INTRODUCTION TO OIL & GAS

Part 2 : Hydrocarbon Exploration

UTP Course For Beginners
Faculty of Geosciences and
Petroleum Engineering

(Modified after PETRONAS)

25/5/2015

 TRANSFORMATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES

SUSTAINABILITY OF LIFE OF FIELD
CHALLENGES IN EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION

TRANSFORMATION OF NATURAL
RESOURCES

Geological History of The Earth

Geological
Period

PAST

PRESENT

Shifting Continent

Alfred Waegner Theory of

Continental drift
Based on matching Coast line.
However he said
Geological studies has to
give the evidences

S.E. ASIA BASIN EVOLUTION EARLY EOCENE (~55 MA) TO Current years

ma
00ma
10
60
40
30
30
ma
ma
50
20
20
ma

Late
Paleocene
Oligocene
Oligocene
Eocene
Late
Eocene
Early
Eocene
Early
Eocene
Late
Miocene
Late
Miocene
Early
Early Miocene
Miocene
Present
day
Present
day

1) Collision of India plate moving eastward with Asia

plate
2) Further Collision with Australia plate moving
Northward

Modified. from Scotese and PALEOMAP (2005) Courtesy Harry Doust

Delta Satellite Images

`PRESENT DAY IS THE

KEY TO THE PAST
Mekong Delta, Thailand

Mahakam Delta, East

Kalimantan, Indonesia

Niger Delta, Nigeria

Bay of Bengal,
India

Ganges Delta, India

DELTA IMAGES

Turkmenistan
Delta

Ural Delta,
Kazakhstan

S.E. Asia Basin Geometry

Distribution and geometry of Basin in Malaysia

Satellite View

Pacific
Deepwater
Mature
CONSON

MALAY

SARAWAK
SUMATRA

SABAH

200 KM

SEG Research Workshop, KL 2008

Malay Basin Geology

Malay basin is a prolific

Petroleum Tertiary basin that
has seen four decades of
extensive E & P activity.
It is an extensional deep
(12Km) mature, NW trending
basin. With dimension 500 X
200 sq km
Exploration is focused in
Miocene stratigraphic. Units
called Group E to K .
Youngest to oldest.
Courtesy PETRONAS

3D View Structure Map of a Field

Lekiu fdp

Top L Reservoir Map

Oil & Gas Field - Reservoir layers

Petroleum
Elements
PetroleumSystem
System Processes

Gas
Cap
Oil

Entrapment

Water

Seal Rock
Reservoir
Rock

Migration
120 F

Generation

350 F
24803

Source: AAPG
Source:
AAPG

Petroleum field life cycle

Explore Appraise Develop Exploit Abandon

Exploration geology

Production geology
Petrophysics
Res. Engineer

LIFE OF FIELD
Exploration
Block
Acquisition

Planning

Frontier
Exploration

Prospect
Evaluation

Drilling

Appraisal
Discovery

Volumes

Appraisal

Reserve &
Economic

Field Development
Reservoir
Static Model

Simulation

PVT
RFT
DST

Production
Forecast

Development
Plan

Secondary Recovery
EOR

FLOODING
INJECTION

SECONDARY
RECOVERY

PRODUCER &
INJECTOR

Infill
Drilling

LIFE OF FIELD

EXPLORATION / APPRAISAL / DEVELOPMENT / PRODUCTION.

GEOLOGY

GEOPHYSICS

Outcrops
Basin Study
Sequence Strat

Seismic Acquisition
Seismic Processing
Seismic Interpretation

Geochemistry

Seismic Evaluation

Structural Geology
Sedimentlogy

Rock Physics

OTHERS
Gravity magnetic
Positioning
Remote Sensing
Core & Sidewall
Sample
Pressure
Wire line Log

Biostratigraphy
Integrated G&G Studies
DRILLING

18

THE GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, (G&G) LINK

GEOLOGY

SEISMIC
DATA
ACQUISITION
VIBROSEIS

*
SEISMIC DATA

SOURCE

Subsurface is explored by exciting the earth by a SOURCE like , Dynamite or VIBROSEIS.

This creates a seismic wave that enters the subsurface and is returned to the surface by
the Reflection process in the form of a Seismic Response, that is recorded on the surface
by a sensor ( geophone/hydrophone)
19

ALLIED DISCIPLINES
INFLUENCING G & G

PETROLEUM
RESERVOIR
ENGINEERING

PETROPHYSICS

G&G

COMPUTER
TECHNOLOGY

DRILLING

PETROLEUM
ECONOMICS

THE SEISMIC EXPERIMENT

Interaction of Geology & Geophysics

Depth
Km

SEISMIC SOURCE

GEOLOGICAL
STRUCTURE

Courtesy GX Technology

Seismic Source Wave & Reflection Travel Time-DEPTH

Understanding Wave Behavior

22

3D VISUALISATION OF GAS
FIELD

Fault
Gas

Well
Path

Horizon

23

Carbonate G @ G Link
PSTM Stack Line 1990

Seismic

Outcrop

24

DEEPWATER SUBMARINE FAN

MODELS

- sandy channels confined by

muddy levees
25

DEEP WATER TURBIDITE

SEDIMENT TRANSPORT

26

DEEPWATER IMAGES
Brazil

West Nile Delta

Courtesy Enterprise Oil/Shell

West Africa

Line 3

Courtesy BG plc
Courtesy BP
500m

27

BURIED HILL PLAY

DEPOSITIONAL MODEL
N
N

SB3
SB2
SB1

FS1

TS2

TS1

FS1
TS2

TS1

Deposition of sand during high stand

Truncation during low stand event
N
SB4
SB3
SB2
SB1

IVC

IVA

SEAL?
FS1
TS2

TS1

Overlain by clay during subsequence transgressive event

28

BURIED HILL COMPLEX

GEO-SEISMIC SECTION

29

FORWARD & INVERSE SEISMIC PROBLEM

START

END
Structure
Velocity
Rock, Fluid, Lithology
t

WAVELET
RECOVER
GEOLOGY

EARTH PROPOGATION
EFFECT

t
CONVOLVE
EARTH MODEL
Vp, Vs,
Porosity
Structure
Saturation

INVERSION

MODELLING

ACQUISITION
SYSTEMS

DECONVOLVE

SEISMIC RESPONSE
30

GEO-QUOTE
It is He who created all of that which is on the earth. Then He directed Himself
to the heaven, (His being above all creation), and made them seven heavens,
and He is knowing of all things. (Quraan 2:29).
And He taught Adam the names all of them. Then He showed them to the
angels and said, Inform Me of the names of these, if you are truthful.
(Quraan 2:31).

CHALLENGES IN EOR Application in Malay Basin

1) Production comes from offshore fields
where EOR is challenging and expensive.
2) Well spacing is coarse at 1000ft to 3000ft.
3) Many wells are deviated
4) Facilities are ageing 20 years or older.
5) The reservoirs are complex, and
compartmentalized.

6) Fields are mature and reservoirs depleted.

7) Oil is light with API around 45 degrees.
8)Reservoir temperatures are high
32

GEOHAZARD CLASSIFICATION
FLOWCHART
SHALLOW GAS
FLUID EXPULSION
MUD VOLCANOES
POCKMARKS
GAS HYDRATES
B.S.R.

SHALLOW WATER FLOW

SAND FLOW
FISSURES
CRATERS

GEO-HAZARD
CLASSIFICATION
OVER-PRESSURES
BLOW-OUT

SLUMPING
LANDSLIDES
FAULTS GORGES
INSTABILITY

GEOHAZARD IMAGES
GAS CHIMNEY

Ring faulting of seabed B

Gas wipeout A
Fissures/erocis C

GEOHAZARD IMAGES
MALAYSIAN OFFSHORE

Gas bubbling in water

Magic of Seismic in detecting Gas bubbling in water

MALAYSIAN OFFSHORE HAZARD

(GAS BUBBLING NEAR PLATFORM)

SINKING OF DRILLING RIG

DUE TO GAS HAZARD
1

Gas escape causes Seawater density to drop resulting in the Platform to sink

Improving Pore Pressure Prediction

Thermal Effects
New Prospect
P-T Gradient = 0.5-1.0 Mpa/C

Pore Pressure Prediction

In the Malay basin

Pressure (ppg, MWE )

7.0

12.0

17.0

22.0

2000

2500

Top of Overpressure

Depth (m)

3000

0
Tangga- 2
Buj ang- 2
Buj ang- 3A

-200
-400

Buj ang- 4
Sepat - 1
Sepat - 2

Nor i ng- 2
T. Bar at
M el or - 1

I nas- 1
G ul i ng- 1
M el or - 2

Seismic Prediction

3500

Trend Estimation

Hard Overpressure

-600

4000

-800
-1000

4500

-1400
-1600

Thermal Effects Included in Trend

Generation

Onset of Overpressure
Lith
osta
tic S
tres
s

-1800
-2000
-2200

5000

-2400

P-T Gradient = 0.5-1.0 M pa/C

20
ppg

-2600
-2800
-3000

Expected High Pressure Zones

-3200

-3800

14
pp
g

11

13

15

17

19

21

1500

g
pp

g
pp

g
pp

-3600

12

10

33
8.

-3400

Pressure (ppg, M WE )

18
pp
g
16
pp
g

1700

-4000
1900

0
0

1000
500

2000
1500

3000
2500

4000
3500

5000
4500

6000
5500

7000
6500

8000
7500

9000
8500

10000
9500

Pre s s u re (p s i )

2100

Depth (m)

De p th (m TVDSS)

-1200

2300

2500

2700

2900

Thermal Effects Included

in Trend Generation

Perfect Match with Observed

pressure (green) in Well Trend

Perfect Match with Observed

pressure (green) in Well Trend
Courtesy PRSB-UTP

THE CHALLENGE

Where to
DRILL?
Drilling
cost

PETROLEUM PLAYS
SW

The Syn rift and post rift

NE

Roll over pinch out - Basement Lead

Inversion Lead

Basement Lead

post rift

Basement Lead
Prograding Lead
sag phase/syn rift
early syn- rift

40

PETROLEUM PLAYS
The Fold Belt
THRUST PLAY

Subthrust

APEX

Protected

Stratigraphic

North Sabah

10km
41

Gulf of Mexico, USA

Tiber oil field, discovered sept. 09, at a total depth of 10 685 meters
(including 1259 m of water): deepest well drilled by the oil industry.
Offshore, October 2010

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/11/071106-africa-mine.html

Deepest mine ?

The deepest mine in the world is the Tau Tona gold Mine in the
North West Province, South Africa, at 3,774 meters (with plans to
extend the depth to 3902 m).
A 55 Celsius temperature is recorded at that depth.

Deepest wells so far drilled

Scientific:

Kola SG3, Kola Peninsula, Russia, 1989: 12 262 m

Bottom hole temperature: 190 C.
KTB, Germany,
1994: 9 101 m

Commercial:

GHK/Lone Star's Bertha Rogers 1-27, Anadarko Basin,

Oklahoma, USA, 1974: 9 583 m
Tashen 1, Tarim Basin, China, 2006: 8 408 m (Asian
deepest well). Bottom hole temperature and pressure:
175 C and 110 Mpa respectively
Gulf of Mexico, USA, deepest oil well