CHAPTER V

WOOD QUALITY TEST

A. Depreciation Wood
1. Objectives
a.
To determine the percentage of wood angle.
b.
To find out what happens to wood shrinkage from wet to dry. In this
case the depreciation based on the shrinkage of the wood grain.
2. Basic Theory
Determine the moisture content in wood timber volume, less water in
the wood, it also decreases the volume of the timber. Because wood is a
shrinkage of volume shrinkage, the shrinkage is happening in three directions
dimensions:
a. Shrinkage direction toward the center (radial)
b. Directions shrinkage in the direction of the tangent line type (tangential)
c. Direction shrinkage in the direction of the length of the rod (axial)
3. Materials used
a. Wood samples of I (wood camphor)
b. Wood samples II (wood meranti)
4. Apparatus
a. Calipers
b. Scale
c. Oven with a max temperature of 150 C made in Germany
5. Steps Work
a. Each sample was coded teams, parallel fiber = a, b = perpendicular fibers,
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
6.

fiber direction = c.
Considering each sample timber.
Measure the length, width, and thickness of wood (tangential, radial, axial)
Incorporate wood into the oven for 24 hours.
The next day put into oxilator for 15 minutes, and then weighed.
Measuring wood shrinkage.
Workflow
Start
Depreciation Wood

Preparing Apparatus and Materials :

a. Wood samples of I (wood camphor)
b. Wood samples of II (wood meranti)
c. Calipers
d. Scale
Oven

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

Steps Work:
Each sample was coded teams, parallel fiber = a, b =
perpendicular fibers, fiber direction = c.
Considering each sample timber.
Measure the length, width, and thickness of wood
(tangential, radial, axial)
Incorporate wood into the oven for 24 hours.
The next day put into oxilator for 15 minutes, and then
weighed.
Measuring wood
shrinkage.
Observing
Test Results
Data Analysis
Conclusion
Finish

Figure V.1 Workflow of Depreciation Wood

7. Observation Results.
Figure V.1 Steps Work Depreciation Wood
Informations

Before oven
Camphor
10,8
6,8
4,9

Length (cm)
Wide (cm)
High (cm)

After oven

Meranti
10,2
6,9
4,7

Camphor
10,7
6,4
4,6

Meranti
10
6,7
4,5

Table V.2 Tables Wood Sample Observations

Weight (gram)
Sample
s
Camph
or (I)
Meranti
(II)

Before oven

After oven

Before
oven

After
oven

a
tangential
(cm)

B
radial
(cm)

c
axial
(cm)

a
tangential
(cm)

b
radial
(cm)

c
axial
(cm)

285

265

5,2

4,2

10,8

5,1

3,9

10,7

230

210

5,8

3,6

10,2

5,7

3,5

10

8. Data Analysis
a.
Sample I ( Wood Camphor )
Sringkage length woods
1) Direction axial
= c c

Large depresiation
2) Direction radial

Large depresiation

= 10,8 10,7
= 0,1 cm
0,1
0
= 10,3 10,8 x
= 0.926 %
= b b
= 4,2 3,9
= 0,3 cm
0,3
0,1
4,2 x
= 6

= 7,143 %
3) Direction tangential = a a
= 5,2 5,1
= 0,1 cm
0,1
0,2
5,2 x
4
Large depresiation =

= 1,923 %
Water content of wood camphor
1) Weight of water = weight before oven weight after oven
= 285 265
= 20 gram
berat air
2) The water content of the dry weight =
berat sesudah kering
weight wat er
weight after oven x 100%
=
3) The water content of the wet weight

35
243

20
265 x

= 7,5471 %
berat air
=
berat sebelum dioven

weight wat er
weight before oven x 100
=

35
278

20
285 x

= 7,0175 %

The level of moisture

Formula :
100 %
By

XKa

(1,15 x 6 x) 6 kv
6 kv

(1,15 . 6 x ) 6kv
6kv
x

6x
6kv
X

= weight of the object before the oven

= weight of the object after the oven
= moisture content of wood

( 1,15 x 278 )243

243

(1,15 . 285) 265

265
x

= 23,679 %

b.
Sample II (Meranti wood)
The length of wood shrinkage
1) Direction axial

Large Depreciation
2) Direction radial

Large Depreciation
3) Direction tangential

Large Depreciation

= c c
= 10,2 10
= 0,2 cm
=

0,1
10,5

0,2
10,2 x 100 %

= 1,96 %
= b b
= 3,6 3,5
= 0,1 cm
0,1
= 3,6 x 100 %
=
=
=
=

2,78 %
a a
5,8 5,7
0,1 cm
0,1
= 5,8 x 100 %
= 1,72 %

The water content of the wood

1) Weight water = weight before oven weight after oven
= 230 210
= 20 gram
berat air
2) The water content of the dry weight =
berat sesudahdioven
weight wat er
weight after oven x100 %

21
100
134

20
210 x 100

%
= 9,524 %
3) The water content of the wet weight =
weight wat er
berat air
100 weight before oven
berat sebelum dioven
x100 %
=

21
100
155

20
230 x 100

%
= 8,69 %

Meranti wood moisture levels

Formula :
(1,15 . 6 x) 6kv
x100%
6kv
By
:

XJa
c.

(1,15 x 6 x) 6 kv
100
6 kv

6x
6kv
X

= weight of the object before the oven

= weight of the body after oven
= moisture content of wood

(1,15 x 155) 134

134

(1,15 . 230) 210

210
x 100%

= 25,9524 %
Average price of wood shrinkage

0.,926 % 1,96 %
2
=

a = shrinkage direction c ( axial )

0 +0,952
2

= 1,443 %
b = shrinkage
1,67 + 4,918
2

direction

(radial)

= 4,9615%

c = shrinkage direction
5 +3,226
=1,8215 %
2
9. Conclusion

7,143 % 2,78 %
2

(tangential)

1,923 % 1,72, %
2
=

a. From the above experiments obtained:

a) Sample I (Camphor wood)
1) Losses timber directions axial
(c)
= 0.926%
2) Losses timber directions radial
(b)
= 7.143 %
3) Losses timber directions tangensial (a)
= 1.923 %
b). Sampel II (Meranti wood)
1) Losses timber directions axial
(c)
= 1.96 %
2) Losses timber directions radial
(b)
= 2.78 %
3) Losses timber directions tangensial (a)
= 1.72 %
b. From the calculation of wood camphor the moisture content above is
equal to 23.679 % is about 20%, it can be said the wood was wet.
c. From the calculation of meranti wood the moisture content above is
equal to 25.9524 % is about 20%, it can be said the wood was wet.
d. From the samples I and II, the average wood shrinkage axial direction
(c) < wood shrinkage radial direction (b) > wood shrinkage tangential
(a).
e. Camphor wood moisture content > Meranti wood moisture content
10. Suggestions
a. Pieces of wood should be flat and angled corners should, because it will
affect the measurement of the length of wood.
b. In the measurement, caution should be considered properly.
c. Timber should be examined first, whether cracked or not to affect wood
shrinkage.

B. Pressure Strong Test Wood

1. Objectives
To find the powerful urge to know the strength of the wood so that
the wood properly.
2. Basic Theory
Wood for building or construction should be a good and healthy.
Provided that all the attributes and shortcomings of existing, will not
damage or diminish the value of construction (building). In Indonesia
Timber Construction Regulations of 1961 stated that for some types of
wood, which allowed voltage taken rather low. But this rule may also be
given to the evidence of the investigation can be accounted for.

Table V.3 Wood Class Data Classification

3.

Class

Density

Absolute bending
strength (kg/cm)

I
II
III
IV
V

> 1100
1100 750
750 500
500 360
< 360

> 1100
1100 750
750 500
500 360
< 360

Compressive
strength of absolute
(kg/cm)
> 600
600 425
425 300
300 215
< 215

Materials Used
Table V.4 Material Test Data Urges Strong Wood
N
o
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Data Wood

Wood camphor

Wood Meranti

Wood defects
Length ( p )
Wide ( l )
High (t )
Weight ( s )
Volume ( v )
Density ( Bj )

30 cm
6,6 cm
4,9 cm
700 gram
970,2 cm3
0,72 gr/cm3

30 cm
6,6 cm
5 cm
510 gram
990 cm3
0,52 gr/cm3

4. Apparatus
a. Scale
b. Ruler bracket
c. Sandpaper
d. Calipers
e. Saw
f. Test equipment demanded
5. Steps Work
a. Cutting wood with a length of 30 cm, 4 cm wide and 5 cm tall,
then measure the length, width and height are actually using calipers.
b. The weighing timber.
c. Wood insert into test equipment and records pressed wood shortening
occurs, starting from the moment the needle indicates the load 2.5 kN,
5 kN; 7.5 kN, and so on (multiplier 2.5 kN)..
d. Draw a sketch of timber damage caused by the load acting on the
timber.

6. Workflow
7.
Start
Pressure Strong Test Wood
Preparing Apparatus and Materials :
a. Scale
b. Ruler bracket
c. Sandpaper
d. Calipers
e. Saw

Steps Work:
Test equipment
demanded
a. Measure the width of the test surface in the central part of the
sample length, in millimeters.
b. Placing the sample on recording devices, so that the test surface
facing up. Placing the press (punch) at odds with the test
sample. Place the test sample and recording devices in the test
machine. Perform loading sample rate continuously with
constant pressure or constant rate of movement of the loading
head, simultaneously recording devices will record the load and
deformation. The rate of increase in load should be such that
the test length not less than 2 minutes.
Results reaches 2.5 mm. It can
Testing continuedObserving
until the Test
deformation
be seen from the diagram the pressure readings on the machine
Data
Analysis
or deformation on the
gauge.
Expenses associated with the
deformation fmax should be noted.
Conclusion
Finish

Figure V.2 Workflow of Pressure Strong Wood

7.

Observation Results
Table V.5 Observation data pressure strong test camphor wood
Depreciations
( L ) cm
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

Weight P
(kN)

No.
1
2
3
4
5

Table V.6 Stress and strain calculations camphor wood

Weight (P)

No.

Depreciation
s

=P/A

Correction
=L/L0

kN

Kg

L (cm)

(Kg/cm)

Correction :

X +1,133
X +14,00

x 0.333
x 1.000

79,390
476,342

376.81
475.36
475.26 X + 159.42
292.75 X
X
p
max
0,05
p
max
0,05

=
=
=

185.51 X + 185.51
26.09
0.089

= 465.00 kg/cm
= 492.260 kg/cm
= 475.00 kg/cm
= 1.05
= 1.18
= 1.1

p
a). Modulus of elasticity
b). Modulus of elasticity

=
=
=
=

465.00
= 1.05 = 442.857 kg/cm
. p . p
. 465.00 . 1.05
244.125 kg/cm

Analytic
( ' )

 0,05
0, 05

475.000
1.1
=

c). Modulus secant

d). Unknown : P
A
k

= 16500 kg
= 345 cm
= 16500 = 47,826 kg/cm = 4,7826 MPa
345
= 4,7826 MPa

Absolute power k

= 431.818 kg/cm

Table V.7 Observation data pressure strong test meranti wood

No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

Weight P
(kN)

Depreciation
( L (cm))

Table V.8 Stress and strain calculations meranti wood

No.

Weight (P)

Depreciation

=P/A

=L/L0

Correction

kN

Kg

Correction :

X + 0.333
X + 4.33
411.59 X + 137.20
353.62 X
X

p
max
0,05
p
max
0,05

=
=
=
=
=
=

349.700 kg/cm
421.59 kg/cm
391.800 kg/cm
3.667
4.650
4.100

a). Modulus of elasticity

b). Modulus of elastic

c). Modulus secant

d). Unknown : P
A
k
Absolute power k

(Kg/cm
)

Analytic
(')

= 57.971
411.594
= 57.971 X + 251.21
= 114.01
= 0.322

349.700
=
= 3.667 = 95.364 kg/cm
= . p . p
= x 349.700 x 3.667
= 2564.699 kg/cm
0, 05
391.800

= 0,05 = 4.100 = 95.561 kg/cm

= 14200 kg
= 345 cm
14200
= 345 = 41,159 kg/cm = 4,1159 MPa
= 4,1159 MPa

8.

Conclusion
a. From the experimental results strongly urged camphor wood by using a
hydraulic insisted, is obtained:
p
= 465.00 kg/cm
max
= 492.26 kg/cm
0,05
= 475.00 kg/cm
p
= 1.05
max
= 1.18
0,05
= 1.100
modulus elasticity = 442.857 kg/cm
modulus kenyal
= 224.125 kg/cm
modulus secant
= 431.818 kg/cm
Camphor wood has absolute power k = 47,826 kg/cm
b. From the experimental results strongly urged meranti wood using a
hydraulic insisted, is obtained:
p
= 349.700 kg/cm
max
= 421.59 kg/cm
0,05
= 391.800 kg/cm
p
= 3.667
max
= 4.650
0,05
= 4.100
modulus elasticity = 95.364 kg/cm
modulus kenyal
= 2564.699 kg/cm
modulus secant
= 95.561 kg/cm
Meranti timber has absolute power k = 41,159 kg/cm

9.

Suggestions
a. Wood urged to be tested must have a flat surface and angled so that the
entire cross section can receive urgent force evenly.
b. The accuracy in the measurement of length, width and height of timber
to be tested must be really careful, because it will affect the amount of
stress and strain that occurs.
c. In the installation of wood that will be tested in a hydraulic test
equipment urge to be completely straight.
d. In the notice of motion and the needle on the record when pressed
should be careful, because it supports the validity of data obtained

Figure V.5 Wood material after pressure strength test

C. Flexural Strength Test of Wood

1. Objectives
To determine the flexural strength of wood so as to know the
strength of the wood very well.
2. Basic Theory
If the log is placed on two pedestal, burdened with force P, the top
edge fibers of the stem and urged each other on the bottom edge fibers will
each attraction. Because the fibers of the top edge of each emergency, there
will be a compressive stress. In contrast to the lower edge of the fiber tensile
stress will occur. The voltage is called the bending stress ( lt). At the
boundary between the compressive stress and tensile stress, no fibers were
voltage = 0, meaning no voltage occurs. This tension lies in a straight line or
plane-called neutral line, as shown in the picture:

P
Fiber press
h

(a) Beams loaded

Normal line
Fiber tensile

(b) Looks beam

(c) Diagram of stress

Figure V.6 Wood Flexure Strength Test

If the voltage is happening ( LT) has reached the voltage permits ( lt), it is
considered to be neutral line at half the height of the beam ( h). At the
moment this is still a balance is: C compressive force equal to the tensile
force T.

The amount of compressive force or tensile force can be calculated by the

formula:
C = T = diagram area x wide beam
C = h . lt x b
2
C = . h . lt . b
Due to the tie style and compressive force, moment magnitude can cause
M = the force x distance between compressive force and tensile strength
= C x h
= . b . h lt . h
= 1/6 . b . h . lt
Since the moment of detention W = 1/6 . b . h , the stress obtained
permission lt
lt = M / V
Therefore in planning suffers beam or rod bending moment is not
connected, use the following formula:
= M / V lt
3. Materials Used
Table V.9 Data Materials Wood Flexure Strength Test

No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Information
Length (cm)
Wide (cm)
High (cm)
Weight (gr)
Volume (cm)
Density (gr/cm)
Area(cm2)
P max (kg)
Stress (kg/cm2)

Meranti
50
6,9
4,6
1275
1587
0,8
345
1900
5,5072

Camphor
50
6,9
4,5
1120
1552,5
0,72
345
2400
6,9565

4. Apparatus
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.

Scale
Ruler bracket
Calipers
Flexure test equipment
Desicator
Oven
Sandpaper

5. Steps Work
a. Timber is weighed and then measured the length, width and height.
b. Calculate wood density.
c. Wood put in flexural test equipment and record the maximum pressure
and measure the deflection of wood going up the wood cracked /
broken.
d. Draw a sketch of timber damage caused by the load acting on the wood

6. Workflow
Start
Flexural Strength Test of Wood

a.
b.
c.

Preparing Apparatus and Materials :

a. Scale
b. Ruler Bracket
c. Calipers
d. Flexure test equipment
e. Desicator
f. Oven
g. Sandpaper Steps Work :
Timber is weighed and then measured the length, width and
height.
Calculate materials and tools.
Wood put in flexural test equipment and record the
maximum pressure and measure the deflection of wood
going up the wood cracked / broken.
Test Results
Draw a sketch Observing
of timber damage
caused by the load acting on
the timber.
Data Analysis
Conclusion
Finish

Figure V.7 Workflow of Strong Flexure Wood

7. Observation Results
a.

Kind of Wood Camphor

Length
= 50 cm
Wide
= 6,9 cm
High
= 4,5 cm
Weight of wood (S)
= 1120 gram
Volume (V)
= pxlxt
= 50 x 6,9 x 4,5

= 1552,5 cm
= 1120 / 1552,5
= 0,72 gram/cm
= 2400 Kg
= 50 x 6,9
= 345 cm
Stress ()
= 3xPmaksxL/ 2xbxh2
= 3x2400x50 / 2x6.9x4.5
= 5797.101 kg/cm
b.
Kind of Wood Meranti
Length
= 50 cm
Wide
= 6,9 cm
High
= 4,6 cm
Weight of Wood (S)
= 1275 gram
Volume (V)
= pxlxt
= 50 x 6,9 x 4,6
= 1587 cm
Density ()
= S/V
= 1275 / 1587
= 0,8 gram/cm
Pmaks
= 19 kN
= 1900 kg
Area (A)
= pxl
= 50 x 6,9
= 345 cm
Stress ()
= 3xPmaksxL/ 2xbxh2
= 3x1900x50 / 2x6.9x4.6
= 4489.603 kg/cm
Density ()
Pmaks
Area (A)

= S/V
= 24 kN
= pxl

8. Conclusion
a. For camphor wood type:
1) Wood fractured at pressures of 2400 kg
2) Wood experiencing flexure stress 5797.101 kg/cm
3) Density = 0,72 gr/cm2
According to the 1961 PKKI camphor wood are included in Class V.
b. For Meranti Wood Type:
1) Wood fractured at pressures of 1900 kg
2) Wood experiencing flexure stress 4489.603 kg/cm
3) Density = 0,8 gr/cm2
According to the 1961 PKKI meranti are included in Class V.
9. Suggestions
a. In the watch and record the distance the needle must be flexible at
carefully, because it supports the truth of the data obtained.
b. Test materials cultivated in the dry state so as to obtain the maximum
value of flexure.