Bermuda

This article is about the British Overseas Territory. For Bermuda is the northernmost point of the Bermuda Triother uses, see Bermuda (disambiguation).
angle, a region of sea in which, according to legend,
a number of aircraft and surface vessels have disapBermuda /brmjud/, also referred to in legal peared under supposedly unexplained or mysterious circumstances. The island is in the hurricane belt and prone
documents as, fully, "the Bermudas or Somers
[6][7][8][9]
Isles",
is a British Overseas Territory in the to severe weather.
North Atlantic Ocean, located o the east coast of North
America. Its nearest landmass is Cape Hatteras, United
States, about 1,030 kilometres (640 mi) to the westnorthwest. It is about 1,239 kilometres (770 mi) south of
Cape Sable Island, Canada, and 1,538 kilometres (956
mi) north of Puerto Rico. Its capital city is Hamilton.

1 Geography

The rst known European explorer to reach Bermuda

was Spanish sea captain Juan de Bermdez in 1503, after whom the islands are named. He claimed the apparently uninhabited islands for the Spanish Empire. Paying
two visits to the archipelago, Bermudez landed on the islands inscribing his name into Portuguese Rock (previously Spanish Rock). Subsequent Spanish or other European parties are believed to have released pigs there,
which had become feral and abundant on the island by the
time European settlement began. In 1609, the English
Virginia Company, which had established Virginia and
Jamestown on the North American continent two years View from the top of Gibbs Hill Lighthouse
earlier, established a settlement. It was founded in the
aftermath of a hurricane, when the crew of the sinking
Sea Venture steered the ship onto the reef so they could
get ashore.
The island was administered as an extension of Virginia by the Company until 1614, when its successor, the
Somers Isles Company, took over and managed it until
1684. At that time, the companys charter was revoked,
and the English Crown took over administration. The islands became a British colony following the 1707 unication of the parliaments of Scotland and England, which
created the Kingdom of Great Britain. After 1949, when
Newfoundland became part of Canada, Bermuda was automatically ranked as the oldest remaining British Overseas Territory. Since the return of Hong Kong to China in
1997, it is the most populous Territory. Its rst capital, St.
Georges, was established in 1612 and is the oldest con- Landsat 8 satellite image
tinuously inhabited English town in the New World.[10]
Main article: Geography of Bermuda
Bermudas economy is based on oshore insurance and
reinsurance, and tourism, the two largest economic sectors.[10][11] Bermuda had one of the worlds highest GDP Bermuda is a group of low-forming volcanoes located in
per capita for most of the 20th century and several years the Atlantic Ocean, near the western edge of the Sargasso
beyond. Recently, its economic status has been aected Sea, roughly 580 nautical miles (1,070 km (665 mi)) eastby the global recession. It has a subtropical climate.[12] southeast of Cape Hatteras on the Outer Banks of North
Carolina and about 590 nautical miles (1,100 km (684
1

GEOGRAPHY

the islands is often complicated, as many have more than

one name (as does the entire archipelago, which has also
been known historically as La Garza, Virgineola, and the
Isle of Devils. Somers Isles is often rendered Somers
Islands, or mistaken for Summer Isles).

Bermuda pictured from the International Space Station

Despite the small land mass, place names are repeated;

there are, for example, two islands named Long Island,
three bays named Long Bay (on Somerset, Main, and
Coopers islands), two Horseshoe Ho-down Bays (one in
Warwick, on the Main Island, the other at Morgans Point,
formerly Tuckers Island), there are two roads through
cuttings called Khyber Pass (one in Warwick, the other in
St. Georges Parish), and St Georges Town is located on
St Georges Island within St Georges Parish (each known
as St Georges). There is a Hamilton Parish in addition to
the City of Hamilton (which is in Pembroke Parish).

1.1 Climate
Main article: Climate of Bermuda
Bermuda has a humid subtropical climate[12][14] on the

Topographic map of Bermuda

mi)) southeast of Marthas Vineyard of Massachusetts.

It is 898.2 nautical miles (1,663.5 km (1,033.7 mi))
northeast of Miami, Florida, and 667.374 nautical miles
(1,235.976 km (768.00 mi)) from Cape Sable Island, in
Nova Scotia, Canada. The islands lie due east of Fripp Island, South Carolina, west of Spain and north of Puerto
Rico.
The archipelago is formed by high points on the rim of
the caldera of a submarine volcano that forms a seamount.
The volcano is one part of a range that was formed as part
of the same process that formed the oor of the Atlantic,
and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The top of the seamount has
gone through periods of complete submergence, during
which its limestone cap was formed by marine organisms,
and during the Ice Ages the entire caldera was above sea
level, forming an island of approximately two-hundred
square miles.
It has 103 km (64 mi) of coastline. The two incorporated
municipalities in Bermuda are the City of Hamilton and
the Town of St George. Bermuda is divided into nine
parishes, which have some localities called villages, such
as Flatts Village and Somerset Village.

Residential scene in Bermuda

border of tropical climate. Bermuda is warmed by the

nearby Gulf Stream, and low latitude. The islands rarely
see cold temperatures as the marine location of Bermuda
mitigates cold air sweeping down from northern latitudes. There has never been a frost or freeze on record in
Bermuda.
Summertime heat index in Bermuda can be high, although mid-August temperatures rarely exceed 30 C (86
F). Winters are windy, with average daytime temperatures in January and February around 20 C (68 F), although cold fronts bring cooler air masses that last for
a few days now and then. The lowest temperature since
records began in 1949 was 6.4 C (44 F) on February
27, 1950. The highest recorded temperature was 34 C
(93 F) in August 1989.[15]

Although usually referred to in the singular, the territory

consists of 181[13] islands, with a total area of 53.3 square Bermuda is in the hurricane belt. Located along the
kilometres (20.6 square miles). The largest island is Main Gulf Stream, it is often directly in the path of hurriIsland, sometimes called Bermuda. Compiling a list of canes recurving in the westerlies, although they usually

3
begin to weaken as they approach Bermuda, whose small
size means that direct landfalls of hurricanes are rare.
The most recent hurricane to cause signicant damage to
Bermuda was category 2 Hurricane Gonzalo on 17 October 2014. Before that, Hurricane Fabian on 5 September 2003 was the last major hurricane to hit Bermuda
directly.
The only source of fresh water in Bermuda is rainfall,
which is collected on roofs and catchments (or drawn
from underground lenses) and stored in tanks. Each
dwelling usually has at least one of these tanks forming
part of its foundation.
The average annual temperature of the Atlantic Ocean
around Bermuda is 22.8 C (73.0 F), from 18.6 C (65.5
F) in February to 28.2 C (82.8 F) in August.[16]

species of bats, all of which also occur in the eastern

United States: Lasionycteris noctivagans, Lasiurus borealis, Lasiurus cinereus, Lasiurus seminolus and Perimyotis
subavus.[19] Other commonly known fauna of Bermuda
include its national bird, the Bermuda petrel or cahow.
It was rediscovered in 1951 after having been thought
extinct since the 1620s. It is important as an example
of a Lazarus species. The government has a program to
protect it, including restoration of a habitat area. The
Bermuda rock skink was long thought to have been the
only indigenous land vertebrate of Bermuda, discounting the marine turtles that lay their eggs on its beaches.
Recently through genetic DNA studies, scientists have
discovered that a species of turtle, the diamondback terrapin, previously thought to have been introduced, predated the arrival of humans in the archipelago.[20] As this
species spends most of its time in brackish ponds, some
question whether it should be classied as a land vertebrate to compete with the skinks unique status.

Bermuda is on the same parallel as Portuguese

archipelago Madeira a further few time zones east
in the Atlantic. The two archipelagos are the only land
in the Atlantic on the 32nd parallel north. The two have
a relatively similar climate, but Bermuda has warmer
and wetter summers - much like the typical subtropical 2 History
coastal region of North America on similar parallels.
However, winter temperatures between Hamilton and
Main article: History of Bermuda
Madeiras capital Funchal are nearly identical.

1.2

Flora and fauna

2.1 Pre-settlement

Main article: Flora and fauna in Bermuda

When discovered, Bermuda was uninhabited and mostly Bermuda was discovered in 1503 by Spanish explorer
Juan de Bermdez.[21] It is mentioned in Legatio Babylonica, published in 1511 by historian Pedro Mrtir de
Anglera, and was also included on Spanish charts of that
year. Both Spanish and Portuguese ships used the islands
as a replenishment spot to take on fresh meat and water. Legends arose of spirits and devils, now thought to
have stemmed from the calls of raucous birds (most likely
the Bermuda petrel, or Cahow) and the loud noise heard
at night from wild hogs. Combined with the frequent
storm-wracked conditions and the dangerous reefs, the
archipelago became known as the Isle of Devils. Neither Spain nor Portugal tried to settle it.

2.2 Settlement by the English

Young Bermuda cedar at Ferry Reach

For the next century, the island is believed to have been

visited frequently, but not settled. After the failure of the
rst two English colonies in Virginia, a more determined
eort was initiated by King James I of England (James VI
of Scotland), who granted a Royal Charter to the Virginia
Settlers have introduced many species of palm trees to Company.
Bermuda. Coconut palms are found on Bermuda, making It established a colony at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607.
it the northernmost location for the natural growth of this Two years later, a otilla of seven ships left England unspecies. However, the climate is usually too cool to allow der the Companys Admiral, Sir George Somers, and the
them to properly set fruit.
new Governor of Jamestown, Sir Thomas Gates, with
dominated by forests of Bermuda cedar, with mangrove
marshes along its shores. Only 165 of the islands current 1000 vascular plant species are considered native. Of
those, 15, including the cedar, are endemic.

The only indigenous mammals of Bermuda are ve several hundred settlers, food and supplies to relieve the

HISTORY

saved his passengers from the Sea Venture.[24][25] Many

Virginian place names refer to the archipelago, such as
Bermuda City, and Bermuda Hundred. The rst English coins to circulate in North America were struck in
Bermuda.

2.3 Company colony

Because of its limited land area, Bermuda has had diculty with over-population. In the rst two centuries of
settlement, it relied on steady human emigration to keep
the population manageable. Before the American Revolution more than ten thousand Bermudians (over half
of the total population through the years) gradually emigrated, primarily to the Southern United States. As Great
Britain displaced Spain as the dominant European imperial power, it opened up more land for colonial development. A steady trickle of outward migration continued.
With seafaring the only real industry in the early decades,
by the end of the 18th century, at least a third of the islands manpower was at sea at any one time.
The archipelagos limited land area and resources led to
the creation of what may be the earliest conservation
laws of the New World. In 1616 and 1620 acts were
passed banning the hunting of certain birds and young
tortoises.[26]
John Smith wrote one of the rst histories of Bermuda in 1624
(combined with Virginia and New England).

In 1649, the English Civil War raged and King Charles

I was beheaded in Whitehall, London. In Bermuda, related tensions resulted in civil war on the island; it was
ended by militias. The majority of colonists developed a
colony of Jamestown.[22] Somers had previous experi- strong sense of devotion to the Crown. Dissenters, such
ence sailing with both Sir Francis Drake and Sir Walter as Puritans and independents, were pushed to the BaRaleigh. The otilla was broken up by a storm. As the hamas.[27]
agship, the Sea Venture, was taking on water, Somers
drove it on the reef and gained the shores safely with In the 17th century, the Somers Isles Company supsmaller boats all the 150 passengers and a dog survived. pressed shipbuilding, as it needed Bermudians to farm
(William Shakespeare's play The Tempest is thought to to generate income from the land. Agricultural produchave been inspired by William Strachey's account of this tion met with limited success, however. The Bermuda
shipwreck.)[23] They stayed 10 months, starting a new set- cedar boxes used to ship tobacco to England were reporttlement and building two small ships to sail to Jamestown. edly worth more than their contents. The colony of VirThe island was claimed for the English Crown, and the ginia far surpassed Bermuda in both quality and quantity
charter of the Virginia Company was later extended to of tobacco produced. Bermudians began to turn to maritime trades relatively early in the 17th century, but the
include it.
Somers Isles Company used all its authority to suppress
In 1610, all but three of the survivors of the Sea Venture turning away from agriculture. This interference led to
sailed on to Jamestown. Among them was John Rolfe, the islanders demanding, and receiving, the revocation of
whose wife and child died and were buried in Bermuda. the Companys charter in 1684, and the Company was
Later in Jamestown he married Pocahontas, a daughter dissolved.
of the powerful Powhatan, leader of a large confederation of about 30 Algonquian-speaking tribes in coastal
Virginia. In 1612, the English began intentional settle- 2.4 Maritime economy
ment of Bermuda with the arrival of the ship Plough.
St. Georges was settled that year and designated as Bermudians rapidly abandoned agriculture for shipBermudas rst capital. It is the oldest continually inhab- building, replanting farmland with the native juniper
ited English town in the New World.[10]
(Juniperus bermudiana, called Bermuda cedar) trees that
In 1615, the colony was passed to a new company, the grew thickly over the whole island. Establishing efSomers Isles Company, named after the admiral who fective control over the Turks Islands, Bermudians de-

2.6

Fortress Bermuda

5
Its people were settlers and founders of new colonies, especially in the American South. Its merchant eet and a
web of expatriate Bermudian merchants dominated trade
through a number of American Atlantic Seaboard ports
and the West Indies. Bermudians shed for cod on the
Grand Banks o Newfoundland, and were involved in the
lumber industry in Central America. Most importantly,
they dominated the North American salt trade with de
facto control of the Turks Islands.
Had Bermuda not been so remote from the American
coastline, and the Royal Navy not enjoyed supremacy on
that part of the Atlantic, it would almost certainly have
been the fourteenth colony to join the rebellion. The close
economic, family, and historical ties ensured Bermudians
were strongly sympathetic with the rebels at the start of
the War. They supplied the rebels illegally with ships,
salt and gunpowder. As the war progressed, economic
realities caused Bermudians to seize opportunities; they
turned to privateering against the Americans.

The end of the war, however, was to cause profound

change in Bermuda, though some of those changes would
take decades to crystallise. Following the war, with the
buildup of Naval and military forces in Bermuda, the primary leg of the Bermudian economy became defence infrastructure. Even after tourism began later in the 19th
Bermuda Gazette of 12 November 1796, calling for privateering century, Bermuda remained, in the eyes of London, a
against Spain and its allies; it has advertisements for crew for two base more than a colony. The Crown strengthened its
privateer vessels.
political and economic ties to Bermuda, and the colonys
independence on the world stage was diminished.
forested their landscape to begin the salt trade. It be- The war had removed Bermudas primary trading partcame the worlds largest and remained the cornerstone of ners, the American colonies, from the empire, and dealt
a harsh blow to Bermudas merchant shipping trade. This
Bermudas economy for the next century.
also suered due to the deforestation of Bermuda, as well
Bermudian sailors and merchants relied on more than exas the advent of metal ships and steam propulsion, for
port of salt, however. They vigorously pursued whaling,
which it did not have raw materials. During the course
privateering, and the merchant trade. Vessels sailed the
of the following War of 1812, the primary market for
normal shipping routes, but were required to engage an
Bermudas salt disappeared as the Americans developed
enemy vessel no matter the size or strength. As a result,
their own sources. Control of the Turks had passed to the
many ships were destroyed.
Bahamas in 1819.
The Bermuda sloop became highly regarded for speed
By the end of the 19th century, except for naval and miland manoeuvrability. The Bermuda sloop HMS Pickle,
itary facilities, Bermuda was considered a quiet, rustic
one of the fastest vessels in the Royal Navy, carried the
backwater. It had been superseded in the development
news of the victory at Trafalgar and the death of Admiral
of the English-speaking Atlantic world.
Nelson to England.

2.5

Bermuda and the American War of In- 2.6 Fortress Bermuda

dependence

Main article: Military of Bermuda

After the American Revolution, the Royal Navy began
improving the harbours. In 1811, it started building the
large dockyard on Ireland Island, in the west of the chain,
to serve as its principal naval base guarding the western
Atlantic Ocean shipping lanes. To guard it, the British
Army built up a large Bermuda Garrison, and heavily fortied the archipelago.

American independence led to great changes for

Bermuda. Prior to the war, with no useful landmass or
natural resources, Bermuda was largely ignored and left
to its own devices by the London government. By being
so deeply involved in trade, Bermuda merchants and nanciers had played roles out of proportion to the colonys
size in relation to the development of the Triangle Trade,
During the War of 1812 between Britain and the United
and the trans-Atlantic English and British empires.

HISTORY

2.7 Anglo-Boer War

During the Anglo-Boer War (18991902), 5,000 Boer
prisoners of war were housed on ve islands of Bermuda.
They were located according to their views of the war.
Bitterenders (Afrikaans: Bittereinders), who refused to
pledge allegiance to the British Crown, were interned on
Darrells Island and closely guarded. Other islands such
as Morgans Island held 884 men, including 27 ocers;
Tuckers Island held 809 Boer prisoners, Burts Island
607, and Ports Island held 35.[29]

An illustration of the Devonshire Redoubt, Bermuda, 1614.

States, the British attacks on Washington, D.C. and the

Chesapeake were planned and launched from Bermuda,
where the headquarters of the Royal Navys North American Station had recently been moved from Halifax, Nova
Scotia.

The harbour at St. George

In 1816, James Arnold, the son of Benedict Arnold,

fortied Bermudas Royal Naval Dockyard against possible US attacks.[28] Today, the National Museum of
Bermuda, which incorporates the Maritime Museum,
occupies the Keep of the Royal Naval Dockyard, including the Commissioners House, and exhibits artefacts of
the bases military history.

The New York Times reported an attempted mutiny by

Boer prisoners of war en route to Bermuda and that
martial law was enacted on Darrells Island,[30] in addition to the escape of three Boer prisoners to mainland Bermuda,[31] a young Boer soldier stowed away and
sailed from Bermuda to New York on the steamship
Trinidad.[32]
The most famous escapee was the Boer prisoner of war
Captain Fritz Joubert Duquesne who was serving a life
sentence for conspiracy against the British government
and on (the charge of) espionage..[33] On the night of
25 June 1902, Duquesne slipped out of his tent, worked
his way over a barbed-wire fence, swam 1.5 miles (2.4
km) past patrol boats and bright spot lights, through
storm-wracked, shark infested waters, using a distant
lighthouse for navigation until he arrived ashore on the
main island.[34] From there he escaped to the port of St.
Georges and a week later, he stowed away on a boat heading to Baltimore, Maryland.[35] He settled in the US and
later became a spy for Germany in both World Wars. In
1942, Col. Duquesne was arrested by the FBI for leading
the Duquesne Spy Ring, which still to this day the largest
espionage case in the history of the United States.[36]
Lord Kitcheners brother, Lt. Gen. Sir Walter Kitchener,
had been the Governor of Bermuda from 1908 until his
death in 1912. His son, Major Hal Kitchener, bought
Hinsons Island (with his partner, Major Hemming, another First World War aviator). The island had formerly
been part of the Boer POW camp, housing teenaged prisoners from 1901 to 1902.

2.8 Economic and political development

In the early 20th century, as modern transport and communication systems developed, Bermuda became a popular destination for American, Canadian and British
tourists arriving by sea. The United States 1930 SmootHawley Tari Act enacted protective taris. It cut o
As a result of Bermudas proximity to the southeastern US Bermudas once-thriving agricultural export trade to the
coast, during the American Civil War Confederate States US and encouraged its development of tourism as an alblockade runners used it as a base for runs to the South to ternative.
evade Union naval vessels and deliver much needed war After several failed attempts, in 1930 the rst aeroplane
goods from England. The old Globe Hotel in St Georges, reached Bermuda. A Stinson Detroiter seaplane ying
which was a centre of intrigue for Confederate agents, is from New York, it had to land twice in the ocean: once
because of darkness and again to refuel. Navigation and
preserved as a public museum.

Hamilton Harbour in the mid-1920s.

weather forecasting improved in 1933 when the Royal Air

Force (then responsible for providing equipment and personnel for the Royal Navys Fleet Air Arm) established a
station at the Royal Naval Dockyard to repair (and supply
replacement) oat planes for the eet. In 1936 Luft Hansa
began to experiment with seaplane ights from Berlin via
the Azores with continuation to New York City.[37]

The S.S. Queen of Bermuda departing the island in December

1952 / January 1953.

versal surage, adopted as part of Bermudas Constitution in 1967, voting was dependent on a certain level of
property ownership. (see Politics section, below, and
Politics of Bermuda). On 10 March 1973, the Governor
of Bermuda Richard Sharples was assassinated by local
In 1937, Imperial Airways and Pan American World Air- Black Power militants during a period of civil unrest.
ways began operating scheduled ying-boat airline services from New York and Baltimore to Darrells Island,
Bermuda. In 1948, regularly scheduled commercial air- 3 Parishes and municipalities
line service by land-based aeroplanes began to Kindley
Field (now L.F. Wade International Airport), helping
tourism to reach its peak in the 1960s1970s. By the
end of the 1970s, international business had supplanted
tourism as the dominant sector of Bermudas economy
(see Economy of Bermuda).

Parishes of Bermuda.

Bermuda is divided into nine parishes and two incorporated municipalities.

The S.S. Queen of Bermuda in Hamilton Harbour, December
1952 / January 1953.

The Royal Naval Dockyard, and the attendant military

garrison, continued to be important to Bermudas economy until the mid-20th century. In addition to considerable building work, the armed forces needed to source
food and other materials from local vendors. Beginning in World War II, US military installations also were
located in Bermuda (see Military section below and
Military of Bermuda).
Universal adult surage and the development of a twoparty political system occurred in the 1960s. Before uni-

Bermudas nine parishes are:

Devonshire
Hamilton
Paget
Pembroke
Sandys
Smiths
Southampton

4 POLITICS
St Georges
Warwick

Bermudas two incorporated municipalities are:

Hamilton (city)
St Georges (town)
Bermudas two informal villages are:

Kingdom, which also retains responsibility to ensure good

government. It must approve any changes to the Constitution of Bermuda. Bermuda is classied as a British Overseas Territory, but it is the oldest British colony. In 1620,
a Royal Assent granted Bermuda limited self-governance;
its Parliament is the fth oldest in the world, behind
the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the Tynwald of
the Isle of Man, the Althing of Iceland, and Sejm of
Poland.[40] Of these, with the exception of the Isle of
Mans Tynwald, it is the only one that has been in continuous existence since 1620.[41]

Flatts Village
Somerset Village
Jones Village (in Warwick), Cashew City (St. Georges),
Claytown (Hamilton), Middle Town (Pembroke), and
Tuckers Town (St. Georges) are neighbourhoods;
Dandy Town and North Village are sports clubs, and Harbour View Village is a small public housing development.

Politics

The State House, the home of Bermudas parliament between

Main article: Politics of Bermuda
The current ruling party in Bermuda is the One Bermuda 1620 and 1815

Map of the European Union in the world with overseas countries

and territories and outermost regions

Sessions House, current home of the House of Assembly and the

Supreme Court

Alliance, commonly referred to as the OBA. They were

voted into power in December 2012 after Bermuda was The Constitution of Bermuda came into force on 1 June
ruled by the Progressive Labour Party for 14 years, from 1967; it was amended in 1989 and 2003. The head
1998 to 2012.
of government is the premier. A cabinet is nominated
by the premier and appointed ocially by the governor.
The legislative branch consists of a bicameral parliament
4.1 State organisation
modelled on the Westminster system. The Senate is the
Executive authority in Bermuda is vested in the monarch upper house, consisting of 11 members appointed by the
and is exercised on her behalf by the Governor. The governor on the advice of the premier and the leader of
governor is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the the opposition. The House of Assembly, or lower house,
British Government. The current governor is George Fer- has 36 members, elected by the eligible voting populace
gusson; he was sworn in on 23 May 2012.[38] There is in secret ballot to represent geographically dened conalso a Deputy Governor (currently David Arkley JP).[39] stituencies.
Defence and foreign aairs are carried out by the United Elections must be called at no more than ve-year inter-

4.2

Role in international relations

vals. The most recent took place on 17 December 2012. to protect the Sargasso Sea.[48]
Following this election, the One Bermuda Alliance took
power, with Craig Cannonier succeeding Paula Cox, of
4.2.1 Asylum oered to four former Guantnamo
the Progressive Labour Party, as Premier.[42][43]
detainees
There are few accredited diplomats in Bermuda. The
United States maintains the largest diplomatic mission in Main article: Uyghur detainees at Guantanamo Bay:
Bermuda, comprising both the United States Consulate Bermuda
and the US Customs and Border Protection Services at
the L.F. Wade International Airport. The current US
On 11 June 2009, four Uyghurs who had been held in the
Consul General is Robert Settje, who took oce in AuUnited States Guantnamo Bay detention camp, in Cuba,
gust 2012. The United States is Bermudas largest tradwere transferred to Bermuda.[49][50][51][52] The four men
ing partner (providing over 71% of total imports, 85%
were among 22 Uyghurs who claimed to be refugees,
of tourist visitors, and an estimated $163 billion of US
who were captured in 2001 in Pakistan after eeing the
capital in the Bermuda insurance/re-insurance industry),
American aerial bombardment of Afghanistan. They
and an estimated 5% of Bermuda residents are US citiwere accused of training to assist the Taliban's military.
zens, representing 14% of all foreign-born persons. The
They were cleared as safe for release from Guantnamo in
American diplomatic presence is an important element in
2005 or 2006, but US domestic law prohibited deporting
the Bermuda political landscape.
them back to China, their country of citizenship, because
the US government determined that China was likely to
violate their human rights.

4.2

Role in international relations

As a British Overseas Territory, Bermuda does not have

a seat in the United Nations; it is represented by Britain
in matters of foreign aairs. To promote its economic interests abroad, Bermuda maintains representative oces
in cities such as London[44] and Washington D.C.[45]
Bermudas proximity to the US had made it attractive as
the site for summit conferences between British Prime
Ministers and US Presidents. The rst summit was
held in December 1953, at the insistence of Prime Minister Winston Churchill, to discuss relations with the
Soviet Union during the Cold War. Participants included Churchill, US President Dwight D. Eisenhower
and French Premier Joseph Laniel.
In 1957, a second summit conference was held. The
British Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan, arrived earlier than President Eisenhower, to demonstrate they were
meeting on British territory, as tensions were still high regarding the previous years conict over the Suez Canal.
Macmillan returned in 1961 for the third summit with
President John F. Kennedy. The meeting was called to
discuss Cold War tensions arising from construction of
the Berlin Wall.[46]

In September 2008, the men were cleared of all suspicion

and Judge Ricardo Urbina in Washington ordered their
release. Congressional opposition to their admittance to
the United States was very strong[49] and the US failed to
nd a home for them until Bermuda and Palau agreed to
accept the 22 men in June 2009.
The secret bilateral discussions that led to prisoner transfers between the US and the devolved Bermuda government sparked diplomatic ire from the United Kingdom,
which was not consulted on the move despite Bermuda
being a British territory. The British Foreign Oce issued the following statement:
We've underlined to the Bermuda Government that they should have consulted with the
United Kingdom as to whether this falls within
their competence or is a security issue, for
which the Bermuda Government do not have
delegated responsibility. We have made clear
to the Bermuda Government the need for a security assessment, which we are now helping
them to carry out, and we will decide on further steps as appropriate.

The most recent summit conference in Bermuda between

the two powers occurred in 1990, when British Prime
Minister Margaret Thatcher met US President George
H.W. Bush.[46]

As of May 2013, the four Uyghurs still lived in Bermuda;

but they have not been given Bermudian status and remain
stateless, posing problems for emergency medical situations and nding certain jobs. However, granting them
Direct meetings between the President of the United Bermudian status would require a change in Bermudian
States and the Premier of Bermuda have been rare. The laws, and the issue has prompted a major debate within
[53]
most recent meeting was on 23 June 2008, between Pre- Bermudas parliament on what steps should be taken.
mier Ewart Brown and President George W. Bush. Prior
to this, the leaders of Bermuda and the United States had
4.2.2 Caribbean Community
not met at the White House since a 1996 meeting between
Premier David Saul and President Bill Clinton.[47]
Bermuda became an associate member of the Caribbean
Bermuda has also joined several other nations in eorts Community (CARICOM) in 2003 despite not being in

10

4 POLITICS

the Caribbean region.[54][55]

to this emphasis.[59][60][61]

This is a socio-economic bloc of nations in or near the

Caribbean Sea. Other outlying member states include
the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and the Republic
of Suriname in South America, along with Belize in Central America. The Turks and Caicos Islands, an associate
member of CARICOM, and the Commonwealth of The
Bahamas, a full member of CARICOM, are in the Atlantic, but near to the Caribbean. Other nearby nations
or territories, such as the United States, are not members (although the US Commonwealth of Puerto Rico has
observer status, and the United States Virgin Islands announced in 2007 they would seek ties with CARICOM).
Bermuda, at roughly a thousand miles from the Caribbean
Sea, has little trade with, and little economically in common with, the region, and joined primarily to strengthen
cultural links.

Opinion polls conducted by Bermudian newspapers, The

Royal Gazette and The Bermuda Sun, showed clear majorities of Bermudians to be opposed to joining CARICOM. The UBP, which had been in Government from
1968 to 1998, objected that joining CARICOM was
detrimental to Bermudas interests:

Among some scholars, the Caribbean can be a sociohistorical category, commonly referring to a cultural zone
characterised by the legacy of slavery (a characteristic
Bermuda shared with the Caribbean and the US) and the
plantation system (which did not exist in Bermuda). It
embraces the islands and parts of the neighbouring continent, and may be extended to include the Caribbean Diaspora overseas.[56]
Bermuda was colonised by the English as an extension of
Virginia and has long had close ties with the US Atlantic
Seaboard and Canadian Maritimes as well as the UK. It
had a history of African slavery, although Britain abolished it decades before the US. Since the 20th century,
there has been considerable immigration to Bermuda
from the West Indies, as well as continued immigration from Portuguese Atlantic islands. Unlike immigrants
from British colonies in the West Indies, the latter immigrants have had greater diculty in becoming permanent residents as they lacked British citizenship, mostly
spoke no English, and required renewal of work permits
to remain beyond an initial period. From the 1950s onwards, Bermuda relaxed its immigration laws, allowing
increased immigration from Britain and Canada. Some
Black politicians accused the government of using this
device to counter the West Indian immigration of previous decades.
The PLP, the party in government when the decision
to join CARICOM was made, has been dominated for
decades by West Indians and their descendants. (The
prominent roles of West Indians among Bermudas black
politicians and labour activists predated party politics in
Bermuda, as exemplied by Dr. E. F. Gordon).[57][58]
The late PLP leader, Dame Lois Browne-Evans, and her
Trinidadian-born husband, John Evans (who co-founded
the West Indian Association of Bermuda in 1976),[59]
were prominent members of this group. They have emphasised Bermudas cultural connections with the West
Indies. Many Bermudians, both black and white, who
lack family connections to the West Indies have objected

Bermudas trade with the West Indies is negligible, its primary economic partners being the US,
Canada, and UK (it has no direct air or shipping
links to Caribbean islands);
CARICOM is moving towards a single economy,
which Bermuda would not be able to form part of
without disastrous eects on its own economy;
the Caribbean islands are generally competitors to
Bermudas already ailing tourism industry; and
participation in CARICOM would involve considerable investment of money and the time of government ocials that could more protably be spent
elsewhere.[62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73]

4.3 Military
Main article: Military of Bermuda
Once known as the Gibraltar of the West and Fortress

The First Bermuda Volunteer Rie Corps Contingent, raised in

1914. By the wars end, the two BVRC contingents had lost over
75% of their combined strength.

Remembrance Day Parade, Hamilton, Bermuda.

4.3

Military

Bermuda, Bermuda today is defended by forces of the

British government. For the rst two centuries of settlement, the most potent armed force operating from
Bermuda was its merchant shipping eet, which turned to
privateering at every opportunity. The Bermuda government maintained a local militia. After the American Revolutionary War, Bermuda was established as the Western
Atlantic headquarters of the Royal Navy. Once the Royal
Navy established a base and dockyard defended by regular soldiers, however, the militias were disbanded following the War of 1812. At the end of the 19th century,
the colony raised volunteer units to form a reserve for the
military garrison.
Main article: Battle of the Atlantic

11
dian Forces communications facility. Although leased for
99 years, US forces withdrew in 1995, as part of the wave
of base closures following the end of the Cold War.
Canada, which had operated a war-time naval base,
HMCS Somers Isles, on the old Royal Navy base at Convict Bay, St Georges, also established a radio-listening
post at Daniels Head in the West End of the islands during this time.
In the 1950s, after the end of World War II, the Royal
Naval dockyard and the military garrison were closed. A
small Royal Navy supply base, HMS Malabar, continued
to operate within the dockyard area, supporting transiting
Royal Navy ships and submarines until it, too, was closed
in 1995, along with the American and Canadian bases.

Due to its isolated location in the North Atlantic Ocean,

Bermuda was vital to the Allies war eort during both
world wars of the 20th century, serving as a marshalling
point for trans-Atlantic convoys, as well as a naval air
base. By the Second World War, both the Royal Navys
Fleet Air Arm and the Royal Air Force were operating
Seaplane bases on Bermuda.
In May 1940, the US requested base rights in Bermuda
from the United Kingdom, but British Prime Minister Winston Churchill was initially unwilling to accede
to the American request without getting something in
return.[74] In September 1940, as part of the Destroyers
for Bases Agreement, the UK granted the US base rights
in Bermuda. Bermuda and Newfoundland were not originally included in the agreement, but both were added to
it, with no war material received by the UK in exchange.
One of the terms of the agreement was that the aireld the HMS Ambuscade at the Royal Naval Dockyard.
US Army built would be used jointly by the US and the
UK (which it was for the duration of the war, with RAF
Transport Command relocating there from Darrells Is- Bermudians served in the British armed forces during
both World War I and World War II. After the latter,
land in 1943).
Major-General Glyn Charles Anglim Gilbert, Bermudas
Construction began in 1941 of two airbases consisting
highest-ranking soldier, was instrumental in developing
of 5.8 km2 (2.2 sq mi) of land, largely reclaimed from
the Bermuda Regiment. A number of other Bermudians
the sea. For many years, Bermudas bases were used
and their descendants had preceded him into senior ranks,
by US Air Force transport and refuelling aircraft and by
including Bahamian-born Admiral Lord Gambier, and
US Navy aircraft patrolling the Atlantic for enemy subBermudian-born Royal Marines Brigadier Harvey. When
marines, rst German and, later, Soviet. The principal
promoted to Brigadier at age 39, following his wounding
installation, Kindley Air Force Base on the eastern coast,
at the Anzio landings, Harvey became the youngest-ever
was transferred to the US Navy in 1970 and redesignated
Royal Marine Brigadier. The Cenotaph in front of the
Naval Air Station Bermuda. As a naval air station, the
Cabinet Building (in Hamilton) was erected in tribute to
base continued to host both transient and deployed USN
Bermudas Great War dead (the tribute was later extended
and USAF aircraft, as well as transitioning or deployed
to Bermudas Second World War dead) and is the site of
Royal Air Force and Canadian Forces aircraft.
the annual Remembrance Day commemoration.
The original NAS Bermuda on the west side of the island,
Today, the only military unit remaining in Bermuda,
a seaplane base until the mid-1960s, was designated as
other than naval and army cadet corps, is the Bermuda
the Naval Air Station Bermuda Annex. It provided opRegiment, an amalgam of the voluntary units originally
tional anchorage and/or dockage facilities for transiting
formed toward the end of the 19th century. Although the
US Navy, US Coast Guard and NATO vessels, dependRegiments predecessors were voluntary units, the moding on size. An additional US Navy compound known as
ern body is formed primarily by conscription: balloted
Naval Facility Bermuda (NAVFAC Bermuda), a SOSUS
males are required to serve for three years, two months
station, was located to the west of the Annex near a Canapart-time, once they turn 18.

12

5 ECONOMY

Economy

wich tax avoidance strategies, reducing its 2011 tax liability by $2 billion.[81]

Main article: Economy of Bermuda

Government employment, o-shore business, and
In 1970 the country switched its currency from the tourism are the largest sectors of Bermudas economy.[10]
However, in September 2009, the Irish press reported
that a growing number of companies were moving from
Bermuda to Ireland as part of a search for a more stable
environment.[82]

$50 Bermudian banknote.

Bermudian pound to the Bermudian dollar, which is

pegged to the US dollar, similar to Hong Kong. US notes
and coins are used interchangeably with Bermudian notes
and coins within the islands for most practical purposes;
however, banks levy an exchange rate fee for the purchase of US dollars with Bermudian dollars.[75] Bermudian notes carry the image of Queen Elizabeth II. The Front Street, Hamilton.
Bermuda Monetary Authority is the issuing authority for
all banknotes and coins, and regulates nancial institutions. The Royal Naval Dockyard Museum holds a per- Large numbers of leading international insurance commanent exhibition of Bermuda notes and coins.
panies operate in Bermuda.[83] Those internationally
According to the Bermuda Governments Economic owned and operated businesses that are physically based
Statistics Division, Bermudas GDP was $5.85 billion in in Bermuda (around four hundred) are represented by
2007, or $91,477 per capita, giving Bermuda the highest the Association of Bermuda International Companies
(ABIC). In total, over 15,000 exempted or international
GDP per capita in the world.[4]
The aordability of housing became a prominent issue companies are currently registered with the Registrar of
during Bermudas business peak in 2005 but has softened Companies in Bermuda, most of which hold no oce
with the decline of Bermudas real estate prices. The space or employees.
CIA World Factbook lists the average cost of a house
in June 2003 as $976,000,[76] while real estate agencies
have claimed that this gure had risen to between $1.6
million[77] and $1.845 million by 2007,[78] though such
high gures have been disputed.[79]
Bermuda is an oshore nancial centre, which results
from its minimal standards of business regulation/laws
and direct taxation on personal or corporate income. It
has one of the highest consumption taxes in the world and
taxes all imports in lieu of an income tax system. Bermudass consumption tax is equivalent to local income tax to
local residents and funds government and infrastructure
expenditures. The local tax system depends upon import
duties, payroll taxes and consumption taxes. The legal
system is derived from that of the United Kingdom, with
recourse to English courts of nal appeal. Foreign private
individuals cannot easily open bank accounts or subscribe
to mobile phone or internet services.[80]
Having no corporate income tax, Bermuda is a popular
tax avoidance location. Google, for example, is known to
have shifted over $10 billion in revenue to its Bermuda
subsidiary utilising the "Double Irish" and Dutch Sand-

There are four hundred securities listed on the stock

exchange, of which almost three hundred are oshore
funds and alternative investment structures attracted by
Bermudas regulatory environment. The Exchange specialises in listing and trading of capital market instruments such as equities, debt issues, funds (including hedge fund structures) and depository receipt programmes. The BSX is a full member of the World Federation of Exchanges and is located in an OECD member
nation. It also has Approved Stock Exchange status under
Australias Foreign Investment Fund (FIF) taxation rules
and Designated Investment Exchange status by the UKs
Financial Services Authority.
Four banks operate in Bermuda,[84] having consolidated
total assets of $24.3 billion (March 2014).[85]
Tourism is Bermudas second-largest industry, with the
island attracting over half a million visitors annually, of
whom more than 80% are from the United States. Other
signicant sources of visitors are from Canada and the
United Kingdom. Tourists arrive either by cruise ship or
by air at L.F. Wade International Airport, the only airport
on the island.[86]

13

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Bermuda

Bermudas 2010 Census put Bermudas population at
64,237 and, with an area of 53.2 km2 (20.5 sq mi), it
has a calculated population density of 1207/km. To get
this in a wider context, an average population density of
53/km was found for the "World (land only, excluding
Antarctica)" as of July 5, 2014.

with relatively deep roots in Bermuda extending back for

centuries, and newer communities whose ancestry results
from recent immigration, especially from Britain, North
America, the West Indies, and the Portuguese Atlantic islands (especially the Azores), although these groups are
steadily merging. About 46% of the population identied themselves with Bermudian ancestry in 2010, which
was a decrease from the 51% who did so in the 2000 census. Those identifying with British ancestry dropped by
1% to 11% (although those born in Britain remain the
largest non-native group at 3,942 persons). The number
of people born in Canada declined by 13%. Those who
reported West Indian ancestry were 13%. The number of
people born in the West Indies actually increased by 538.
A signicant segment of the population is of Portuguese
ancestry (10%), the result of immigration over the past
160 years.,[87] of which 79% have residency status.

The racial makeup of Bermuda as recorded by the 2010

census, was 54% black, 31% white, 8% multiracial,
4% Asian, and 4% other races, although these numbers are based on self-identication, and the majority of
those who answered black have any mixture of black,
white and indigenous American ancestry.[3] Native-born
Bermudians made up 67% of the population, compared Deeper ancestral demographics of Bermudas population
to 29% non-natives.
have been obscured by the ethnic homogenisation of the
last four centuries. There is eectively no ethnic distinction between black and white Bermudians, other than
those characterising recent immigrant communities. In
the 17th Century, this was not so. For the rst hundred
years of settlement, white Protestants of English heritage
were the distinct majority, with white minorities of Irish
(the native language of many of whom can be assumed
to have been Gaelic) and Scots sent to Bermuda after
the English invasions of their homelands that followed
the English Civil War. Non-white minorities included
Spanish-speaking, free (indentured) blacks from the West
Indies, black chattel slaves primarily captured from Spanish and Portuguese ships by Bermudian privateers, and
Native Americans, primarily from the Algonquian and
other tribes of the Atlantic seaboard, but possibly from as
far as Mexico. By the 19th Century, the white ethnicallyEnglish Bermudians had lost their numerical advantage.
Despite the banning of the importation of Irish, and the
repeated attempts to force free blacks to emigrate and
the owners of black slaves to export them, the merging
of the various minority groups, along with some of the
white English, had resulted in a new demographic group,
coloured (which term, in Bermuda, referred to anyone
not wholly of European ancestry) Bermudians, gaining
a slight majority. Any child born before or since then
to one coloured and one white parent has been added
to the coloured statistic. Most of those historically described as coloured are today described as black, or
of African heritage, which obscures their non-African
heritage (those previously described as coloured who
were not of African ancestry had been very few, though
the numbers of South Asians, particularly, is now growing. The number of persons born in Asian countries douThe image of the Lord Holy Christ of the Miracles, in Hamilton, bled between the 2000 and the 2010 censuses), blacks
devoted by all the Azoreans in Bermuda islands.
have remained in the majority, with new white immigration from Portugal, Britain and elsewhere countered by
The island experienced large-scale immigration over the black immigration from the West Indies.
20th century, especially after the Second World War. Bermudas modern black population contains more than
Bermuda has a diverse population including both those

14
one demographic group. Although the number of residents born in Africa is very small, it has tripled between
2000 and 2010 (this group also includes non-blacks). The
majority of blacks in Bermuda can be termed Bermudian blacks, whose ancestry dates back centuries between the 17th Century and the end of slavery in 1834,
Bermudas black population was self-sustaining, with its
growth resulting largely from natural expansion. This
contrasts to the enslaved blacks of the plantation colonies,
who were subjected to conditions so harsh as to drop
their birth rate below the death rate, and slaveholders in
the United States and the West Indies found it necessary
to continue importing more enslaved blacks from Africa
until the end of slavery (the same had been true for the
Native Americans that the Africans had replaced on the
New World plantations. The indigenous populations of
many West Indian islands, and much of the South-East of
what is now the United States that had survived the 16th
and 17th Century epidemics of European-introduced diseases then became the victims of large scale slave raiding,
with much of the region completely depopulated. When
the supply of indigenous slaves ran out, the slaveholders
looked to Africa). The ancestry of Bermudas black population is distinguished from that of the British West Indian black population in two ways: rstly, the higher degree of European and Native American admixture; secondly, the source of the African ancestry.

6 DEMOGRAPHICS
Philips wars.
Today several thousand expatriate workers, principally
from Britain, Canada, the West Indies, South Africa and
the US, reside in Bermuda. They are primarily engaged in
specialised professions such as accounting, nance, and
insurance. Others are employed in various trades, such
as hotels, restaurants, construction, and landscaping services. Of the total workforce of 38,947 persons in 2005,
government employment gures stated that 11,223 (29%)
were non-Bermudians.[88]

6.1 Education
See also: List of schools in Bermuda
The Bermuda Education Act 1996 requires that only
three categories of schools can operate in the Bermuda
Education system:
An aided school has all or a part of its property
vested in a body of trustees or board of governors
and is partially maintained by public funding or,
since 1965 and the desegregation of schools, has received a grant-in-aid out of public funds.

A maintained school has the whole of its property

In the British West Indian islands (and also in the United
belonging to the Government and is fully maintained
States), the majority of enslaved blacks brought across the
by public funds.
Atlantic came from West Africa (roughly between modern Senegal and Ghana). Very little of Bermudas original
A private school, not maintained by public funds
black emigration came from this area. The rst blacks to
and which has not, since 1965 and the desegregaarrive in Bermuda in any numbers were free blacks from
tion of schools, received any capital grant-in-aid out
Spanish-speaking areas of the West Indies, and most of
of public funds. The private school sector consists
the remainder were recently enslaved Africans captured
of six traditional private schools, two of which are
from the Spanish and Portuguese. As Spain and Portureligious schools, and the remaining four are secugal sourced most of their slaves from South-West Africa
lar with one of these being a single-gender school
(the Portuguese through ports in modern day Angola;
and another a Montessori school. Also, within the
the Spanish purchased most of their African slaves from
private sector there are a number of home schools,
Portuguese traders, and from Arabs whose slave trading
which must be registered with the government and
was centred in Zanzibar). Genetic studies have consereceive minimal government regulation. The only
quently shown that the African ancestry of black Bermuboys school opened its doors to girls in the 1990s,
dians (other than those resulting from recent immigration
and in 1996, one of the aided schools became a prifrom the British West Indian islands) is largely from the
vate school.
a band across southern Africa, from Angola to Mozambique, which is similar to what is revealed in Latin Amer- Warwick Academy, one of the oldest schools in the westica, but distinctly dierent from the blacks of the West ern hemisphere, is in the parish of Warwick, Bermuda.
Indies and the United States.
Prior to 1965, the Bermuda school system was racially
Most of Bermudas black population trace some of their segregated. When the desegregation of schools was enancestry to Native Americans, although awareness of acted in 1965, two of the formally maintained white
this is largely limited to St Davids Islanders and most schools and both single-sex schools opted to become priwho have such ancestry are unaware of it. During the vate schools. The rest became part of the public school
colonial period, hundreds of Native Americans were system and were either aided or maintained.
shipped to Bermuda. The best-known examples were the
Algonquian peoples who were exiled from the southern At present there are 26 schools in the Bermuda Public
New England colonies and sold into slavery in the 17th School System, 18 of which are primary schools, ve are
century, notably in the aftermaths of the Pequot and King middle schools, two senior schools and one special school.
An Alternative Programme is provided for students with

7.1

Arts

15

behavioural challenges who cannot function in the pub- arly works rather than creative writing). The novelist
lic mainstream. There is one aided primary school, two Brian Burland (1931 2010) achieved a degree of sucaided middle schools, and one aided senior school.
cess and acclaim internationally. More recently, Angela
For higher education, the Bermuda College oers various Barry has won critical recognition for her published cassociate degrees and other certicate programmes.[89] tion.
Bermuda does not have any four-year colleges or univer- Bermudas proximity to the United States, as well as its
sities.
origin as part of Virginia, means that many aspects of US
In May 2009, Bermudian Governments application was culture are reected in, or incorporated into, Bermudian
approved to become a contributory member of the culture. Many non-Bermudian writers have also made
University of the West Indies (UWI). Bermudas mem- Bermuda their home, or have had homes here, includbership enabled Bermudian students to enter the Univer- ing A. J. Cronin and F. Van Wyck Mason, who wrote on
sity at an agreed upon subsidised rate by 2010. UWI also Bermudian subjects.
agreed that their Open Campus (online degree courses)
would become open to Bermudian students in the future,
with Bermuda becoming the 13th country to have access
to the Open Campus.[90][91]

6.2

Health care

Actors such as Ernest Trimingham, Oona O'Neill, Earl

Cameron, Diana Dill, Lena Headey, Will Kempe, and
most famously, Michael Douglas and Catherine ZetaJones, grew up here or have lived here as adults. Other
native or resident lm and television gures in Bermuda
include producer Arthur Rankin, Jr., and cartoonist and
Muppet man, Michael Frith.

The Bermuda Hospitals Board operates the King Edward

VII Memorial Hospital, located in Paget Parish, and the 7.1 Arts
Mid-Atlantic Wellness Institute, located in Devonshire
Parish.[92]
West Indian musicians introduced calypso music when
Bermudas tourist industry was expanded with the increase of visitors brought by post-Second World War aviation. While calypso appealed more to the visitors than
7 Culture
to the locals, reggae has been embraced by many Bermudians since the 1970s with the inux of Jamaican immiMain article: Culture of Bermuda
grants.
See also: Holidays in Bermuda
Bermudas culture is a mixture of the various sources
of its population: Native American, Spanish-Caribbean,
English, Irish, and Scots cultures were evident in the 17th
century, and became part of the dominant British culture. English is the primary and ocial language. Due
to 160 years of immigration from Portuguese Atlantic islands (primarily the Azores, though also from Madeira
and the Cape Verde Islands), a portion of the population
also speaks Portuguese. There are strong British inuences, together with Afro-Caribbean ones.
A second wave of immigration from the West Indies
was sustained throughout the 20th century; the more recent arrivals have primarily come from English-speaking
countries, also bringing aspects of their cultures. This
new infusion of West Indians has both accelerated social
and political change, and diversied Bermudas culture.

Gombey dancers from Bermuda, at 2001 Smithsonian Folklife

Festival in Washington, DC.

Bermudas early literature consisted of non-Bermudian

writers commenting on the island. These included John
The rst notable, and historically important, book cred- Smiths The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England,
Waller's poem,
ited to a Bermudian was The History of Mary Prince, a and the Summer Isles (1624), and Edmund
[93][94]
Battle
of
the
Summer
Islands
(1645).
slave narrative by Mary Prince. It is thought to have contributed to the abolition of slavery in the British Empire. Music and dance are important in Bermuda. Noted musiErnest Graham Ingham, an expatriate author, published cians have included local icons The Talbot Brothers, who
his books at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. In performed for many decades both in Bermuda and the
the 20th century, numerous books were written and pub- United States, and appeared on the Ed Sullivan Show;
lished locally, though few were directed at a wider market jazz pianist Lance Hayward, singer-songwriter Heather
than Bermuda. (The latter consisted primarily of schol- Nova and her brother Mishka; tenor Gary Burgess, clas-

16

7 CULTURE

sical musician and conductor Kenneth Amis and, more

recently, dancehall artist Collie Buddz.
Bermuda is the only placename in the New World specifically mentioned in the works of Shakespeare, in The
Tempest in Act 1, Scene 2, line 230: the still-vexed
Bermoothes.
The dances of the colourful Gombey dancers, seen
at many events, are strongly inuenced by African,
Caribbean, Native American and British cultural traditions. In summer 2001 they performed in Washington,
DC at the Smithsonian Folklife Festival on the Mall (see
photo).
Bermudian Gina Swainson was crowned "Miss World" in
1979.

One of Bermudas pink-sand beaches at Astwood Park.

Naval Dockyard, which includes the Bermuda Maritime

Museum. Other attractions include the Bermuda Aquarium, Museum and Zoo,[98] Bermuda Underwater Exploration Institute, the Botanical Gardens and Masterworks
Museum of Bermuda Art, lighthouses, and the Crystal
Bermuda watercolours painted by local artists are sold at Caves with stalactites and underground saltwater pools.
various galleries. Hand-carved cedar sculptures are another speciality. One such 7 ft (2.1 m) sculpture, cre- It is not possible to rent a car on the island; public transated by Bermudian sculptor Chesley Trott, is installed at port is available or visitors can hire scooters for use as
the airports baggage claim area. In 2010, his sculpture private transport.
The Arrival was unveiled near the bay to commemorate
the freeing of slaves from the American brig Enterprise
in 1835. Local artwork may also be viewed at several 7.3 Sports
galleries around the island. Alfred Birdsey was one of
the more famous and talented watercolourists; his im- Main article: Sports and recreation in Bermuda
pressionistic landscapes of Hamilton, St Georges and the
surrounding sailboats, homes, and bays of Bermuda are
Many sports popular today were formalised by British
world-renowned.
Public schools and universities in the 19th century. These
Local resident Tom Buttereld founded the Masterworks schools produced the civil servants and military and naval
Museum of Bermuda Art in 1986, initially featuring ocers required to build and maintain the British empire,
works about Bermuda by artists from other countries. He and team sports were considered a vital tool for training
began with pieces by American artists, such as Winslow their students to think and act as part of a team. ForHomer, Charles Demuth, and Georgia O'Keee, who had mer public schoolboys continued to pursue these activilived and worked here. He has increasingly supported the ties, and founded organisations such as the Football Asdevelopment of local artists, arts education, and the arts sociation (FA). Todays association of football with the
scene.[96] In 2008, the museum opened its new building, working classes began in 1885 when the FA changed its
constructed within the Botanic Gardens.[97]
rules to allow professional players.
Bermuda hosts an annual international lm festival, which
shows many independent lms. One of the founders is
lm producer and director Arthur Rankin, Jr., co-founder
of the Rankin/Bass production company.[95]

7.2

Main sights

The professionals soon displaced the amateur ex-Public

schoolboys. Bermudas role as the primary Royal Navy
base in the Western Hemisphere, with an army garrison to
match, ensured that the naval and military ocers quickly
introduced the newly formalised sports to Bermuda, including cricket, football, Rugby football, and even tennis
and rowing (rowing did not adapt well from British rivers
to the stormy Atlantic. The ocers soon switched to sail
racing, founding the Royal Bermuda Yacht Club). Once
these sports reached Bermuda, they were eagerly adopted
by Bermudians.

Bermudas pink sand beaches and clear, cerulean blue

ocean waters are popular with tourists. Many of
Bermudas hotels are located along the south shore of the
island. In addition to its beaches, there are a number of
sightseeing attractions. Historic St Georges is a designated World Heritage Site. Scuba divers can explore numerous wrecks and coral reefs in relatively shallow water
(typically 3040 ft or 912 m in depth), with virtually Bermudas national cricket team participated in the
unlimited visibility. Many nearby reefs are readily acces- Cricket World Cup 2007 in the West Indies. Their most
sible from shore by snorkellers, especially at Church Bay. famous player is a 130 kilograms (290 lb) police ocer
Bermudas most popular visitor attraction is the Royal named Dwayne Leverock. But India defeated Bermuda

17
and set a record of 413 runs in a One-Day International
(ODI). Bermuda were knocked out of the World Cup.
Also very well-known is David Hemp, a former captain
of Glamorgan in English rst class cricket. The annual
Cup Match cricket tournament between rival parishes
St Georges in the east and Somerset in the west is the
occasion for a popular national holiday.
In 2007, Bermuda hosted the 25th PGA Grand Slam of
Golf. This 36-hole event was held on 1617 October
2007, at the Mid Ocean Club in Tuckers Town. This
season-ending tournament is limited to four golfers: the
winners of the Masters, U.S. Open, British Open and
PGA Championship. The event returned to Bermuda in
2008 and 2009. Bermudian Quinn Talbot was once the
World one-armed golf champion.

unique to Bermuda is racing the Bermuda Fitted Dinghy.

International One Design racing also originated in
Bermuda.[99] In December 2013, Bermudas bid to host
the 2017 Americas Cup was announced.
At the 2004 Summer Olympics, Bermuda competed in
sailing, athletics, swimming, diving, triathlon and equestrian events. In those Olympics, Bermudas Katura
Horton-Perinchief made history by becoming the rst
black female diver to compete in the Olympic Games.
Bermuda has had one Olympic medallist, Clarence Hill,
who won a bronze medal in boxing. Bermuda also competed in Mens Skeleton at the 2006 Winter Olympics in
Turin, Italy. Patrick Singleton placed 19th, with a nal
time of 1:59.81. Jillian Teceira competed in the Beijing
Olympics in 2008. It is tradition for Bermuda to march in
the Opening Ceremony in Bermuda shorts, regardless of
the summer or winter Olympic celebration. Bermuda also
competes in the biennial Island Games, which it hosted in
2013.
Bermuda has developed a proud Rugby Union community. The Bermuda Rugby Union team won the 2011
Caribbean championships, defeating Guyana in the nal. They previously beat The Bahamas and Mexico
to take the crown. Rugby 7s is also played, with four
rounds scheduled to take place in the 20112012 season.
The Bermuda 7s team competed in the 2011 Las Vegas
7s, defeating the Mexican team. There are four clubs
on the island: (1) Police (2) Mariners (3) Teachers (4)
Renegades. There is a mens and womens competition
current league champions are Police (Men) (winning the
title for the rst time since the 1990s) and Renegades
(womens). Games are currently played at Warwick
Academy. Bermuda u/19 team won the 2010 Caribbean
Championships.
The New York Yankees of Major League Baseball held
Spring Training in Bermuda in 1913. Yankee owner
Frank J. Farrell was said to be so pleased with the experience that he considered moving the Yankee training
camp to Bermuda permanently.[100][101]

An IOD racer on a mooring in Hamilton Harbour.

The Government announced in 2006 that it would provide substantial nancial support to Bermudas cricket
and football teams. Among Bermudas most prominent
footballers are Clyde Best, Shaun Goater, Reggie Lambe,
Sam Nusum, Ralph Bean and Nahki Wells. In 2006, the
Bermuda Hogges were formed as the nations rst professional football team to raise the standard of play for the
Bermuda national football team. The team plays in the
United Soccer Leagues Second Division.
Sailing, shing and equestrian sports are popular with
both residents and visitors alike.
The prestigious
NewportBermuda Yacht Race is a more than 100year-old tradition, with boats racing between Newport,
Rhode Island and Bermuda. In 2007, the 16th biennial Marion-Bermuda yacht race occurred. A sport

8 Representation in other media

Lucinda Spurlings documentary, The Lion and the
Mouse: The Story of America and Bermuda (2009),
explores numerous aspects of the relationship between the countries.[102]

9 See also
Index of Bermuda-related articles
Outline of Bermuda
Places of interest in Bermuda

18

10

10 NOTES

Notes

[1] CIA World Factbook, Field Listing(World).

[2] https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/
the-world-factbook/geos/bd.html
[3] Bermuda 2010 Census (PDF). Bermuda Department
of Statistics. December 2011. Retrieved 20 November
2012.
[4] Bermuda leads in GDP per capita, The Royal Gazette (17
December 2008).

[22] Mark Nicholls (3 May 2011). Sir George Somers (1554

1610)". Encyclopedia Virginia.
[23] Woodward, Hobson (2009). A Brave Vessel: The True
Tale of the Castaways Who Rescued Jamestown and Inspired Shakespeares The Tempest. Viking. pp. 191199.
[24] Bermudas
400th
Birthday
(PDF).
boa.les.wordpress.com. 11 February 2009.

Bear-

[25] Somers Garden. Bermuda, Bermuda-attractions.com.

[5] Department of Statistics September 2013

[26] Meggs, Martin. Developing a Small Island GIS: the

Bermuda Experience. Bermuda Department of Planning.

[6] United Kingdom Act of Parliament Bermuda Constitution Act 1967 (PDF). Retrieved 26 March 2012.

[27] Forbes, Keith: About Bermuda Online, The Royal

Gazette Ltd. Retrieved 22 September 2007.

[7] United Kingdom Statutory Instrument The Constitution of Bermuda Bermuda Constitution Order 1968
(PDF). Retrieved 10 April 2012.

[28] Howes, James: Attack on Baltimore Launched from

Bermuda in 'War of 1812'" 2005

[8] Emancipation Act 1834 (PDF). Retrieved 10 April

2012.
[9] The Apostille Hague Convention of 1960. Archived
from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-26. Retrieved 10
April 2012.
[10] Bermuda History and Heritage. Smithsonian. 6
November 2007. Archived from the original on 2013-0731. Retrieved 3 December 2008.
[11] Bermudas Tourism Industry Tayfun King, Fast Track,
BBC World News (3 November 2009).
[12] Forbes, Keith. Bermuda Climate and Weather. The
Royal Gazette. Retrieved 28 October 2008.

[29] Camps for Boers Bermuda. Angloboerwar.com. Retrieved 15 August 2012.

[30] The Prisoner at Bermuda Boers Attempted to Mutiny
in the Course of the VoyageMartial Law on Darrells Island. The New York Times. 10 June 2012. Retrieved 15
August 2012.
[31] Boer Prisoners Escape Three Swim Away from Darrells Island to the Mainland. The New York Times. 10
June 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
[32] Adventures of an Escaped Boer Prisoner Arrived Here
as a Stowaway on the Steamship Trinidad. The New York
Times, 10 June 2012, Retrieved 15 August 2012
[33] Ronnie 1995, p. 37.

[13] Bermuda Fact Sheet (PDF). http://www.gotobermuda.

com/''. Retrieved 17 December 2013.

[34] Ronnie 1995, pp. 54,63.

[14] Ritter, Michael E. (2006). The Physical Environment:

an Introduction to Physical Geography. University of
WisconsinMadison. Retrieved 28 October 2008.

[35] Ronnie 1995, pp. 6566.

[15] Weather Summary for January 2009.

Bermuda
Weather Service. 4 February 2003. Retrieved 25 February 2011.

[37] Unusual Place Unusual Story Heroic Crew (PDF).

Oldqslcards.com. Retrieved 15 August 2012.

[16] Bermudas Climatology (19491999 Data)". Bermuda

Weather Service. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
[17] Hamilton Climate Guide. Weather2travel.com. Retrieved
15 August 2012.
[18] Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Hamilton. May
2011.
[19] Grady, F.V. and Olson, S.L. (2006). Fossil bats from
Quaternary deposits on Bermuda (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)". Journal of Mammalogy 87 (1): 148152.
doi:10.1644/05-MAMM-A-179R1.1.
[20] http://www.conservation.bm/diamondback-terrapin/
[21] Morison III, Samuel (1974). The European Discovery of
America: The Southern Voyages, 14921616. New York:
Oxford University Press.

[36] Duy 2014, p. 2.

[38] New Governor : 'challenges are crime and the economy'".

Royal Gazette. 23 May 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
[39] Taylor, Matthew. The Governors right hand man, The
Royal Gazette, 15 January 2007.
[40] Pethen, Valarie: Bermuda Report, Second Edition 1985
1988, p. 17. Department of Information Services, 1988.
Bermuda
[41] Cumberbatch, Je (5 May 2010). Editorial got it right,
Mr. Simmons. The Barbados Advocate. Retrieved 7 August 2011. Barbados Parliament, which postdates that of
Britain and Bermuda could not then be the third oldest.
Perhaps Barbados might take a leaf from Bermudas book
and describe our Parliament not as the third oldest in the
world or the third oldest in the Commonwealth, but truthfully as the oldest continuous Parliament of an independent Commonwealth country outside the British Isles.

19

[42] Cliord, Ivan. Bermuda PLP 14-year reign ends with

premier also losing seat. Caribbean360. Retrieved 18
December 2012.
[43] Kent, Jonathan (18 December 2012). Cannonier:
'Bermuda has seen a new day'". Royal Gazette. Retrieved
18 December 2012.
[44] Bermuda Government oce in London.
ce.gov.bm. Retrieved 15 August 2012.

Londonof-

[45] Bermuda Government oce in Washington, D.C., Dcofce.gov.bm. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
[46] Keith Forbes. Bermudas distinguished visitors over the
years. Royal Gazette. Retrieved 22 September 2007.

[56] Norman Girvan (2001) Reinterpreting the Caribbean at

the Wayback Machine (archived June 15, 2011). in
New Caribbean Thought, Folke Lindahl and Brian Meeks
(eds.), UWI Press. pp. 3 . Google Books ISBN 976640-103-9
[57] The Royal Gazette: Dr EF Gordon fought tirelessly for
equal rights for black Bermudians. 14 June 2011.
[58] President aims to make West Indian Association more cohesive, responsive. The Royal Gazette. By Ren Hill. Published 15 August, 2011
[59] The Royal Gazette: Tributes for icon of Bermudas West
Indian community. By Ceola Wilson. Published 24 August, 2012
[60] A Limey in Bermuda: BIC releases nal report

[47] Kent, Jonathan (24 June 2008). Premier meets the President. The Royal Gazette. Retrieved 24 July 2008.
[48] Shaw, David (2014-05-27). Protecting the Sargasso
Sea. Science & Diplomacy 3 (2).
[49] Barrett, Devlin (11 June 2009). 4 Chinese Muslims released from Guantanamo. Google. Associated Press.
Archived from the original on 11 June 2009.
[50] Four Uyghur Detainees Released. Radio Free Asia. 11
June 2009. Archived from the original on 11 June 2009.
[51] Breaking News: Premiers statement on Guantanamo
Bay. The Royal Gazette. 11 June 2009. Archived from
the original on 11 June 2009. Retrieved 11 June 2009.
[52] Breaking News update: Guantnamo decision taken
without permission Governor to assess implications.
The Royal Gazette. 11 June 2009. Archived from the original on 11 June 2009.
[53] Johnson, Ayo (1 May 2013). Cannonier: We Need to
Resolve Uighurs Status Problem. The Royal Gazette.
Retrieved 27 September 2013.
[54] Bermuda Government today. Bermuda-Online.org. Retrieved 9 July 2010. In July 2003, Bermuda formally
joined the Caribbean Community as an Associate Member (non-voting member), in certain areas but not in
others. This specically excludes free movement of
Caribbean nationals to Bermuda, and any prospect of
Bermuda joining CARIFTA or its newest free trade organization; the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA).
Membership of the Caribbean Community costs Bermuda
about US$90,000 a year. Direct trade between Bermuda
and Caribbean countries is also welcomed and encouraged, especially given the close or extended family links
many Bermudians have with Caribbean islands or territories. ... All visitors to Bermuda who are nationals of
and resident in Caribbean islands must come via the USA
or Canada or United Kingdom and must have appropriate
visas to come via those countries. Eective January 2003,
all Jamaican nationals who are not Bermudian must also
have a visa to enter Bermuda on business or vacation.
[55] Bermuda prole, Caribbean Community (CARICOM)

[61] A Limey in Bermuda: Open mike: Bermuda and the

Caribbean
[62] The Royal Gazette: Welcome to Caricom. Royalgazette.com (2002-12-19). Retrieved 15 August 2012.
[63] UBP?s Simmons sees the light on Caricom. Royalgazette.com (2004-08-17). Retrieved 15 August 2012.
[64] PLP is 'simply not competent' Sir David Gibbons |
Bermuda Politics. Royalgazette.com (2011-06-27). Retrieved 15 August 2012.
[65] 'Strength through diversity'. Royalgazette.com (2003-0704). Retrieved 15 August 2012.
[66] Premier signs Caricom deal. Royalgazette.com (2003-0703). Retrieved 15 August 2012.
[67] UBP takes 'wait-and-see' stance on Caricom, Royalgazette.com (2003-06-18). Retrieved 15 August 2012.
[68] Government unconcerned by Caricom 'arm-twisting'.
Royalgazette.com (2003-04-15). Retrieved 15 August
2012.
[69] 'Out of touch, out of ideas and out of time'. Royalgazette.com (2003-02-22). Retrieved 15 August 2012.
[70] The 'ayes have it in the great Caricom debate. Royalgazette.com (2002-12-16). Retrieved 15 August 2012.
[71] Caricom set to pass. Royalgazette.com (2002-12-14).
Retrieved 15 August 2012.
[72] Caricom set for Throne Speech. Royalgazette.com (200210-31). Retrieved 15 August 2012.
[73] Strengthening Bermudas Links to the Caribbean
(PDF). Gov.bm (a discussion paper by the Bermuda Government).
[74] Martin Gilbert, Churchill and America. New York: Simon
& Schuster, 2005.
[75] Bank of Buttereld Exchange Rate Page. Buttereldbank.bm. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
[76] Central Intelligence Agency (2009). Bermuda. The
World Factbook. Retrieved 23 January 2010.

20

13

EXTERNAL LINKS

[77] Jonathan Kent (10 January 2007), Average cost of houses [100] February 16, 2011 (2011-02-16). It Happens Every
hits $1.6m, The Royal Gazette.
Spring: A 110-Year Retrospective of Yankees Spring
Training | New York Yankees blog, Yankees blog, A blog
[78] Meredith Ebbin (2 August 2007), Average family home
about the New York Yankees. The Yankee Analysts. Renow $1.8m, Bermuda Sun
trieved 2013-03-26.
[79] Jonathan Kent (12 January 2007), $1.6m average house [101] New York Yankees. Springtrainingonline.com. 2008price? Its a distortion says Sir John, The Royal Gazette.
12-06. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
[80] US Commercial Service: Doing Business in Bermuda [102] February 18, 1835: Supreme Court frees 72 Enterprise
slaves, This Month in History, Bermuda Biographies, ac(PDF). Photos.state.gov. 15 August 2012.
cessed 3 April 2013
[81] Drucker, Jesse (15 December 2012). Google Revenues Sheltered in No-Tax Bermuda Soar to $10 Billion.
Bloomberg L.P.

11 References

[82] Independent.ie (22 September 2009). Willis moves tax

base here ahead of US curbs World, Business. The Irish
Independent. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
[83] Hiscox Prepares Move to Bermuda Holding Company,
Insurance Journal (2006-10-25). Retrieved 15 August
2012.
[84] List of Banks in Bermuda

Duy, Peter (2014). Double Agent. New York:

Scribner. ISBN 978-1-4516-6795-0.
Ronnie, Art (1995). Counterfeit hero : Fritz
Duquesne, adventurer and spy. Annapolis, Md.:
Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-733-3. OCLC
605599179.

[86] Tourism in 2006, Royal Gazette, (2006-02-01). Retrieved 15 August 2012.

Non-Self-Governing Territories listed by General

Assembly in 2002. United Nations Special Committee of 24 on Decolonization. Retrieved 10 March
2005.

[87] The Portuguese of the West Indies.

Freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com. 31 July 2001.
Retrieved 20 June 2010.

Bermuda. The New American Desk Encyclopedia

(Third ed.). New York, New York: Signet. 1993.
ISBN 0-451-17566-2.

[85] Quarterly Banking Digest, Q1 2014

[88] Bermuda Sun, 4 April 2007.

[89] Bermuda College. Retrieved 10 February 2008.

12 Further reading

[90] Bermuda joins the UWI Family. Retrieved 19 June

2009.

Boultbee, Paul G. and David F. Raine. Bermuda.

Oxford: ABC-Clio Press, 1998.

[91] Bermuda joins the UWI Family. sta.uwi.edu. 14 May

2009.

Glover, Lorri. co-author, The Shipwreck That Saved

Jamestown: The Sea Venture Castaways and the Fate
of America

[92] Contact Us. Bermuda Hospitals Board. Retrieved 4 December 2012.

[93] Edmund Waller Hunter: Battle of the Summer Islands.
Poemhunter.com. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
[94] III. Writers of the Couplet. 4. Edmund Waller.
Bartleby.com. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
[95] Index. bermudalmfest.com. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
[96] Tom Buttereld, CBS DC, 6 July 2011; accessed 5 April
2013.
[97] Masterworks Museum of Bermuda Art, ocial website;
accessed 5 April 2013.
[98] Bermuda Aquarium, Museum and Zoo. Bamz.org. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
[99] Bermuda International One Design Fleet. Iodeet.bm.
Retrieved 20 June 2010.

Anonymous, but probably written by John Smith

(1580-1631): The Historye of the Bermudaes or
Summer Islands. University of Cambridge Press,
2010. ISBN 978-1108011570
Chisholm, Hugh, ed.
(1911).
Bermudas.
Encyclopdia Britannica 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge
University Press. pp. 793794.

13 External links
Bermuda Government (ocial government website).
Wikimedia Atlas of Bermuda

21

14
14.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Bermuda Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda?oldid=676886878 Contributors: The Epopt, Koyaanis Qatsi, Jeronimo, -- April,
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14.2

Images

File:Americas_(orthographic_projection).svg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Americas_
%28orthographic_projection%29.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Martin23230
File:BDA_Bermuda.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/BDA_Bermuda.jpg License: Attribution Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Leoboudv using CommonsHelper.
Original artist: JGHowes. Original uploader was JGHowes at en.wikipedia
File:BVRC-Great-War-Contingent_1914.jpg
Source:
BVRC-Great-War-Contingent_1914.jpg License: PD Contributors:
Original image
Original artist:
British Army

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b2/

File:Bermuda-The_State_House.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Bermuda-The_State_House.jpg

License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: Aodhdubh at English Wikipedia
File:Bermuda-divmap.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Bermuda-divmap.png License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Bermuda_Gazette_-_12_November_1796.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e0/Bermuda_Gazette_-_12_
November_1796.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Bermuda_from_ISS.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Bermuda_from_ISS.jpg License: Public
domain Contributors: https://twitter.com/Cmdr_Hadfield/status/331510800365780992/photo/1 Original artist: NASA/Chris Hadeld
File:Bermuda_harbour_1926.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Bermuda_harbour_1926.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia by SreeBot Original artist: Duncanogi at en.wikipedia
File:Bermuda_oli_2014275_lrg-cropped.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Bermuda_oli_2014275_
lrg-cropped.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=84595 Original artist: NASA
Earth Observatory images by Jesse Allen, using Landsat data from the U.S. Geological Survey. Caption by Jim Acker, Adnet at NASA
GSFC, and Mike Carlowicz.
File:Bermuda_topographic_map-en.png Source:
map-en.png License: GFDL Contributors:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Bermuda_topographic_

Names: Bermudatourisms map. Original artist: Eric Gaba (Sting - fr:Sting)

File:Bermuda_wv.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Bermuda_wv.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: (WT-en) Legrospaum at English Wikivoyage
File:Bermudian-dollars-\protect\char"0024\relax50.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/
Bermudian-dollars-%2450.jpg License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: http://www.currencymuseum.net/bermuda.htm Original artist:
Wills Online World Paper Money Gallery
File:Coat_of_arms_of_Bermuda.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Coat_of_arms_of_Bermuda.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: Image:Flag of Bermuda.svg Original artist: First version: User:Escondites Second version: User:
Cronholm144

14.2

Images

23

File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original

artist: ?
File:Devonshire_Redoubt_(Bermuda).png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Devonshire_Redoubt_
%28Bermuda%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14132/14132-h/14132-h.htm#toc_11
Original artist: Captain John Smith
File:EU_OCT_and_OMR_map_en.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/EU_OCT_and_OMR_map_
en.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Natural Earth 1:50m (http://www.naturalearthdata.com) Original artist: Alexrk2
File:Flag_of_Bermuda.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Flag_of_Bermuda.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Version 1: Made by Caleb Moore from the Open Clip Art website and uploaded by
Nightstallion Version 2: Made by Nameneko from version 1 of Image:Flag of Bermuda.svg and version 2 of Image:Coa Bermuda.svg
by Cronholm144.
File:Flag_of_Europe.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg License: Public domain
Contributors:
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User:Jeltz, User:Dbenbenn, User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_the_Caribbean_Community_(CARICOM).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Flag_
of_CARICOM.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Front_Street,_Hamilton,_Bermuda.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Front_Street%2C_
Hamilton%2C_Bermuda.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: JoeyBagODonuts
File:Generall_Historie_of_Virginia.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Generall_Historie_of_
Virginia.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Generall_Historie_of_Virginia.jpg Original artist:
John Smith
File:Gnome-globe.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg License: LGPL Contributors:
http://ftp.gnome.org/pub/GNOME/sources/gnome-themes-extras/0.9/gnome-themes-extras-0.9.0.tar.gz Original artist: David Vignoni
File:Gombey_dancers_from_Bermuda2001.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Gombey_dancers_
from_Bermuda2001.jpg License: No restrictions Contributors: Untitled Original artist: Smithsonian Institution from United States
File:HMS_Ambuscade_in_Bermuda.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1b/HMS_Ambuscade_in_Bermuda.jpg
License: CC-BY-SA-2.5 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:International_One_Design_-_Hamilton_Harbour_-_Bermuda.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
c/c8/International_One_Design_-_Hamilton_Harbour_-_Bermuda.jpg License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia;
transferred to Commons by User:Wininfach using CommonsHelper. Original artist: Aodhdubh at en.wikipedia
File:Juvenile_Bermuda_Cedar_at_Ferry_Reach.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Juvenile_
Bermuda_Cedar_at_Ferry_Reach.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist:
Aodhdubh at English Wikipedia
File:Location_North_America.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Location_North_America.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Bosonic dressing
File:Map-Europe-Outermost-regions.PNG
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/
Map-Europe-Outermost-regions.PNG License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: blank world map Original artist: Alix Guillard
File:Question_book-new.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0
Contributors:
Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist:
Tkgd2007
File:Rembrance_Day_Parade_Bermuda.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Rembrance_Day_
Parade_Bermuda.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: en:Image:Rembrance Day Parade Bermuda.jpg Original artist: Aodhdubh
File:Sessions_House,_Hamilton,_Bermuda.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Sessions_House%
2C_Hamilton%2C_Bermuda.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: JoeyBagODonuts
File:St._Theresa{}s_Cathedral_chapel.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/St._Theresa%27s_
Cathedral_chapel.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Concord
File:The_Harbor_at_St._George,_Bermuda_from_Sugar_Loaf_Hill.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
5/5e/The_Harbor_at_St._George%2C_Bermuda_from_Sugar_Loaf_Hill.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: "Gleasons Pictorial
Drawing-Room Companion", Vol. VII, No. 19 (Whole No. 175), November 11, 1854. p. 296. Boston: Frederick Gleason, Publisher
Original artist: S.E. Brown (wood engraving)
File:The_Queen_of_Bermuda_departing_the_island_in_December_1952_or_January_1953.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/The_Queen_of_Bermuda_departing_the_island_in_December_1952_or_January_1953.jpg License: CC
BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Tupelo the typo xer
File:The_Queen_of_Bermuda_in_Bermuda,_late_1952_or_very_early_1953.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/b/bd/The_Queen_of_Bermuda_in_Bermuda%2C_late_1952_or_very_early_1953.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Tupelo the typo xer

File:United_Kingdom_on_the_globe_(Bermuda_special)_(Americas_centered).svg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/
Liwikipedia/commons/a/ab/United_Kingdom_on_the_globe_%28Bermuda_special%29_%28Americas_centered%29.svg
cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: This vector graphics image was created with Adobe Illustrator.
Original artist:
TUBS<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:TUBS' title='User talk:TUBS'><img alt='Email Silk.svg' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Email_Silk.svg/15px-Email_

24

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from_top_of_Gibbs_Lighthouse_Bermuda.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mike Oropeza
File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg License:
CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:
Wiki_letter_w.svg Original artist: Wiki_letter_w.svg: Jarkko Piiroinen
File:Wikibooks-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
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File:Wikinews-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
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Updated by Time3000 17 April 2007 to use ocial Wikinews colours and appear correctly on dark backgrounds. Originally uploaded by
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Contributors: Rei-artur Original artist: Nicholas Moreau
File:Wikiversity-logo-Snorky.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg License:
CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Snorky
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domain Contributors: Vector version of Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Fvasconcellos (talk contribs),
based on original logo tossed together by Brion Vibber

14.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0