[Equation:Isubo=2.39(11.05over11.01)=2.4074A]
Convertingthisvaluetopercentvaluesresultsin
[Equation:IEXPOS=2.4074.10super[3]x[[root3x11.05]over35]
x100=0.1316%]
SPOS=35.(MVA)
LEXPOS=18.244(kW)
Because the direct excitation test was not performed under nominal
conditions,anupgradingofthelossesmustbeperformed:
[Equation:LEXPOS=18.112(11.05over11.01)super2=18.244kW]
IEXZERO=49.15(%)
Becausethehomopolarexcitationtestwasnotperformedundernominal
conditions,againacurrentupgradingmustbeperformed:
[Equation: I sub o = 500 over 3 x 11.05 over [root 3 x 1.183] =
898.81A]
Inpercentvaluesthisresultsin
[Equation:IEXZERO=898,81.10super[3]x[[root3x11.05]over
35]x100=49.15%]
Notethatthisisonlyhalfofthevalue, adviced bythe"Ruleof
Thumb".
SZERO=35.(MVA)
LEXZERO=3353.93(kW)
Upgrading to nominal conditions is necessary for the homopolar
excitationlossestoo:
[Equation:LEXZERO=115.325(11.05over[root3x1.183])super2=
3353.93kW]

19C

20

NP=0:atruethreephasetransformer
IT=2:excitationtestsweremadefromthelowvoltageside
(2)
IW=2:themagnetizingbranchshouldbeplacedacrossthe
lowvoltagewinding(2)
IP = 1: we request both [A][R] and [R][[Equation:
omega]L]ouptut
forcardtype5:

AtotalofNW=2cardsofthistypewillbeusedinthis
example.
Cardk=1(HVwinding)
VRAT=76.21(kV);linetogroundvalue,becausethewindingisWYE
connected(132./[Equation:root3])
TheentryforRisnotmandatory,butitcanbederivedeasily:
[Equation:Rsub[s,h]=1over3[192530.]over[[153.1]super2]=
2.738#Ohm]
hence,[Equation:Rsub1=1over2xRsub[sh]=1.369#Ohm]
Cardk=2(LVwinding)
VRAT=6.38(kV);linetogroundvalue,becausethewindingisWYE
connected(11.05/[Equation:root3])
TheentryforRisnotmandatory,butitcanbederivedeasily:
[Equation:Rsub2=Rsub1([11.05]over132)super2=0.00959]
Theallocationofnamestothewindingterminalsisasfollows:

19C

21

MINUS

1200

1200

1200

FIRE2

FIRE6

FIRE4

0.1

0.1

XYZ520

0.1

XYZ522

5000.

1.0

XYZ524

5000.

1.0

5000.

1.0

3.
ACNODA

ACNODB

ACNODC

FIRE5

FIRE1

0.1

FIRE3

0.1
XYZ523

5000.

0.1
XYZ525

1.0

5000.

XYZ521

1.0

1.0

5000.

PLUS

Fig.2 :

Allocation of argument values

DUM-list

(c ompare with Fig.1)

ARG-list

MID1 = XYZ520

NODE

MID2 = XYZ521

FIRE

FIRE

MID3 = XYZ522

MINUS

MINUS

MID4 = XYZ523

PLUS

PLUS

MID5 = XYZ524

RESIS

5000.

MID6 = XYZ525

CAPACI

3.

ACNOD

forcardtype6:

AtotalofNW*(NW1)/2=1cardofthistypeisneededin
thisexample:
I=1
J=2
P12=192.53(kW)
Thedirectshortcircuittestwasperformedundernominalconditions

ZPOS12=26.691(%)

19C

22

[Equation:ZPOS12=35.213over0.153x[[35/root3]over132super
2]x100=26,691%]
Thetestwasperformedundernominalconditions
SPOS=35.(MVA)
ZZERO12=24.6213(%)
[Equation:ZZERO12=3x[2860]over[70]x35over[132super2]x
100=24,6213%]
SZERO=35.(MVA)
ID= 0 ; zerosequence reactance can be calculated
automatically(usingpositive sequence loadlosses orshortcircuit
losses),becausethisisatwowindingtransformer.
IL = 1; the winding resistance can be calculated
automatically(usingpositivesequenceshortcircuitlosses),because
this is a twowinding transformer and all shortcircuit values are
positive
Inputdatacardsforthe"BCTRAN"processingofthiscasethencould
appearasfollows:
BEGINNEWDATACASE
ACCESSMODULEBCTRAN
$ERASE
C|FREQ|IEXPOS|SPOS|LEXPOS|IEXZERO|SZERO|LEXZERONPITIWIP
250..131135.18.24449.1535.3353.930221
Ck|VRAT|R1||bus1||bus2||bus1||bus2||bus1||bus2|
176.21BUS1_RBUSHBUS1_SBUSHBUS1_TBUSH
Ck|VRAT|R2||bus1||bus2||bus1||bus2||bus1||bus2|
26.38BUS2_RBUSLBUS2_SBUSLBUS2_TBUSL
C||PIJ|ZPOSIJ|SPOS|ZZEROIJ|SHOMIDIL
12192.5326.69135.24.621335.01
BLANKCARDTERMINATEINPUTOFSHORTCIRCUITTESTDATA
$PUNCH
BLANK
BEGINNEWDATACASE

b.output

Commentcard.NUMDCD=1.|Cdata://B/TRAFO/BCTRAN3F.IN
MarkercardprecedingnewEMTPdatacase.|BEGINNEWDATACASE
Commentcard.NUMDCD=3.|Cpowerrating:35.MVA
Commentcard.NUMDCD=4.|CVoltagerating:132./11.05
kV
Commentcard.NUMDCD=5.|Cdirectmeasurements:

19C

23

Commentcard.NUMDCD=6.|CExcitationlosses:
18.112kW
Commentcard.NUMDCD=7.|CExcitationcurrent:
2.39A
Commentcard.NUMDCD=8.|CExcitationvoltage:
11.01kV
Commentcard.NUMDCD=9.|Cshortcircuitlosses:
192.53kW
Commentcard.NUMDCD=10.|Cshortcircuitcurrent:
153.1A
Commentcard.NUMDCD=11.|Cshortcircuitvoltage:
35.213kV
Commentcard.NUMDCD=12.|Chomopolarmeasurements:
Commentcard.NUMDCD=13.|CExcitationlosses:
115.325kW
Commentcard.NUMDCD=14.|Cexcitationcurrent:
500.A
Commentcard.NUMDCD=15.|Cexcitationvoltage:
1.183kV
Commentcard.NUMDCD=16.|Cshortcircuitlosses:
8.825kW
Commentcard.NUMDCD=17.|Cshortcircuitcurrent:
70.A
Commentcard.NUMDCD=18.|Cshortcircuitvoltage:
2.86kV
Generatetransformer[R],[L]or[A],[R].|ACCESSMODULEBCTRAN
Eraseallof0cardsinthepunchbuffer.|$ERASE
Commentcard.NUMDCD=21.|C|FREQ|IEXPOS|
SPOS|LEXPOS|IEXZERO|SZERO|LEXZERONPITIWIP
Excit.card.25.00E+011.31E013.50E+01|250..1311
35.18.24449.1535.3353.930221
Commentcard.NUMDCD=23.|Ck|VRAT|R1||
bus1||bus2||bus1||bus2||bus1||bus2|
Windingcard.17.62E+010.00E+00"BUS1_R".|176.21
BUS1_RBUSHBUS1_SBUSHBUS1_TBUSH
Commentcard.NUMDCD=25.|Ck|VRAT|R2||
bus1||bus2||bus1||bus2||bus1||bus2|
Windingcard.26.38E+000.00E+00"BUS2_R".|26.38
BUS2_RBUSLBUS2_SBUSLBUS2_TBUSL
Excitationtestmadefromwindingnumber2.Magnetizingimpedanceisplaced
acrosswindingnumber2.
PositivesequenceZero
sequenceCloseddelta
FromToLoadloss[kW]Impedance[percent]Rating[MVA]Impedance
[percent]Rating[MVA]in
Commentcard.NUMDCD=27.|C||PIJ|ZPOSIJ|
SPOS|ZZEROIJ|SHOMIDIL
Shorttest.121.93E+022.67E+01|12192.5326.691
35.24.621335.01
12192.5300026.6910035.000
24.6213035.0000
Shorttest.000.00E+000.00E+00|BLANKCARDTERMINATEINPUT
OFSHORTCIRCUITTESTDATA
ILOSS=1
Resistancematrixvaluescalculatedfromloadlosses.
Shuntresistancesforrepresentationofexcitationlosses.
Placetheshuntresistancematrixacrosswinding2withRself[ohm]=
4.47446552E+03andRmutual[ohm]=2.21891079E+03
Branchcardswith[A],[R]inwide($VINTAGE,1),fixedformatarecreated
next.Usea$PUNCHdatacardtoseeacopyofthese
onLUNIT6.Matrix[A]istheinverseinductancematrixin[1/henries],
whereas[R]isresistancematrixin[ohms].

19C

24

Branchcardswith[R],[wL]inwide($VINTAGE,1),fixedformatarecreated
next.Usea$PUNCHdatacardtoseeacopyofthese
onLUNIT6.RadianfrequencywcorrespondstotheinputfrequencyFREQ=
5.00000000E+01Hz.
Requestforflushingofpunchbuffer.|$PUNCH
Alistingof80columncardimagesnowbeingflushedfrompunchbufferfollows.
===============================================================================
1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789
===============================================================================
C<++++++>Cardspunchedbysupportroutineon07Feb9109.49.30<++++++>
CACCESSMODULEBCTRAN
C$ERASE
CC|FREQ|IEXPOS|SPOS|LEXPOS|IEXZERO|SZERO|
LEXZERONPITIW
C250..131135.18.24449.1535.3353.9302
2
CCk|VRAT|R1||bus1||bus2||bus1||bus2||bus1||bus2|
C176.21BUS1_RBUSHBUS1_SBUSHBUS1_TBUSH
CCk|VRAT|R2||bus1||bus2||bus1||bus2||bus1||bus2|
C26.38BUS2_RBUSLBUS2_SBUSLBUS2_TBUSL
CC||PIJ|ZPOSIJ|SPOS|ZZEROIJ|SHOMIDIL
C12192.5326.69135.24.621335.01
CBLANKCARDTERMINATEINPUTOFSHORTCIRCUITTESTDATA
$VINTAGE,1,
1BUS2_RBUSL4474.4655159359
2BUS2_SBUSL2218.910788382
4474.4655159359
3BUS2_TBUSL2218.910788382
2218.910788382
4474.4655159359
USEAR
1BUS1_RBUSH2.43112665033451.369233463069
2BUS2_RBUSL29.040150787150.0
361.43763967638.0095961038351
3BUS1_SBUSH.066295452370010.0
.79190853058280.0
2.43112665033451.369233463069
4BUS2_SBUSL.79190853058280.0
23.9000850595720.0
29.040150787150.0
361.43763967638.0095961038351
5BUS1_TBUSH.066295452370010.0
.79190853058280.0
.066295452370010.0
.79190853058280.0
2.43112665033451.369233463069
6BUS2_TBUSL.79190853058280.0
23.9000850595720.0
.79190853058280.0
23.9000850595720.0
29.040150787150.0
361.43763967638.0095961038351
$VINTAGE,0,
$UNITS,1.,1.
USERL
C<<caseseparator>>>
$VINTAGE,1,
1BUS2_RBUSL4474.4655159359
2BUS2_SBUSL2218.910788382
4474.4655159359
3BUS2_TBUSL2218.910788382
2218.910788382
4474.4655159359
USERL
$UNITS,0.50E+02,0.

19C

25

1BUS1_RBUSH1.369233463069276371.46702425
2BUS2_RBUSL0.023125.893148548
.00959610383511936.0083753803
3BUS1_SBUSH0.0137608.3908058
0.011519.74302843
1.369233463069276371.46702425
4BUS2_SBUSL0.011519.74302843
0.0964.3873575831
0.023125.893148548
.00959610383511936.0083753803
5BUS1_TBUSH0.0137608.3908058
0.011519.74302843
0.0137608.3908058
0.011519.74302843
1.369233463069276371.46702425
6BUS2_TBUSL0.011519.74302843
0.0964.3873575831
0.011519.74302843
0.0964.3873575831
0.023125.893148548
.00959610383511936.0083753803
$VINTAGE,0,
$UNITS,1.,1.
USERL
C<<caseseparator>>>
=========<EndofLUNIT7punchedcardsasflushedby$PUNCHrequest
>=======

Note:
1)
Observethemutuallycoupledshuntresistancesrepresenting
the excitation losses across winding 2. Although these values are
calculatedbyEMTP,resultscanbeverifiedeasily:
direct: [Equation: Rsub [m,d] = [[11010 super 2]]over 18112 =
6693]
homopolar:[Equation:Rsub[m,h]=[3x[1183]super2]over115325
=36.41]
Thenitfollows:
[Equation:Rsubs=1over3(Rsub[m,h]+2Rsub[m,d])=4474]
[Equation:Rsubm=1over3(Rsub[m,h]Rsub[m,d])=2219]
2) In this example, the homopolar shortcircuit losses can not be
coveredonlybywindingresistancelosses.Henceadditionallossescan
beconfinedtoasingleresistance,tobeplacedbetweenBUSH(star
point of HVside) and ground. The value of this resistance is
calculatedasfollows:
[Equation: P sub [sh,hom] = 8.825 ([153.09] over [70/3]) super 2 =
379.94kW]
Indeed, we had to upgrade the losses, since the homopolar short
circuittestwasnotperformedundernominalconditions.
Psh,extra=Psh,homPsh,dir(bothundernominalconditions)
=379.94192.53=187.41kW
[Equation:Rsub[sh,extra]=187410over[(3x153.09)super2]=0.889
#Ohm]

19C

26

3)The"$UNITS,1.,1."requestisusedtotogglebacktothenormal
XOPTandCOPTvaluesusedfurtherinthenetwork.
Applicationsof"BCTRAN"Output
TYPE123 punched output can be used as branch cards immediately,
thusrepresentingthetransformer. Thisisexplainedinmoredetailin
Section IVB. One should not forget to add shunt resistances
(representingtheexcitationorhomopolarshortcircuitlosses)manually,
however.Further,oneshouldobeythefollowingrules,wheninsertingthe
punchedcardoutputinanelectricalnetworksimulation:
[A][R]option:valueofXOPTwithoutimportance
$VINTAGE,1
USEAR
Cpunchedoutputcards:AinHenry1,
RinOhmsandinterpretedthesame.
$VINTAGE,0
$UNITS,1.,1.
{togglebacktoXOPTandCOPTvaluesthatwhere
inuseintherestofthenetwork
[R][[Equation:omega]L]option:setXOPT=FREQ(seepoint4)on
the miscellaneous data card. (FREQ = value of rated frequency at
whichtestswereperformed)
$VINTAGE,1
USERL
Cpunchedoutputcards:LandRreadinOhms,butinterpretedin
HenriesandOhmsrespectively.Thisexplainsafactorofabout3.18
E3differencebetweenleftandrighthandside.
$VINTAGE,0
Use this [R][[Equation: omega]L] option only if the per unit
excitation current is sufficiently large. In case of a nearzero
excitationcurrent,theadmittancematrix[A]=[L]1 isnearsingular
and hence can't be inverted to produce an [L] matrix. The [A][R]
notationshouldbeusedinsuchcase.

At this stage, nonlinearities (such as saturation and hysteresis)

can be added to the linear model, as obtained by BCTRAN, whenever
necessary.Insuchcase,however,itismandatorytospecifyIex,dir=0,
since otherwise the magnetizing inductance will be taken into account
twice.