EGM 5653

CHAPTER 4
Inelastic Material Behavior

EGM 5653
Advanced Mechanics of Materials
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials

Chapter 4-1

EGM 5653

Objectives
Nonlinear material behavior
Yield criteria
Yielding in ductile materials
Sections
4.1 Limitations of Uniaxial Stress- Strain data
4.2 Nonlinear Material Response
4.3 Yield Criteria : General Concepts
4.4 Yielding of Ductile Materials
4.5 Alternative Yield Criteria
4.6 General Yielding
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Advanced Mechanics of Materials

Chapter 4-2

EGM 5653

Introduction

When a material is elastic, it returns to the same state (at
macroscopic, microscopic and atomistic levels) upon removal of all
external load

Any material is not elastic can be assumed to be inelastic
E.g.. Viscoelastic, Viscoplastic, and plastic

To use the measured quantities like yield strength etc. we need
some criteria

The criterias are mathematical concepts motivated by strong
experimental observations
E.g. Ductile materials fail by shear stress on planes of maximum
shear stress

Brittle materials by direct tensile loading without much yielding

Other factors affecting material behavior
- Temperature
- Rate of loading
- Loading/ Unloading cycles
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Chapter 4-3

EGM 5653

Types of Loading

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Chapter 4-4

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4.2.1 Models for Uniaxial stress-strain

All constitutive equations are models that are supposed to represent
the physical behavior as described by experimental stress-strain
response

Experimental Stress strain curves

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Advanced Mechanics of Materials

Idealized stress strain curves

Elastic- perfectly plastic response
Chapter 4-5

EGM 5653

4.2.1 Models for Uniaxial stress-strain contd.

Linear elastic response

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Elastic strain hardening response

Chapter 4-6

EGM 5653

4.2.1 Models for Uniaxial stress-strain contd.

Rigid models

Rigid- perfectly plastic

response
.

Rigid- strain hardening plastic

response
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Chapter 4-7

EGM 5653

Ideal Stress Strain Curves

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Chapter 4-8

EGM 5653

4.2.1 Models for Uniaxial stress-strain contd.

4.4 The members AD and CF are made of
elastic- perfectly plastic structural steel, and member BE
is made of 7075 T6 Aluminum alloy. The members
each have a cross-sectional area of 100 mm2.Determine
the load P= P Y that initiates yield of the structure and the
fully plastic load PP for which all the members yield.
Soln:

Contd..
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Advanced Mechanics of Materials

Chapter 4-9

EGM 5653

4.2.1 Models for Uniaxial stress-strain contd.

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Advanced Mechanics of Materials

Chapter 4-10

EGM 5653

4.3 The Yield Criteria : General concepts

General Theory of Plasticity defines
Yield criteria : predicts material yield under multi-axial state of stress
Flow rule : relation between plastic strain increment and stress increment
Hardening rule: Evolution of yield surface with strain
Yield Criterion is a mathematical postulate and is defined by a yield
function f = f ({ ij }, Y )
where Y is the yield strength in uniaxial load, and is correlated with the
history of stress state.
Some Yield criteria developed over the years are:
Maximum Principal Stress Criterion:used for brittle materials
Maximum Principal Strain Criterion:sometimes used for brittle materials
Strain energy density criterion:ellipse in the principal stress plane
Maximum shear stress criterion (a.k.a Tresca):- popularly used for ductile materials
Von Mises or Distortional energy criterion:most popular for ductile materials
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Chapter 4-11

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4.3.1 Maximum Principal Stress Criterion

Originally proposed by Rankine

2c cos
YC =
1 sin

f = max ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) Y

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Advanced Mechanics of Materials

Yield surface is:

1 = Y
2 = Y
3 = Y
Chapter 4-12

EGM 5653

4.3.2 Maximum Principal Strain

This was originally proposed by St. Venant
f1 = 1 2 3 Y = 0 or

1 2 3 = Y

f 2 = 1 2 3 Y = 0 or 2 1 3 = Y
f3 = 3 1 2 Y = 0 or

3 1 2 = Y

Hence the effective stress may be defined as

e = max i j k
i jk

The yield function may be defined as

f = e Y
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Chapter 4-13

EGM 5653

4.3.2 Strain Energy Density Criterion

This was originally proposed by Beltrami
Strain energy density is found as
U0 =

1
12 + 12 + 12 2 ( 1 2 + 1 3 + 2 3 ) > 0
2E

Strain energy density at yield in uniaxial tension test

U 0Y

Y2
=
2E

Yield surface is given by

12 + 12 + 12 2 ( 1 2 + 1 3 + 2 3 ) Y 2 = 0

f = e2 Y 2
.

e = 12 + 12 + 12 2 ( 1 2 + 1 3 + 2 3 )

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Advanced Mechanics of Materials

Chapter 4-14

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4.4.1 Maximum Shear stress (Tresca) Criterion

This was originally proposed by Tresca
Yield function is defined as
f =e

Y
2

where the effective stress is

e = max
Magnitude of the extreme values of the stresses
are
2 3
1 =

2 =

2
3 1

2
2
3 = 1
2
.

Conditions in which yielding

can occur in a
multi-axial stress state
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Advanced Mechanics of Materials

2 3 = Y
3 1 = Y
1 2 = Y
Chapter 4-15

EGM 5653

4.4.2 Distortional Energy Density (von Mises) Criterion

Originally proposed by von Mises & is the most popular for ductile materials
Total strain energy density = SED due to volumetric change +SED due to distortion

( 1 2 3 )

U0 =

18

( 1 2 ) + ( 2 3 ) + ( 3 1 )
2

( 1 2 )

12G

+ ( 2 3 ) + ( 3 1 )
1 2G
2

The yield surface is given by

1 2
J2 = Y
3
f =

1
2
2
2
1
1 2 ) + ( 2 3 ) + ( 3 1 ) Y 2
(
3
6

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Advanced Mechanics of Materials

Chapter 4-16

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4.4.2 Distortional Energy Density (von Mises) Criterion contd.

Alternate form of the yield function

f = e2 Y 2
where the effective stress is
e =

e =

1
2
2
2
1 2 ) + ( 2 3 ) + ( 3 1 ) =
(

3 J2

2
2
1
2
+ 3( 2 + 2 + 2 )

(
)
(
)
(
)
xx
yy
yy
zz
zz
xx
xy
yz
xz

J2 and the octahedral shear stress are related by

3 2
J 2 = oct
2
Hence the von Mises yield criterion can be written as
f = oct
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Advanced Mechanics of Materials

2
Y
3
Chapter 4-17

EGM 5653

4.4.3 Effect of Hydrostatic stress and the - plane

Hydrostatic stress has no influence on yielding

Definition of a - plane

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Chapter 4-18

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4.5 Alternate Yield Criteria

Generally used for non ductile materials like rock, soil, concrete and
other anisotropic materials
4.5.1 Mohr-Coloumb Yield Criterion
 Very useful for rock and concretes
 Yielding depends on the hydrostatic stress
f = 1 3 + (1 + 3 ) sin 2c cos
f = max i j + ( i + j ) sin 2c cos
i j

YT =

2 c cos
1 + sin

YC =

2c cos
1 sin

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Advanced Mechanics of Materials

Chapter 4-19

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4.5.2 Drucker-Prager Yield Criterion

This is the generalization of von Mises
criteria with the hydrostatic stress effect
included
Yield function can be written as

f = I1 +

J2 K

2 sin
6c cos
=
,K=
3(3 sin )
3(3 sin )

2 sin
3(3 + sin )

,K =

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Advanced Mechanics of Materials

6c cos
3(3 + sin )

Chapter 4-20

EGM 5653

4.5.3 Hills Yield Criterion for Orthotropic Materials

This is the criterion is used for non-linear materials
The yield function is given by
f = F ( 22 33 ) + G ( 33 11 ) + H (11 22 )2
2

2
+ L( 232 + 322 ) + M (132 + 312 ) + N (122 + 21
) 1

1
1
1
+

Z 2 Y2 X 2
1
1
1
2G = 2 + 2 2
Z
X
Y
1
1
1
2H = 2 + 2 2
X
Y
Z
1
1
1
2 L = 2 , 2M = 2 , 2 N = 2
S23
S13
S12
2F =

For an isotropic material

6 F = 6G = 6 H = L = M = N
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Chapter 4-21

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General Yielding
The failure of a material is when the structure cannot support the
intended function
For some special cases, the loading will continue to increase even
beyond the initial load
At this point, part of the member will still be in elastic range. When
the entire member reaches the inelastic range, then the general
yielding occurs
bh 2
PY = Ybh, M Y = Y
6

PP = Ybh = PY
bh 2
MP =Y
= 1.5 M Y
4
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Advanced Mechanics of Materials

Chapter 4-22

EGM 5653

4.6.1 Elastic Plastic Bending

Consider a beam made up of elastic-perfectly plastic material
subjected to bending. We want to find the maximum bending
moment the beam can sustain
zz = 1 = k Y

(a)

where,
Y
Y =
E
h
yY =
2k
FZ = zz dA = 0

(b)

( c)
(d )

yY

h /2

yY

M x = M 2 ZZ ydA 2 Yy dA = 0
or
yY

M = M EP = 2 zz ydA + 2Y
0

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Advanced Mechanics of Materials

h/ 2

ydA

( e)

yY

Chapter 4-23

EGM 5653

4.6.1 Elastic Plastic Bending contd.

M EP

Ybh 2 3 1
1
3
=
2 = MY 2

6 2 2k
2 2k

(4.43)

where, MY = Ybh /6
2

as k becomes large
M EP

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Advanced Mechanics of Materials

3
MY = M P
2

Chapter 4-24

EGM 5653

4.6.2 Fully Plastic Bending

Definition: Bending required to
cause yielding either in tension
or compression over the entire
cross section
Equilibrium condition

F =
z

zz

dA = 0

Fully plastic moment is

t +b
M P = Ybt

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Advanced Mechanics of Materials

Chapter 4-25

EGM 5653

Comparison of failure yield criteria

For a tensile specimen

of ductile steel the
following six quantities
attain their critical
values at the same load PY
1. Maximum principal stress ( = P / A) reaches the yield strength Y
2. Maximum principal strain ( = / E ) reaches the value Y = Y / E
3. Strain energy Uo absorbed by the material per unit volume reaches
the value U 0Y = Y 2 / 2E
4. The maximum shear stress ( max = PY / 2 A) reaches the
tresca shear strength ( Y = Y / 2)
5. The distortional energy density UD reaches U DY = Y 2 / 6G
6. The octahedral shear stress oct = 2Y / 3 = 0.471Y
max

max

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Advanced Mechanics of Materials

max

Chapter 4-26

EGM 5653

Failure criteria for general yielding

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Chapter 4-27

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Interpretation of failure criteria for general yielding

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Chapter 4-28

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Combined Bending and Loading

According to Maximum shear stress criteria, yielding starts when
2

Y



2

+ = or + 4 = 1
2
2
2
Y

According to the octahedral shear-stress criterion, yielding starts when

2

2 2 + 6 2
2Y


=
or + 3 = 1
3
3
Y
Y

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Advanced Mechanics of Materials

Chapter 4-29

EGM 5653

Interpretation of failure criteria for general yielding

Comparison of von Mises and Tresca criteria

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Advanced Mechanics of Materials

Chapter 4-30

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Problem 4.24
4.24 A rectangular beam of width b and depth h is subjected to pure
bending with a moment M=1.25My. Subsequently, the moment is released.
Assume the plane sections normal to the neutral axis of the beam remain
plane during deformation.
a. Determine the radius of curvature of the beam under the applied bending
moment M=1.25My
b. Determine the distribution of residual bending stress after the applied
bending moment is released
Solution:

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Advanced Mechanics of Materials

Chapter 4-31

EGM 5653

Problem 4.24 contd.

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Advanced Mechanics of Materials

Chapter 4-32

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Problem 4.24 contd.

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Chapter 4-33

EGM 5653

Problem 4.40
4.40 A solid aluminum alloy (Y= 320 Mpa)
shaft extends 200mm from a bearing support
to the center of a 400 mm diameter pulley.
The belt tensions T1and T2 vary in magnitude
with time. Their maximum values of the belt
tensions are applied only a few times during
the life of the shaft, determine the required
diameter of the shaft if the factor of safety is
SF= 2.20
Solution:

Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials

Chapter 4-34