You are on page 1of 34

Report on

Energy and Environmental Technology Diffusion and Cooperation


1999
Indonesia
March 2000
Technology Exchange Dept.
Japan External Trade Organization

Contents
1. Overview

2. Typical Waste Water Treatment Flow

3. Types and Actions of Coagulants, Classification of


Coagulants, Coagulating Model

4. Types and Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants

5. Types and Applications of Polymer Coagulants for Waste Water


Composition (Structural Formula) and applicable targets
Effect by molecular weight
Effect of ionic polymer

6. Types and Characteristics of Organic Coagulants

12

7. Problems in Coagulation Treatment and Countermeasures Thereto

14

8. Emulsion Polymer for Automated System

21

-1-

1. Overview
A coagulant is a chemical used to effectively separate
fine suspended particles that cause pollution from water.
Minute particles that do not readily separate from water
can be separated by coagulating them into easily
separated flocs.
Coagulants are roughly divided into inorganic coagulants
and polymer coagulants. Inorganic coagulants date as far
back as ancient Egypt when alum (double salt made with
aluminum sulfate, alkaline metal, etc.) was used to make
water drinkable. Even today, aluminum salt s a popular
inorganic coagulant.
On the other hand, polymer coagulants were developed
in the 1950s. At first, they were used in industrial
processing, for example, to concentrate mining slurry.
Later, in the 1960s, when environmental problems
stemming from industrial waste water became a social
issue, anionic and nonionic polymer coagulants became
widely used to treat waste water. Then, in the 1970s,
cationic polymer coagulants became used in large
quantities as dehydrating agents in treating urban waste
water such as raw sewerage and night soil.
Current annual use of polymer coagulants in Japan is
estimated at about 11,000 ton of anionic and nonionic
types such as polyacrylamide, and about 16,000 ton of
cationic types such as polyamino alkylacrylate. Polymer
coagulants are absolutely indispensable as a chemical
agent for environmental conservation.
This paper reports on the characteristics and effective
applications of polymer coagulants in water and sludge
treatment. It cites types of organic coagulants and
polymer coagulants as well as important topics and
recent trends seen with some actual cases of use.

-2-

2. Waste Water Treatment Flow


Fig. 1 Basic flow of waste water treatment
(1) Water treatment (Inorganic suspended substances: SS and heavy metals)
Construction, civil engineering, iron and steel, metals, mining, etc
Inorganic coagulant
Raw water

Polymer coagulant
Coagulating
sedimentation

Natural precipitation

Discharge

Dehydrated cake

Dehydrator

Polymer coagulant

Disposal

(2) Soluble organic substances treatment (COD and BOD)


Sewerage, night soil, iron and steel (ammonia water), petrochemicals, dyes, food products (beverages and meat)
Raw water

Raw water pit

Aeration tank

Discharge

Sedimentation pond

Return sludge
Surplus sludge

Dehydrated cake

Dehydrator

Incineration

Polymer coagulant

(3) Soluble organic substances + Suspended substances treatment (COD, BOD, n-hex and SS)
Paper and pulp, machinery and automobiles, petroleum and petrochemicals, textiles and dyes, food products, etc.
Inorganic coagulant
Polymer coagulant
Raw water

Raw water pit

Coagulating
sedimentation

Aeration tank
Return sludge

Discharge

Sedimentation pond

Surplus sludge
Dehydrator

Polymer coagulant

-3-

Dehydrated cake

Incineration
Disposal
Agricultural fertilizer

Applicable range of coagulation treatment


1

10 -1

10

10 -2

10 -3

10 -4

10 -5

10 -6

100nm

10nm

10 -7 (cm)
Particle size

Large particle
Plastic waste

100m

1mm

SS

1nm
Molecule

fiber waste
Sand

Screen

10mm

Bacteria
Pigment

Bentonite

Protein

Suspended
substances

Dye

Surface active agent

Natural precipitation
Natural floatation
(API, PPI, CPI)

Coagulating sedimentation
Coagulating floatation
Electrolytic coagulation

Ordinary filtration

Treatment method

Micro filtration (MF)


Ultra filtration (UF)
Reverse osmosis (RO)

Activated carbon adsorption

Biological treatment
(Activated sludge treatment)

Ion exchange

-4-

The relationship between particle size and precipitation


By Stokes' equation
Particle diameter
(cm)

Size approximation

Precipitation speed
cm/sec

0.05

Sand

0.01

Fine sand

0.42

0.001

Sludge
(silt, clay)

0.0042

Time required to precipitate


one meter

10.4

10 sec
4 min
7 hr

0.0001(1m m)

Bacteria

0.000042

28 day

0.00001

Colloid

0.00000042

8 year

Conditions: Particle density ... 2.0 g/cm3


Water temperature ... 20_C (Viscosity: 1.31 g/cm3 sec)
Stokes' equation

Vg =

1 r ro d 2 g
()
m
18

Vg : Precipitation speed
r : Solid particle density
ro: Liquid density
d : Solid particle diameter
g : Gravitational acceleration
m : Viscosity coefficient of liquid

An example of water surface loading calculation


Estimated water level after 1 hr (Treated water is actually discharged from the system,
but this estimate adds it on top of the water surface.)
Water surface rise (H)

Treated water

Current water level

Coagulant-added water
(Raw water)
With a raw water flow rate of 100 m3/hr and a sedimentation pond radius of a 4 m,
water surface loading is as follows.
3
100
Water surface loading = Treated water flow rate (m /hr)
=
= 2.0m2/m2h = 2.0mh
Sedimentation pond surface area (m2) 443.14

-5-

Because water level rises only by H in 1 hour time,


flocs must precipitate a distance equal to or greater than
H during that time.

3. Types and Actions of Coagulants

Perform flocculation by cross-linking.


Those chemicals which are collectively called
"coagulants" today can be categorized as follows by
these aforementioned actions.

Coagulation processes are roughly divided into those


that:
Destabilize suspended particles by electric charge
neutralization (to facilitate coagulation).
Types and actions of coagulants
Coagulant
Aluminum sulfate
Polyalminium chloride
(PAC)
Iron chloride ()
Iron () sulfate

Common name
Inorganic coagulant
Coagulant

Action
Polyvalent cations such as AL3+, Fe3+ and Fe2+
neutralize electric charge of suspended particles. At the same time,
hydroxides such as Al(OH) 3 adsorb particles,
thus having slight flocculation effect.

Slaked lime

Mostly used as neutralizer, Ca2+ has electric charge-neutralizing


effect (effective as inorganic coagulant)

Seawater

Mg2+ and Ca2+ in seawater act as inorganic coagulants.


Actually used to treat pulp waste water.

Anionic/Nonionic polymer
coagulant

Coagulant
Polymer
Flocculant

Cross-links and flocculates particles that readily coagulate after


contact with inorganic coagulant.

Cationic polymer coagulant

Dehydrator
Cationic polymer
Coagulant

Flocculation effect by particle electric charge neutralization and


cross-linking. Normally used to dehydrate biologically-treated sludge.

Low molecular weight


cationic polymer coagulant

Polycation,
Flocculation effect by particle electric charge neutralization and
Low molecular weight cationic polymer cross-linking though flocculation effect is not strong.
Used as dehydrating agent with special types of dehydrators
(vacuum or SL separator) and as alternative inorganic coagulant.

-6-

Model of coagulation mechanism


Aluminum hydroxide floc
Electric charge neutralization
(Coagulation)

Cross-linking (Flocculation)

Fine suspended particle


Waste water

Nonionic/
Anionic polymer

Suspended particle
Primary floc
Inorganic coagulant Aluminum ion polymer

Coagulated floc
(High sludge generation)

Inorganic coagulant treatment


Organic coagulant treatment
Electric charge neutralization
(Coagulation)

Cross-linking (Flocculation)

Nonionic/
Anionic polymer

Coagulated floc

Primary floc
Low sludge generation
Organic coagulant

Types of coagulants
Molecular weight

Applicable pH

Aluminum sulfate

5~8

Polyalminium chloride
(PAC)

5~8

Inorganic coagulant

Coagulant
Clarifying agent

Iron chloride ()

Organic coagulant
Coagulant
Precipitant

Polymer coagulant

Several
100 - 1,000

4 or higher

Polyiron sulfate ()

4 or higher

Iron chloride ()

9 or higher

Low molecular weight cationic polymer coagulant


(Polycation)

Several 1,000
- Several 100,000

Nonionic polymer coagulant


Anionic polymer coagulant
Cationic polymer coagulant
(Cationic dehydrating agent)

-7-

4~7

4~8
Several 1,000,000
- 10,000,000

6~12
10 or higher

4. Types and Characteristics of Inorganic Coagulants


Table: Types and characteristics of inorganic coagulants
Effective pH

Characteristics

Coagulant

Use
Merits

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Aluminum sulfate
(Al2[SO4]3)
Liquid product: Al2O3 8%
Solid product: Al2O3 16%

Working pH range

Effective pH range

Polyalminium
chloride (PAC)
Al2O3 10 - 11%

Iron chloride
(FeCl3)
FeCl3 38%

iron sulfate
Fe(SO4)7H2O

Demerits

Inexpensive
Lightweight flocs
High substance
Less effective
removal rate
at pH 8 or higher
Low corrosion and
stimulation

General waste water


treatment

More coagulating than


aluminum sulfate
Requires little or no
neutralizer (alkali).
Effective at low
water temperature

More expensive than


aluminum sulfate
Lightweight flocs
Less effective at
pH 8 or higher

To increase floc size


when polymers are not
practical (drinking water
treatment, neutralizer
cannot be used, etc.)

Heavy flocs
(Good compression point)
Effective ever at
alkaline range

Requires large quantity


of neutralizer (alkali)
Highly corrosive
Slightly expensive

High pH waste water


treatment
Sludge dehydrating
agent aid

Inexpensive
Heavy flocs

Effective in narrow Some waste water


range of alkaline area treatment
Less substance
(Dye waste water, etc.)
removal rate

Change to iron chloride


An example for automobile factory waste water
PAC+NaOH+Anionic polymer coagulant
300ppm

Sludge SS 1.4%, VSS 86%


Cationic polymer coagulant
Belt-press dewatering

38%+NaOH+Anionic polymer coagulant


Fecl3
300ppm

Water content 88%

Sludge SS 1.5%, VSS 74%


Cationic polymer coagulant
Belt-press dewatering

-8-

Water content 84.5%

Amount of NaOH Metal hydroxides


generated (g/kg)
required to
neutralize (g/kg)

190

122

380

245

60

153

280

250

280

323

5. Types and Applications of Polymer Coagulants for


Waste Water
Characteristic

Strong anionic polymer

-CH2-CHCOONa

Structural Formula

Solution viscosity
and dissolving
concentration

Anionic polymer

Weak anionic polymer

-CH2-CHCOONa

Nonionic polymer

-CH2-CHCONH2

n:m is mole fraction

n:m
15 or more85 or less

n:m
15~585~95

n:m
5~095~100

High viscosity
0.05~0.10%

Medium viscosity
0.05~0.15%

Low viscosity
0.05~0.30%

High viscosity
0.05~0.10%
4

Types and Applications of Polymer Coagulants for


Waste Water

10 12 14

10 12 14

10 12

10 12

Anionic (Sulfonic group charged) polymer

-CH2-CHC=O
CH3
NH-C-CH2SO3Na
CH3

Medium viscosity
0.05~0.15%
2

10 12

Applicable pH range

Floc strength

High (in low pH)

High

Floc forming speed

Fast

Fast

Treated water clarity

Good

Good

Manufacturing process
(Soda production,
paper and pulp, aluminum)
Protein recovery
(Fish meat recovery)
Applicable waste water

Slurry and turbid waste water General medium


(grit, construction,
pH waste water
civil engineering lime,
dredging)
Waste water containing
metal oxides or hydroxides
(Excluding aluminum
surface treatment and
galvanizing processes)
Other high pH waste water

Polymer coagulant production flow


CH3CH = CH2

Propylene

CH2 = CHCN

Acrylonitrile

CH2 = CHCONH2

Acrylamide

Polyacrylamide

CH2 CH
CONH2
n

-9-

Colored waste water


(pulp, textiles,
dyeing, night soil, etc.)
Other low pH waste water
(aluminum surface treatment,
emulsion, oil)

Good
Colored waste water
Other low to medium pH waste water
(effective with waste water of highly
fluctuating pH)

Reference: Molecular weight of polymer coagulant and its amount added

Values: Estimated molecular weight

120

Supernatant turbidity (ppm)

100
600104
80

60

40

900104

20

1200104
0

0.5
Coagulant amount added (ppm)

-10-

1.0

Polymer coagulant use by pH

Coagulation effect (Precipitation speed)

Constant aluminum sulfate

Constant pH (= 6.5)
Coagulation effect (Precipitation speed)

Anionic polymer

Nonionic polymer

6
pH

Sulfonic group charged


Anionic polymer
Nonionic polymer

8
Aluminum sulfate amount added

Low pH
Excessive aluminum sulfate added
Polymer diffusion Adsorption to particles

Effect

Nonionic polymer

High pH
Insufficient aluminum sulfate added
Polymer diffusion Adsorption to particles

Less adsorption point

Anionic polymer
Excessive adsorption

Anionic
(Sulfonic group charged)
copolymer

-11-

Effect

6. Types and Characteristics of Organic Coagulants


Types and characteristics of organic coagulants
Composition

Estimated structural formula


CH2
CH CH CH2
CH2 CH2
N CICH3 CH3

Dimethyl dialuric
ammonium chloride

R
N CH3CHCH3
R CI
OH

Alkylamine epichlorohydrin
condensation product
Ethyleneimine

(CH2CH3NH) n

Alkylene dichloride and


Polyaklylene polyamine
condensation product

NH2RNH2R
CICI-

NH
OCH2NHCNCONH2CH2

Dicyandiamide formalin
condensation product

CH2CO

An example of improved effectiveness by organic coagulant


Fig. Improved effectiveness by organic coagulant (Automobile factory waste water)

Dischargeable if COD is
Polymer coagulant
20 mg/l or less

Organic coagulant C
Aluminum sulfate Polymer coagulant
Slaked lime

Raw water

Discharge
Reaction tank
Mixed waste water
pH7.5
SS150 mg/l
COD40 mg/l
Drainage volume
6,000 m3/day

Scum pit

Pressure flotation equipment

Sludge thickener

Dehydrated cake
transportand disposal
Sludge storage tank
Vacuum dehydrator

Coagulant amount added


Aluminum
Organic
Slaked lime
sulfate 8%
coagulant
(mg/l)
Al2O3
(mg/l)
(mg/l)

Treated water quality

Anionic
polymer
coagulant
(mg/l)

pH

SS
(mg/l)

COD
(mg/l)

Dehydrated cake
amount generated
TP
(t/day)
(mg/l)

Inorganic coagulant treatment

800~1000

160

0.5

7.4

<5

12~20 0.14~0.25

10

Organic coagulant treatment

150~200

0.5

7.0

<5

11~21

-12-

0.6~2.7

Fig. ( potential and treatment effect when inorganic coagulant used alone and when used in conjunction with polycation
(Specimen: Automobile factory mixed waste water)

-15

potential (mv)

Liquid aluminum sulfate alone

-10
sed with 5 mg/l organic coagulant

-5
0

100

200

300

400

500

400

500

Treated water turbidity (degree)

Liquid aluminum sulfate (mg/l)

10

Liquid aluminum sulfate alone


5

Used with 5 mg/l organic coagulant


0

100

200

300

Liquid aluminum sulfate (mg/l)

-13-

7. Problems In Inferior Coagulation Treatment and


Countermeasures Thereto
Problem water
quality item

SS
(Heavy metals)

Phenomenon

Floc size: Small


Clarity: Good

Cause

Countermeasure

Insufficient polymer amount added

Yes

Increase polymer amount added

No

Polymer solution deterioration


Low solution viscosity
No

Clarity: NG

Change solution or dissolving


conditions.

[1] Bad solution


[2] Used for long time after dissolving.
[3] Long dissolving time
Over-stirring
[4] Unsuitable chemical addition method (pump)

Unsuitable type of polymer

SS
Color
COD
BOD
n-hex

Yes

Unsuitable pH after inorganic


coagulant addition

Yes

Yes

Select new polymer by jar test.

Adjust to suitable pH.

No

Insufficient inorganic coagulant addition

Yes

Increase inorganic coagulant addition.

No

Unsuitable type of inorganic coagulant

COD
BOD
n-hex

Floc size: Large


Clarity: Good
COD, BOD, n-hex

Insufficient inorganic coagulant addition

Yes

Yes

Select new inorganic coagulant by


jar test.

Increase inorganic coagulant addition.

No
Consideration of addition of chemical
other than inorganic coagulant

Yes
Adsorbent (Activated carbon, bentonite)
Jar test Application of COD decreasing agent etc.

No

Limitations of coagulation treatment

Yes

[1] Reconsideration of pollutants


in waste water
Ex. Change to low COD chemicals
used in process.
[2] Consideration of other treatment method.
Ex. Biological treatment

* To investigate floc size and clarity, sample suspended water in coagulating reaction tank and treated water, judging their appearance.

-14-

Ref.: Causes of poor sedimentation and countermeasures thereto


Phenomenon

Cause

Poor treated water quality

Flow rate too high

Countermeasure

Yes

Situation

Adjust flow rate as necessary.

Large SS discharge. SS discharge


from all circumference.

Improve coagulation.

Fine and cottony floc discharge

Improve problem at source.


Break up scum with water spray.

Scum floating

Sufficient sludge discharge


(poor sludge discharge)

Large SS discharge from all


circumference

Improve inflow part.

Localized SS discharge

Improve sludge collector. Install


scum skimmer. Break up and
precipitate scum with water spray.

Scum floating

Install air separator on


coagulation tank outlet.

Scum floating

No

Slow SS sedimentation speed

Yes

No
Yes

Scum generation
No

Yes

Rising sludge interface


No

Scum generation

Channeling in sedimentation
tank

Yes

Gas generation because


of poor sludge collection

Yes

No
Air inclusion because of
high inflow head

Yes

-15-

Main ingredient in waste water by types of dye


Type of dye

Main ingredient in waste water

Direct dye

Dye, mirabilite, salt, sodium carbonate, surface active agent

Reactive dye

Dye, sodium hydroxide, sodium phosphate, sodium hydrogencarbonate, mirabilite, urea, surface active agent

Acidic dye

Dye, mirabilite, ammonium sulfate, acetic acid, sulfuric acid, surface active agent

Acidic mordant dye

Dye, acetic acid, mirabilite, sodium bichromate, surface active agent

Metal complex salt dye Dye, sulfuric acid, sodium acetate, ammonium sulfate, mirabilite, surface active agent
Cationic dye

Dye, sodium acetate, sodium carbonate, ammonium acetate, surface active agent

Sulfide dye

Dye, sodium sulfide, sodium carbonate, mirabilite

Vat dye

Dye, sodium hydroxide, sodium hydrosulfite, mirabilite, Turkey red oil

Naphthol dye

Dye, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, sodium nitrite, sodium acetate, surface active agent

Disperse dye

Dye, carrier (various), hydrosulfite, surface active agent

Pigment

Pigment, ammonia, sodium alginate, resin, mineral oil

NaO3S
N

NH

NH2

NHCOCH3 N
SO3Na

SO3Na HO
N N

Yellow 3

Cu
N

NaO3S

Cl
N
NH
SO3Na

NaO3S

N
N

Cl

Orange 1

N
NH

NaO3S

Cl

Cl

NH2
SO3Na

N
N

Cl

NH
SO2CH2CH2O SO3Na
Blue 19

Red 6

-16-

Dye structure

exchange

Dye waste water treatment method

Dye ingredient decomposition


Oxidative decomposition: Chlorination, Fenton's
reagent, ozone, UV
Biological decomposition: Aerobic bacteria, anaerobic
bacteria

Dye ingredient separation


Separation by filtration: Membrane filtration,
coagulating sedimentation/floatation
Separation by adsorption: Activated carbon, ion

N
O
C

O3
C

CH3

H2N

H2N

H
N

CH3
NH2

NH2
Basic Violet 14

O
HSO3

C
N
H

C C

H
N

SO3H

SO3H

O3

HSO3

C
N
H

Ingigo Trisulfonate
(Blue)
Oxidative decomposition of dye by O3

-17-

C O

O C

H
N

SO3H

SO3H

Concept of large floc generation by cationic decoloring agent

Dye molecule
Electric charge neutralization

Decoloring agent addition

Colloidal insoluble substance


Coagulation separation

Polymer coagulant addition

Large floc generation


Separation
Coagulation separation
(Sedimentation/Floatation)

3(R2N(CH3)2)Cl

NaSO3

SO3Na
N

OH OH

(R2N(CH3)2)SO3

SO3Na

SO3(R2N(CH3)2)
N

NaCl

OH OH

SO3(R2N(CH3)2)

Dye coagulation by cationic decoloring agent

-18-

1000

100

10

10
0

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Comparison of decolorizing performance by cationic decoloring agent

-19-

max=530mm
Alizarin Rubinol R
PAC
Poly-Cation A
Poly-Cation B

Electric charge neutralization

150rpm for 60sec

Colloidal insoluble substance


Large floc generation

Kuriflock PA365
150rpm for 60sec
50rpm for 60sec

Large floc generation

Separation
Sedimentation separation/filtration

Absorbance measurement

Procedure for Jar Test

N
N

N
N O
N

O
N
N
O

N O

O O

N N

O
N

N
N

N
O
-20-

N
O

Cucurbituril structure

N
O

8. Emulsion Polymer for Automated System

Highly soluble, it can be dissolved and ready to use in


a few (5 - 10) minutes.
As a liquid, it is very fluid, which makes it easier to
adapt to automated systems and reduce labor.
The chemical feeding unit is small in size.

1) Features
Compared to conventional powder polymers, the
Emulsion Polymer has the following features.
Fine particles like that seen with conventional powder
polymers do not occur, which improves the work
environment.

2) Soluble behavior comparison between powder


polymer and EP (Emulsion Polymer)

Dissolution process
Original state

Immediately after
dispersion

After 10 min

After 30 min

After 60 min

High concentration liquid polymer


Water, Solvent
Emulsion
Polymer
EC/EN/EA
Polymer particle size:
0.005 mm (Approx. 5 _m)

Dissolution starts
immediately.

Completely
dissolved

Dispersed only.
No major changes
observed

Small particle:
Dissolves.

Powder

Powder
Particle size: 1 - 0.1 mm

Large particle:
Completely
Dissolution starts. dissolved

Large particle:
Swells.

Powder polymer requires about 1 hour to dissolve because of large


particle. But, Emulsion Polymer is made of particles just a few microns
in diameter, so it readily dissolves and can be used in about 5 - 10
minutes.

Emulsion Polymer
(EC/EN/EA)
Dissolution rate (%)

100
Powder polymer
(Anionic polymer)
50

Conditions: Stirrer ... 300 rpm


Water temperature: 20C
0

10

20

30 40
Time (min)

50

60

-21-

Merits of Emulsion Polymer


Emulsion Polymer
Kurifloc EN/EA Series,
Kurifix EC Series
Dissolution equipment

Batch (intermittent) dissolution

Continuous dissolution

Equipment cost ratio


(Reference only)
Dissolution work

Time ratio (Reference only)

Dissolution tank
Stirrer

Powder polymer
Dissolution tank
Stirrer
Deconcentrator
Deconcentrator incidental
equipment

0.7 ~ 0.8
After filling water
Weighing
Adding
Dissolution stirring
Total

1.0
After filling water
2 - 3 min Weighing and adding in hopper 2 - 3 min
5 - 10 sec Deconcentrator monitoring 5 - 10 sec
5 - 10 min Dissolution stirring 30 - 60 min
7 - 13 min
37 - 73 min

0.2

1.0

Work environment

No scattered dust
simple scaffolding
Easily performed outdoors
(in rain)

Dusty
Requires slip prevention.
Not easily performed
outdoors (in rain)

Maintenance

Not required

Deconcentrator cleaning
Removal of coagulant
scattered on scaffolding.

Dissolution equipment

Stock solution storage tank


Stock solution stirrer
Stock solution feed pump
Dissolution tank
Chemicals feeding pump
Control panel

Powder storage hopper


Powder feed conveyor
Weighing feeder
Automatic dissolution
equipment
Chemicals feeding pump
Control panel

Equipment cost ratio


(Reference only)
Work environment

0.2
Can be used outdoors.

1.0
Basically, designed for
indoor use.

-22-

Liquid polymer
conventional polymer,
high molecular weight
Dissolution tank
Stirrer

0.9
After filling water
Weighing and adding 5 - 10 min
Dissolution stirring 60 - 120 min
Total
65 - 130 min
1.8
No scattered dust
Requires scaffolding because
of carrying about twenty times
as much as weight of powder
polymer.
Easily performed outdoors
(in rain)

Stock solution storage tank


Stock solution feed pump
Dissolution tank
Storage tank
Chemicals feeding pump
Control panel
1.8
Can be used outdoors.

3) Continuous dissolution equipment


Control system
The equipment is designed to do the following when
solution surface level in the dissolution tank reaches M
level.
Feed constant amount of stock solution under timer
control.
Add dissolving water until reaching level H.
Run the stirrer for a set period of time.
Because of its good dispersability, the Emulsion Polymer
dissolves in a short amount of time and dissolved

concentration changes little if any.


Ensure a 3m3 stock solution storage tank for a 2ton
delivery. It should be made of either stainless steel or
FRP. The stock solution can separate out, therefore
intermittent stirring is needed.
Note: If let still standing for a long period of time, the
Emulsion Polymer particles will slowly precipitate out.
Therefore, it is necessary to stir it periodically (approx.
60 min/day) with a stirrer when storing. Also, the
Emulsion Polymer remains chemically stable for 6
months from the date of manufacture.

Dissolving water
M

LS

LS
H
M

L
(3 m3)
Stock solution
storage tank

P
Stock solution
feed pump
(Mainly a kind
of screw pump)

L
LL

P
Feeding pump

(1 m3)
Dissolution-Storage tank

-23-

4) Handling and cleaning


Avoid contact with water. Inclusion of a small quantity
of water makes clods of polymer. Viscosity will rise
extremely and the Emulsion Polymer will solidify.
Cleaning
Pipes in stock solution can be flushed with kerosene to
some extent, but keep away from flames. If spilled,
absorb it with sand or sawdust.

Plastic and rubber

Wipe test equipments with paper or rag. Washing with


warm water or chlorine oxidizer is effective to clean
them.
5) Applicable materials (Corrosion resistance)
Do not to use natural rubber, polyethylene,
polypropylene or other similar materials in stock
solution circuit.

Metal
EP stock
solution

Material
EPDM, EPT
(Ethylene, propylene rubber)
NBR
(Acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber)

EP
Powder polymer
solution
solution

Material
SS41
BC-2 (Bronze)

Hyperon (CSM)

SUS304

Polyethylene

Hastelloy C

Polypropylene
Dylite
Byton
Hard polyvinyl chloride
FRP
Can be used.

Cannot be used.

-24-

EP stock
solution

EP
Powder polymer
solution
solution

6) An example of application (1)


Application for slate factory
1. Treatment flow

Settling tank
or
conical tank
Supernatant tank

Asbestos
Raw materials Cement
Pulp
Raw material recovery

Product
Vacuum

Wet machine
Waste water

Beater

Temperature controlling water


Waste water pit
Coagulant
Kurifix EA333

2. Results
Applicable coagulant

Amount added
(mg/l)

Treated water turbidity


(degree)

Chemicals cost
(1,000/month)

Anionic powder polymer of


Company K

1.0

50 - 100

123

Kurifloc EA333

2.0 - 2.5

50 - 100

150

Raw water quality


Wet machine waste water
pH 11 - 12
SS 1000 - 3000 mg/l

3. Merits
[1] Greatly improved dissolution work Dissolution work: once every hour, 20 to 24 times a day
(Dissolution tank: 100 l, storage tank: 200 l, no deconcentrator)
In case of anionic powder polymer of Company K
Weighing and adding: 10 min/cycle (200 min/day), stirring: 1 hr/cycle (24 hr/day)
In case of Kurifloc EA333
Weighing (Ladle) and adding: 0.5 min/cycle (10 min/day), stirring: 10 min/cycle (4 hr/day)
[2] Decrease of impurities (clods)
in products

Some clods of approx. 1 mm in size, believed to be undissolved coagulant, had been found in
products. After changing to Kurifloc EA333, most impurities were eliminated

Kurifloc EA333: Anionic EP (Emulsion Polymer)

-25-

An example of application (2)


Application to surplus sludge dewatering
1. Results

Target sludge
Surplus sludge
SS
0.7 to 0.8%
VSS
70 to 75%
Sludge amount ... 120 m3/day

Dehydrator

BP

Applicable
dehydrating agent *

Treatment effect
Chemicals cost
Addition rate
(%/SS)
Treatment amount Cake water (1,000/month)
(kg-ds/m/hr)
content (%)

cationic powder polymer


of Company I
Kurifix EC153

* In addition to a polymer coagulant, 25%/SS polyiron sulfate (III) is used.

2. Merits
Dissolution work improvement
Labor reduction
Before, 5 kg of a conventional powder polymer was
prepared from a 15 kg bag in a 3m3 tank 2 to 3 times a
day. It took 2 hours to dissolve the polymer using a
deconcetrator. However, the dissolution tank was located
in a humid room and the deconcetrator sometimes
clogged, requiring frequent maintenance and checks.
Also, because the dissolution tank stirrer performed
poorly, it took time (5 to 10 min/cycle) to carefully
dissolve all undissolved clods.
With Kurifix EC153, a deconcentrator is unnecessary
and the polymer was dissolved in about 10 min without
clods even just after adding it, which improved the work
environment.
* Kurifix EC153: Cationic EP (Emulsion Polymer)

-26-

1.0

90 - 100

85

320 - 350

2.0 - 2.5

100

85

380 - 420

An example of application (3)


Labor -savings through equipment improvements
1. Results
Chemicals adding
rate %/SS ppm

Coagulant
After use
Before use

Treatment
rate m3/hr

Water
content %

Operating schedule
H/D D/M

Price
/kg

Amount used

Various cationic
powder polymers
(Various manufactures)

1.5450

7.5

83

725

1,300

590

Kurifix EC253

3.0900

7.5

83

725

850

1,180

2. Merits

Centrifugal dehydrator
Container loading
Dissolving water
(Ground water)

Sludge feed
3 m3 stock
solution tank

4 m3 stock
solution tank

P
P
P

Added part

Dehydrator A

Cake

Dehydrator B

Cake

Dehydrator C

Cake

Existing equipments

New equipments delivered by KWI ---3 m3 stainless steel stock solution tank (stirrer),
stock solution feed pump: a kind of screw pump, stator: synthetic rubber
Existing equipments used --- Dissolution tank (stirrer), solution feed pump
* Kurifix EC253 = Cationic EP (Emulsion Polymer)

-27-

You might also like