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4(a)
Procedure
Start the flow of air by switching on the blower.
Divide the pipe diameter in 8 equal parts to fix the radial position at which the point
velocities are to be determined.
Keep the pitot tube at the radial position.
Once the flow steadies (indicated by unchanging or slightly fluctuating level
difference in the manometer), record the level difference in the manometer.
Record the ambient temperature (taken same as the air temperature).
Repeat step 4 by moving the pitot tube at the radial determined in step 2.
6.
Observations
Ambient temperature (T) =
Air density at T =
Density of manometric liquid at T =
S.No.
kg/m
kg/ m
r,mm
H,mm
7. Formula
1) Point velocity, u0 in m/s
u0 = {2gH(m-f)/f}
2)Volumetric flow rate ,Q in m3/s
Q = 0D/2 2ru0dr
8.
9.
Reference:
1. Unit operations of Chemical Engineering by M.C. Smith, 5th edition Pg. No. 150
Aim
To determine the velocity profile across the cross section of pipe for the flow of water
using Pitot tube and thereby determine the co-efficient of Pitot tube for different flow rates.
2.
Objective
To measure the velocity at different points across the flow in a pipe for different flow rates.
3.
Theory
It is a device used for measuring the velocity of flow at any point in a pipe. It is based on the
principle that if the velocity of flow at a point becomes zero, there is increase in pressure due
to the conversion of the kinetic energy into pressure energy.
The Pitot tube consists of a capillary tube, bent at right angle. The lower end, which is bent
through 90o, is directed in the upstream direction. The liquid rises up in the tube due to
conversion of kinetic energy into pressure energy. The velocity is determined by measuring
the rise of liquid in the tube.
When a Pitot tube is used for measuring the velocity of flow in a pipe or other closed conduit,
the Pitot tube may be inserted in the pipe as shown in figure. Since a Pitot tube measures the
stagnation pressure head (or the total head) at its dipped end, the pressure head may be
determined directly by using piezometeric readings between the Pitot tube and pressure
taping at the pipe surface. Consider two points (1) and (2) at the same level in such a way that
point (2) is just at the inlet of the Pitot -tube and point (1) is far away from the tube. At point
(1) the pressure is p1 and the velocity of the stream is v 1. However at point (2), called as the
stagnation point, the fluid is brought to rest and the energy has been converted to pressure
energy. Therefore the pressure at (2) is p 2, the velocity v2 is zero. As (1) and (2) are in the
same horizontal plane, so z1 = z2.
Applying Bernoullis equation at points (1) and (2)
2
p1 v1
p2 v 2 2
w 2g
w 2g
v2 = 0
2
v 1 p2 p1
2g
w w
p2 p1
w w
v1 2 g
v1
2 gH
Requirements
:
A* R
t
----------------------- (1)
Q
a
----------------------- (2)
2 gH
------------------------ (3)
2. Actual Velocity,
v act
3.
Theoretical velocity
v th
4.
5.
------------------------- (4)
2 gH
7.
Observation table
S.No. Pressure
head
at
different points on up
side
8 mm 6 mm 4 mm
1.
Pressure
head at
center
0
Pressure
head
at R(cm)
different points on down
side
4 mm 6 mm
8 mm
t(sec)
2.
3.
CALCULATION TABLE
S.
Cv
v8
No.
1.
2.
3.
DATA
A
=
a
=
0.1 m2
0.0006157 m2
v6
v4
v0
v4
v6
v8
9.81 m/ s2
NOMENCLATURE
A
=
Area of measuring tank.
a
=
Cross section area of test section
R
=
Rise of water level in measuring tank.
H
=
Piezometric difference
CV
=
Co- efficient of Pitot tube
g
=
Acceleration due to gravity
va
=
actual velocity of fluid.
Q
=
discharge at outlet.
t
=
time for R.
8.
9.
Conclusion
10.
Precautions
Do not run the pump at low voltage i.e. less than 180 Volts.
Never fully close the Delivery line and By-Pass line Valves simultaneously.
Always keep apparatus free from dust.
To prevent clogging of moving parts, Run Pump at least once in a fortnight.
Frequently Grease/Oil the rotating parts, once in three months.
Always use clean water.
If apparatus will not in use for more than one month, drain the apparatus completely,
and fill pump with cutting oil.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
PROCEDURE
1. Fill in the tank with water, and the dye- chamber with dye.
2. Note the water temperature.
3. Start the water flow and maintain a small flow rate, enough to fill the whole pipe
cross section.
4. Once the flow stabilizes, start the dye injection. The injection rate should be just
enough to give a clear visible streak of the dye.
5. Observe the pattern of the dye streak. The dye should flow in a straight line.
6. Increase the water in small and equal increments, and observe the dye streak.
7. Repeat step 6 until some undulations commence in the streak. Note the corresponding
volumetric flow rate of water, which is the critical Reynolds number. Appearance of
the undulations signifies the initiation of the intermediate or transition flow.
Note At this point the undulations will be unstable so that there will be some portion
of the dye streak which will be undulating and some portion which will not.
8. Keep increasing the flow rate of the liquid further until at one point there is found a
complete dispersion of the dye (indicated by the liquid getting colour through the
cross section) just as it comes out of the injection needle. This point shows the
conversion to a fully turbulent regime.
9. Note the corresponding the volumetric flow rate.
6.
Observations
Temperature of the liquid
Pipe diameter
S.No
1
2
3
Flow Regime
Laminar
Transition
Fully Turbulent
=
=
Volume of water collected
Time taken
=
=
=
=
=
m/s
m/s
m/s
kg/m
kg/ m s.
Conclusion