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in at x yz vx | x
out at x x yz vx | x x
xyz
yz vx x vx x x
t
zx v y v y
y y
xy vz z vz z z
vx v y vz
t
y
z
x
v
t
Time rate of change of the fluid density at a
fixed point in space
v
t
Rate increase
of mass per
unit volume
Divergence of v
v 0
yz xx x xx
x x
zx
yx y
yx
y y
xy
zx z
zx z z
Meaning of terms:
ij
g x xyz
xyz vx t
xyz
x component momentum
balance over volume element:
vx
yz xx x xx
t
zx yx yx
xy zx z zx
y and z components of
momentum balance:
x x
y y
z z
xyxg
vx xx yx zx g x
t
y
z
x
v y xy yy zy g y
t
y
z
x
vz xz yz zz g z
t
y
z
x
vx xx yx zx g x
t
y
z
x
v y xy yy zy g y
t
y
z
x
vz xz yz zz g z
t
y
z
x
If the total momentum flux is:
v g
t
vv p
v vv p g
t
Rate of increase of
momentum per
unit volume
Rate of momentum
Rate of momentum
addition by convection addition by molecular
transport per unit volume
per unit volume
External force on
fluid per unit
volume
c
t
x, y , z
dc c
dx c
dy c
dz c
dt t x , y , z dt x y , z ,t dt y x , z ,t dt z x , y ,t
The Substantial Time Derivative D/ Dt time rate of change of a property (e.g.
concentration) when the observer is moving with the same velocity as the stream,
fluid or substance of velocity v (derivative following the motion)
Dc c
c
c
c c
vx
vy
vz
v c
Dt t
x
y
z t
v
t
vx v y vz
t
y
z
x
Equation of continuity
v x v y v z v x
vy
vz
t
y
z x
y
z
x
v x v y v z
v x
vy
vz
t x
y
z
y
z
x
D
v
Equation of continuity
Dt
Equation of motion
Dv
p g
Dt
Dv
p g
Dt
Dv
p 2v g
Dt
v g
Navier-Stokes equation
Also called Stokes flow equation/creeping flow equation; when flow is extremely slow
- Used in lubrication theory, particle motion in suspension, flow through porous
media; swimming of microbes, etc
3. Viscous forces are neglected
Dv
p g
Dt
Also called Euler equation for inviscid fluids (ideal fluids with no viscosity)
- Used to describe flow around airplane wings (except near solid boundary); flow of
ocean currents; etc
v
Equation of continuity
t
Equation of motion
v vv p g
t
The components of will discuss later the general form of Newtons Law of Viscosity
Equation of motion in terms of (Appendix B.5) and for a Newtonian fluid with constant
density and viscosity (Appendix B.6)
Generalization of
Newtons Law of Viscosity - 1
Newtons law of viscosity (simplest form)
yx
dvx
dy
Assumptions:
-vx is a function of y alone
- vy and vz are zero
What if the other two velocity components
are not negligible? The velocity
components depend on all three
coordinates and time? What is ?
v x v x x, y, z, t
v y v y x, y, z, t
v z v z x, y, z, t
Generalization of
Newtons Law of Viscosity - 2
The viscous stress tensor has nine components (three normal stresses xx, yy, and zz and six
shear stresses xy = yx, xz = zx, yz = zy); in terms of viscosity and dilatational viscosity
v j vi 2
vx v y vz
ij
ij
x y z
xi x j 3
T
v v v
3
Example of usage:
vx v y 2
v v
v v v
x y z yx x y
x y z
y x 3
y x
v 2
v v 2
v v v
v v v
xx x x x y z xx 2 x x y z
x 3
x y z
x y z
x x 3
4 vx 2
v y vz
3 x 3
yx
vx v y vz
v 0
x y z
vz
0
z
v z vz x
vz
xz
x
0
0
0
0
p
0 g sin
x
p
0
y
p
0 xz g cos
z x
p gx sin constant
Constant is an arbitrary function in terms of y and z
Constant is not a function of y (since dp/dy = 0)
p gx sin patm
Pressure distribution in the falling film
p gx sin patm
xz g cos
x
p
g sin
x
p
0
y
p
0 xz g cos
z x
0
xz gx cos
vz = 0
BC1: x = 0
dvz
cos xdx
xz = 0
xz
vz
x
g cos
x
vz
1
2
2
BC2: x =
0
0
0
2 vz
0 2 g cos
x
vz g cos
x C1
x
g cos 2
x C1 x C2
vz
2
0
0
vz
0
z
0
0
0
Generalized Newtons
Law of Viscosity
vz
rz
r
p
P
Equation of motion
0
r
r
Modified pressure P = p + gh
h upward height opposite to gravity
1 p
P
Since flow is downward, h = -z
0
P 1
1
r rz r rz
0 p g z z
z
z r r
r r
Modified pressure P
r
r
is only a function of z
1 p
P
0
1
r rz P 1 r rz
0 p g z z
z
z r r
r r
PL P0
L
C1 P0
C0
P Co z C1
BC1: z = 0
BC2: z = L
P = P0
P = PL
dP 1 d
r rz Co
dz r dr
Distribution of modified
pressure P inside the
circular tube
P P
We solved these already.
P L 0 z P0
L
Review the BCs to solve the shear
1 d
r rz PL P0
r dr
L
v
rz z
r
Generalized
Newtons Law of
Viscosity
PL P0 C2
r
r
2L
rz
P P
vz L 0 r 2 C2 ln r C3
4L
1 2
Net rate of kinetic and internal energy addition by convection and conduction; rate of work
done on system by molecular transport (shear stress and pressure forces):
yz ex x ex
x x
xze
1 2
e v U v v q
2
y y
ey
y y
xye
z z
ez
z z
1 2
xyz v U yz ex x ex x x xz e y e y
y
t 2
xyz vx g x v y g y vz g z
y y
xye
ex e y ez
1 2
vx g x v y g y vz g z
v U
t 2
x y z
1 2
v U e v g
t 2
z z
ez
z z
1 2
v U e v g
t 2
1 2
e v U v v q
2
1 2
1 2
v q pv v v g
t 2
Wheres
temperature T
in the
equation??
rate of
energy
addition
per unit
volume by
convective
transport
rate of
rate of
rate of
rate of
energy
work done work done work done
addition on fluid per
on fluid
on fluid per
per unit
unit
per unit
unit
volume by volume by volume by volume by
heat
pressure
viscous
external
conduction
forces
forces
forces
v vv p g
t
Perform a dot product (scalar
product) with velocity vector v;
some lengthy rearrangements;
apply equation of continuity
The equation
of change for
kinetic energy
v
t
1 2
1 2
v v pv p v v : v v g
t 2
rate of increase
of kinetic
energy per unit
volume
rate of addition of
kinetic energy by
convection per
unit volume
rate of work
rate of
done by
reversible
pressure of conversion of
surroundings
kinetic
on the fluid
energy into
internal
energy
rate of work
done by
viscous forces
on the fluid
rate of
rate of work
irreversible by external
conversion force on the
from kinetic
fluid
to internal
energy
1 2
1 2
v q pv v v g
t 2
1 2
1 2
v v v pv p v v : v v g
t 2
U Uv q p v : v
t
net rate of
rate of increase
reversible
rate
of
addition of
in internal
rate of
internal
internal
energy
energy per unit
internal
energy
by convective
volume
energy
addition
by
transport, per
increase per
heat
unit volume
unit volume
conduction,
by
per unit compression
volume
irreversible
rate of
internal
energy
increase per
unit volume
by viscous
dissipation
U Uv q p v : v
t
in terms of
substantial
derivatives
DU
q p v : v
Dt
in terms of
enthalpy and U
using continuity
equation
DH
D
q : v
Dt
Dt
H pV H p
DH
D Equation of change for internal
q : v
Dt
Dt energy in terms of enthalpy
H
H
V T V
From classic thermodynamics (ChE 122): d H
dT
dp
C
dT
p
T
p
T
DH
DT
V
Cp
V T
Dt
Dt
T
Dp
Dt
p
DH
DT 1 Dp
Cp
1
Dt
Dt 1 T T p Dt
Cp
dp
p
DT
1
DH
1 Dp
Cp
T
Dt
Dt
p Dt
DT
ln Dp
DH
Cp
1
Dt
Dt ln T p Dt
DT
ln Dp
q : v
Dt
ln T p Dt
Dt
ln T p Dt
: v v v
describes the degradation of mechanical energy to thermal energy that occurs in all
flow systems (viscous dissipation heating) such as lubrication, rapid extrusion, rapid flight
2
v v j 2
1
i
v ij v 2
: v - : v
2 i j x j xi 3
v v j 2
1
i
v ij v 2
: v - : v
2 i j x j xi 3
DT
Dp
k 2T
Dt
Dt
DT
If Cp Cv = R, and the equation of state
2
T v
v
is pM = RT, and using the equation of
Dt
1. For an ideal gas, ( ln / ln T)p = - 1 C p
continuity:
DT
k 2T
2. For a fluid flowing in a constant pressure system, Dp / Dt = 0 C p
Dt
DT
k 2T
3. For a fluid with constant density, ( ln / ln T)p = 0 C p
Dt
T
Cp
k 2T
4. For a stationary solid, v is zero
t
A viscous fluid with physical properties (, k, , Cp) assumed constant is in laminar flow
in a circular tube of radius R. For z < 0 the fluid temperature is uniform at the inlet
temperature T1. For z > 0 there is a constant radial heat flux qr = -q0. Set up the
differential equations that will solve for the temperature profile.
Equation of continuity:
Equation of motion:
modified pressure P Pz
vx v y vz
v 0
x y z
vz
0
z
dP 1 d
r rz dP 1 d r dvz 0
dz r dr
dz
r dr dr
pressure P PL P0
profile
L
z P0
vz
P0 PL R 2 r
4L
velocity
R profile
1 T 2T
T
vz
C p vz
k
r
2
z
r
Equation of energy:
2
z
r
heat convection
in z direction
heat conduction in
r and z directions
viscous dissipation
heating term
Cp
P0 PL R 2 1 r 2 T
1 T
k
r
z
r
4L
BC1 :
r 0 T is finite
Boundary conditions:
BC2 : r R qr q0 or k
BC3 : z 0 T T1
T
q0
r
T T1
q0 R k
1
2
r
R
z
P0 PL R 2 2
Cp
R k
4L
BC1 :
0 is finite
BC2 : 1
1
BC3 : 0 0
A liquid is flowing downward in steady laminar flow along an inclined plane surface.
The free liquid surface is maintained at temperature T0, and the solid surface at x = is
maintained at T. At these temperatures the liquid viscosity has values 0 and ,
respectively, and the liquid density and thermal conductivity may be assumed
constant. Find the velocity distribution in this nonisothermal flow system. Neglect end
effects and viscous heating. Assume the temperature dependence of viscosity is in the
form of = Aexp(B/T), where A and B are constants.
T
C1
x
T C1 x C2
BC1 :
x 0 T T0
BC2 : x T T
C2 T0
C1
2T
0 2
x
T T0
T T0
T
x T0
Temperature distribution
in the nonisothermal film
1 1
T
exp B
The temperature dependence of viscosity can be written as:
0
T T0
To get viscosity as function of position x and temperature T:
T0 T
x, T
exp B
0
TT0
T T0
T
x T0
T T
x
exp B 0
0
T T0
T0 T
x
x
exp B
0
T T0
x
1 1
exp B
T T0
x
x
x
0 0
xz gx cos
g
dvz
cos xdx
dvz
cos
0
0
BC : x vz 0
xdx
x 0
0
BC : x vz 0
g 2 cos
vz
0
If = -ln (/ 0)
1 1 x x
1
2
e 2 e
dvz
cos
0
0
BC : x vz 0
g cos
vz
0 ln 0
xdx
1 x ln 0 1 ln 0
x
0
0
d A
dy
j A DAB A
J cD AB
dx A
dy
J A* cDAB x A
v A v A B vB
Av
v * x A v A xB vB
c Av*
*
A
nA AvA j A Av DAB A Av
N A cAvA J A* cAv* cDAB xA cAv*
yz nx
xyz t
xyzr
xyz
nx ny nz
t
y
z
x
yz nx
x x
yz nx x nx x x
t
zx ny ny
y y
xy nz z nz z z xyzr
= 1, 2, N
t
y
z
x
n j v
n r
t
If we add all equations from = 1, 2, N, well get:
v j r
t
Rate of
increase of
mass of
per unit
volume
Net rate of
addition of
mass of
per unit
volume by
convection
Net rate of
addition of
mass of
per unit
volume by
diffusion
Net rate of
production
of mass of
per unit
volume by
reaction
v
t
Equation of continuity for the mixture
v 0
For a fluid mixture of constant mass density:
n r
t
N J c v
c
N R
t
c
c v J R
t
Rate of
increase of
moles of
per unit
volume
Net rate of
addition of
moles of
per unit
volume by
convection
cv R
t
1
1 N
v R
c 1
v j r
t
c
c v J R
t
v j r
t
N
x
c
v x J R x R
t
v j r
t
j A DAB A
Binary systems with constant cDAB
N
x
c
v x J R x R
t
J cDAB x A
v A DAB 2 A rA
t
c A v x A cDAB 2 x A xB RA x A RB
t
Binary systems with constant cDAB ,with zero velocity, and no reaction
x
c A v x A cDAB 2 x A xB RA x A RB
t
c A
DAB 2c A
t
2
J Ax
J Ay
x A
x A
x A
x A
J Az
c
vx
vy
vz
RA x A R
x
y
z
y
z
1
x
t
2
J Ax
J Ay
x A
x A
x A
x A
J Az
c
vx
vy
vz
RA x A R
x
y
z
y
z
1
x
t
x A
J Az
cv z
z
z
N Az c A v J Az
cD AB dx A
1 x A dz
c A v J Az
0
z
J Az
cx A v
z
z
x A N Az N Bz cD AB x A
convection
Constant
distribution of
molar flux
N Az C1
d cD AB dx A
0
dz 1 x A dz
molecular
diffusion
N Az 0
z
We arrived to
this equation
during our
discussion in
shell mass
balances!
3
2 xA 2 xA 2 xA
x A
x A
x A
x A
cDAB 2 2 2 RA x A R
c
vx
vy
vz
x
y
z
y
z
1
t
x
2 xA 2 xA 2 xA
x A
x A
x A
x A
cDAB 2 2 2 RA x A RA RB RAB
c
vx
vy
vz
z
y
z
z
y
z
0 cD AB
2 xA
RA
2
z
2c A
DAB
k1c A 0
z 2
BC1 : z 0 c A c A0
BC2 : z L N Az 0 or dc A
Equation of continuity: = 1, 2, , N
Equation of motion: 3 components (e.g. x, y, and z)
Equation of energy: single equation