Jan.

1927

A GRAPHICAAL DETERMINATION OF AMPERE-TURNS

The reverse current adjustment is primarily for the

purpose of insuring that all relays function alike when
opening on small values of reverse current.
A relay was recently developed fpr use on a twophase, five-wire network. T w o two-pole network
breakers will be used with each bank of transformers,
one being connected in each phase. The relay just
discussed could have been used for this application,
but since two relays would have been required to con
trol each breaker and a's space was an important item,
it was decided to design a relay so that only one would
be required to control each breaker. This relay,
Fig. 11, commonly referred to as a two-phase re'ay,
is really a single-phase device and is very similar in
construction and operating characteristics to the
present standard network relay. It differs from the
standard, however, in that it has two phasing and two
current circuits similar to the first double contact
network relay. One phasing and one current circuit
are connected across each pole of the network breaker.
Experience with the design and operation of network
relays all points toward the desirability of having a
relay which has operating characteristics that make it
applicable to any type of network system. Enough
work has been done along this line to show that it is

57

possible to produce such a universal network relay

having adjustable operating characteristics. Such a
relay would have to be adjusted to fit the characteristics
of the system on which it was to be installed. These
adjustments, instead of simplifying the relay, will add
somewhat to its complication. Because of this, the
ideal network relay would be one having fixed character
istics of such a nature as to make it universally appli
cable to network systems. Such characteristics are
theoretically possible and considerable work has already
been done which indicates that such a relay is entirely
practical.
The automatic network relay is now past the experi
mental stage, and there are at the present time approx
imately 1000 network relays, such as have been
described in this paper, installed and operating satisfac
torily on a number of network systems. From the
above discussion it can be seen that the operating
characteristics of the automatic network relay and the
characteristics of the system on which it is to be in
stalled are very closely related. This relation must
be fully understood and appreciated both by the
designers of low-voltage, a-c. network systems and the
designers of network relays in order to secure the most
satisfactory operation of the system as a whole.

A Graphical Determination of Ampere-Turns

for Trapezoidal Teeth Sections
BY J. F. CALVERT

HIS method applies to rotating electrical machines

having rectangular slots and trapazoidal teeth
sections. If any apparent tooth density at the widest
section be assumed, then a quick and reasonably

^_ _ ^ __ ^

direction. Flux is plotted as ordinates, ampere-turns

per inch as abscissa, and the following notation is used:
The first subscript
t
s
T

= in the iron (or tooth)

= in the non magnetic parts (or.slot)
= total in the iron and non magnetic parts at
any section.

The second subscript

A'Itt
AT
AT
AT.t
AMPERE TURNS PER INCH
lb

tt

FIG.

accurate determination of the corresponding no-load

field ampere-turns may be made.
The proof of the method is as follows:
For the tooth pitch under the center of the pole, it
is assumed that the surfaces at right angles to the flux
lines are cylindrical and coaxial with the center line of
the shaft.
In Fig. 1, curves are plotted for one inch in an axial
1.

Design Engineer, Westinghouse Electric and Mfg. Co.

t
m
b
ap

=
=
=
=

at the tip section

at the mid section
at the base section
apparent (at the widest section).

The main symbols

$
= flux
B
= flux density in the iron
AT = ampere turns per inch
W
= tooth width
a
= cross sectional area.
Primes indicate the stator.
B p = apparent tooth density at the base of the
stator's teeth
a

ap

= apparent tooth tip density for the rotor.

Journal A. I. E. E.

A GRAPHICAL DETERMINATION OP AMPERE TURNS

58
At any section

$ = B a
$ = 3.19 a AT
(1)
The area, a , wiU be calculated at the mid section and
assumed to be the same at all sections.
The ampere-turns per inch at the tip, mid and base
sections are shown in Fig. 1 as A T , A T , and
A T , respectively. If the ordinates of the curves in
Fig. 1 are all divided b y a t, then new values are
obtained so that for the rotor
t

tm

tb

3>

Bj

(2)

case under consideration. Average the ampere-turns

per inch, m n o p, and multiply by the length
of the tooth in inches to obtain the ampere-turns for
the tooth.
For the stator
Calculate B ',
draw B
D', average m' n
o' p' and multiplying by the length of the tooth.
When one value has been found, it is only necessary
to assume new apparent densities and to shift a triangle
parallel to B E or B
D to obtain the new
values of ampere-turns per inch.
f

ap

ap

ap

Bibliography
The Reluctance of Some Irregular Magnetic Fields, John F. H.
Douglas, TRANS. A. I. E. E.

= B

(3)

=3.19

AT

(4)

tt

<$>tm
= H
a

(5)

Wtt

tt

= B

tb

(6)

Wt,

If instead of the actual curves indicated b y equa

tions (3) to (6), a new set of curves are plotted as

AMPERE TURNS PER INCH

FIG. 2FOR THE STATOR

4>t
atb

B'
ab

= 3.19

atb

AT

FOR THE ROTOR

att
att

3.19-

att

AT

shown in Fig. 2, then the ampere-turns may be cal

culated as follows.
For the rotor
Assume B , and draw B E so that according
to the scales used the ordinate divided b y abscissa
ap

==3.19

att

ap

Extend

B E
ap

only

to

the

curve

Wtb
indicated by ^ which corresponds to the actual

ap

1915.

Vol. 34, p. 1067.

The Reluctance of the Teeth in a Slotted Armature, W. B.

Hird. Jour. Institute of Electrical Engineers. (Brit.) (1900).
Vol. X X I X , p. 933.
A Simple Method of Calculating Magnetic Conditions in
Electrical Machinery, C. MacMillan. General Electric Review,
May 1925. Vol. XXVIII, No. 5, pp. 302.
A Method of Calculating the Ampere-Turns for Driving Mag
netic Flux Through Wedge Shaped Teeth, Boris Worohoff, JOUR.
A. I.E.E.,Nov. 1923, p. 1171.

RESULTS^ ATTAINED THROUGH

ENLARGED ELECTRIFICATION
In earlier publications of the department, such as
"Super Power Studies in Northeastern Section of the
United States/ great emphasis was laid upon the possi
bilities of the elimination of waste which lay in the
transformation of the power industry through the
discoveries in the science of long-distance transmission
and their application by large central generating plants
feeding large system and their interconnection with
each other. Such savings lay in the greater economy
in power production b y saving fuel and labor by the
larger central plants; the reduction of the amount of
reserve equipment required; a better average load fac
tor, and thus less equipment, through pooling of the
daily and seasonal fluctuations, together with wider
diversification in use; more security against interrup
tion; better utilization of water power by applying it
to base loads while making steam carry the peaks;
utilization of secondary power from the seasonal flow
of streams to the partial relief of steam; savings in
industry b y replacement of factory steam plants, the
increased day load being supplied by the same generat
ing equipment as night load for cities; the larger
application of power in replacement of factory labor;
and likewise the economies in the household and farm
application of power.
7

All of these anticipated values have been realized

in an extraordinary degree through the initiative and
genius displayed in the electrical industry. The elec
trical generating capacity in the country has increased
from 14,280,000 to 23,840,000 kilowatts in five years,
an increase of 67 per cent. Although 66 per cent of
our energy output is from fuel, the development of
water power has been most active.(From the Annual
Report of the Secretary of the Dept. of Commerce.)