From Cell To

Organism
Everything is composed of cells, every tissues are composed of cells, every organs
are composed of tissues, every organ systems are composed of organs and every
organism are composed of organ systems that works together to form an
organism!

Cell is the building blocks of life .Cells, together forms.

Tissues!

A tissue is an ensemble of similar cells from the same origin that

together carry out a specific function. Together, tissues forms an.
Organ!

An organ or viscus is a collection of tissues joined in a structural

unit to serve a common function. Just like the cells and tissues,
organs works together to form an Organ System!

An organ system is a group of organs that work together to

perform one or more functions. And finally, organ systems works
together to form an ORGANISM!

An organism is any living thing, an individual animal, plant, or

single-celled life form!

What are Cells?

Cells is the building blocks of life. It is the smallest structural and
functional unit of an organism, typically microscopic and consisting of
cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a membrane. Microscopic organisms
typically consist of a single cell, which is either prokaryotic or
eukaryotic.
Cell is discovered by Robert Hooke, in 1665, who named the biological
unit for its resemblance to cells inhabited by Christian Monks in a
monastery.
Cell theory, first developed in 1839 by Mathias Jakob Schleiden and
Theodor Schwann, states that all organisms are composed of one or
more cells.

Now that you know what are cells

What are the

TYPES OF CELLS
The types of cells are Prokaryotes AND Eukaryotes or called
Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells.

Prokaryotic Cells or Prokaryotes

They are cells with the absence of nucleus, They have genetic materials
but are not enclosed within a membrane. The genetic material is a single
circular DNA and is contained in the cytoplasm, since there is no
nucleus. Recombination happens through transfers of plasmids (short
circles of DNA that pass from one bacterium to another). They do not
engulf solids nor do they have centrioles or asters.

A Picture of A Prokaryotic Cell

Eukaryotic Cells or Eukaryotes

These are cells with a nucleus, this is where the genetic material is
surrounded by a membrane much like the cells membrane. Eucaryotic
cells are found in humans and other multicellular organisms (plants and
animals) also algae, protazoa. They have both a cellular membrane and a
nuclear membrane, also the genetic material forms multiple
chromosomes, that is linear and complexed with proteins that help it
'pack' and is involved in regulation.
Eukaryotes are composed of both plant and animal cells. Plants vary
from animal cells in that they have large vacuoles, cell wall, chloroplasts,
and a lack of lysosomes, centrioles, pseudopods, and flagella or cilia.
Animal cells do not have the chloroplasts, and may or may not have cilia,
pseudopods or flagella, depending on the type of cell.

A Picture of A Eukaryotic Cell

A Venn Diagram That Shows the Difference And Similarities Between
Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Cells

Okay, so you are not yet familiarize with some words above right? But
you will be in the next topic.

WHAT MAKES UP A
CELL?

Every single cell are made up of ORGANELLES

WHAT IS AN ORGANELLE?
In biology, an organelle is a specialized sub-unit within the cell that has a specific
function.
So.. what are organelles that makes up the cells?
Before that, there are three major parts that the cells have.
It is the
NUCLEUS, PLASMA MEMBRANE OR CELL MEMBRANE AND THE CYTOPLASM
So, those parts are also organelles.

ORGANELLES OF A CELL
Legend:
Blue = Function
Black = Description
1. Nucleolus
It is the largest structure in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It
primarily serves as the site of ribosome synthesis and assembly.

2. Nucleus
It is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells. It control
gene expression and mediate the replication of deoxyribonucleic acid or
DNA during the cell cycle.

3. Ribosome
It is a large and complex molecular machine, found within all living cells.
Ribosome is the workplaces of protein biosynthesis, the process of
translating messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) into protein.

4. Vesicle
It is a small structure within a cell, consisting of fluid enclosed by a
lipid bi-layer membrane. They can have a completely self-contained
environment that is different from the inside of a cell.

5. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER or Rough ER)

It is studded with manufacturing ribosomes giving it a rough
appearance. It serves as a site for protein and lipid synthesis.

6. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER or Smooth

ER)
It has functions in several metabolic processes. It synthesizes lipids
and phospholipids, and steroids.

7. Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Body)

It is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. Identified in 1897 by
the Italian physician Camilio Golgi and named after him in 1898. It
packages proteins into membrane-bound vesicles inside the cell before
the vesicles are sent to their destination.

8. Cytoskeleton

It is a intracellular matrix that supports cell shape and function,

composed of actin filaments, microtubes, and nuclei. It provides the cell
with structure and shape.

9. Mitochondrion
It is a double-membrane bound organelle found in most eukaryotic cells.
It produces energy currency of the cell, adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
trough respiration, and to regulate cellular metabolism.

10. Vacuole
It is a membrane-bound organelle which is present in all plant and fungal
cells and some protest, animals, and bacterial cells. They contain waste
products, containing water in plant cells and exports unwanted
substances from the cell.

11. Cytosol [Intracellular Fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic

matrix]
It is the liquid found inside cells, it is separated into compartment by
membranes. It transports metabolites from their site of production to
where they are used.

12. Lysosome
It is a membrane bound cell organelle found in most animal cells. They
break down waste materials and cellular debris. It is also called the
STOMACH of the cell.

13. Centrosome

It is an organelle that serves as the main microtubule organizing center

(MTOC) of the animal cell as well as a regulator of cell cycle
progression. Centrosomes are associated with the nuclear membrane
during prophases of a cell cycle. In mitosis, the nuclear membrane
breaks down and the centrosome nucleated microtubules can interact
with chromosomes to build the mitotic spindle.

14. Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane or Cytoplasmic

Membrane)
It is a biological membrane that separates the interior of the cells
from the outside environment. The cell membrane surrounds the
cytoplasm of living cells, physically separating the intracellular
components from the extracellular environment.

On memorizing the organelles of the cell, try repetition of words, or

visualizing the words in your memory. The most effective method that I
use in the mnemonic method, in which I use a joke about the word or
sounds like the word and then I draw, then visualize it in my memory.
For example, in chemistry, GOLD is one of the elements in the periodic
table of elements and AU is its symbol. In order to memorize it, I make
a sentence: AU! U stole my GOLD! then I searched on google a person
running, stoling a gold, or if you dont want to use google, just visualize
someone or yourself stoling a gold, or you are shouting that certain
sentence.

At the second part, we are going to talk about the cell cycle and how
the cell works.

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