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7.2
Ideas of Potential Difference
Similarly,
Point A is connected to ________ terminal
Point B is connected to _________ terminal
Electric potential at A is _________ than the electric
Bulb
potential at B.
The potential difference, V between two points in a circuit is defined as the work
done when 1 C of charge moves between two points in an electric field.
Potential difference, V = Work done, W or V = Energy,E
Charge, Q
Charge,Q
V
W
E
Q
Q
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ammeter
voltmeter
Switch
connecting wire
Constantan wire //
eureka wire
bulb
resistance
rheostat
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Experiment: To investigate the relationship between current and potential difference for an
ohmic conductor.
(a)
(b)
Figure (a) and figure (b) show two electrical circuits. Why do the ammeters show different
readings? Why do the bulbs light up with different intensity?
Do Experiment 2.4 in Practical Book page 35 and make a PEKA report.
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Hypothesis:
Variables
Manipulated variable:
Responding variable:
Controlled variables:
Procedure
Control MV
Turn on the switch and adjust the rheostat until the ammeter reads the current, I
= 0.2 A.
Read the value of the potential difference, V, from the voltmeter. Record the
readings.
Repeat the experiment for I = 0.3 A, 0.4 A, 0.5 A, 0.6 A
Tabulate the data.
Plot a graph of V against I.
Measure RV
Repeat
Tabulate
Analyze
Light bulb
I/A
V/V
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Ohms law states that the electric current, I flowing through a conductor is
directly proportional to the potential difference across it if the temperature
and other physical conditions are constant.
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or
V
= constant = gradient
I
Define Resistance, R
V
I
An _____________ ____________ is one which obeys Ohms law, while a conductor which
does not obey Ohms law is known as a _____________ conductor
Ohms equation = V = IR
V = potential difference
I = electric current
R = resistance
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The temperature of
The type of the The cross-sectional
conductor
conductor, A
the conductor
material of the
area of the
Length of the
conductor, l
Factors
Hypothesis
Graph
Rl
R
1
A
l
or R
A
and
l
A
cross-
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Disadvantage of Resistance
Resistance causes some of the
electrical energy to turn into heat ,
so some electrical energy is lost
along the way if we are trying to
transmit electricity from one place
to another through conductor.
Advantage of Resistance
It is resistance that allows us to use
electricity for heat and light. The heat is
generated from electric heaters or the light
that we get from light bulbs is due to the
resistance of the wire. In a light bulb, the
current flowing through a resistance
filament causes it to become hot and then
glow.
Applications of Superconductor
Magnetic-levitation is an application where superconductors perform extremely well.
Transport vehicles such as trains can be made to float on strong superconducting magnets,
virtually eliminating friction between the train and its tracks.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is to determine what is going on inside the human body.
By exposing the body to a strong superconductor-derived magnetic field, hydrogen atoms
that exist in the bodys water and fat molecules are forced to accept energy from the magnetic
field. They then release this energy at a frequency that can be detected and displayed
graphically by a computer.
Electric cable made of superconductors will increase the efficiency of electrical power
transmission as the loss of energy in the form of heat is greatly reduced.
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(b)
J C-1 volt, V
(c)
(d)
(e)
False
2. If a charge of 5.0 C flows through a wire and the amount of electrical energy converted into
heat is 2.5 J. Calculate the potential differences across the ends of the wire.
3. A light bulb is switched on for a period of time. In that period of time, 5 C of charges passed
through it and 25 J of electrical energy is converted to light and heat energy. What is the
potential difference across the bulb?
Bulb
3A
A
20
V
IR
V/V
1.2
I/A
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B.
C.
D.
Y is high
the resistance of the cable across X
and Y is very high
the body of the bird has a low
resistance
the current flowing through its body
is very small
the
highest
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(a)
What quantities are kept constant
in this experiment?
..
_____________________________
(b) State the changes in the gradient of
the graph, if
i) the constantan wire is heated
____________________________
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V
I
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