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Computer is an electronic device that takes input process it and gives output. The
speed of computer is very high and it perform task with 100% accuracy. Computer
is a versatile machine i.e. can be used in various field. Today computer is an
integrated part in Business Organization, Schools, Colleges, Bank and many other
institutes. The main impact of computer in various fields are :
1.
b.
c.
Carrying out research in the remote fields which in the absence of computer
was impossible.
2.
4.
c.)
b.)
c.)
d.)
e.)
f.)
Software
Software is a set of programs that is designed to perform a well defined function. A
program is a sequence of instruction written to solve a particular problem.
Software is responsible for controlling, integrating and managing the hardware
components of a computer system and to accomplish specific task.
Software are of two types :1. Application Software
2. System Software
Software
Application
Software
System Software
System Software
System software is a collection of
program designed to operate, control and extend the processing capabilities of the
computer itself. System software are generally prepared by computer
manufacturers some e.g. of system software are:- Compiler, Interpreter, Assembler,
Utility Program etc. A set of one or more programs designed to control the
Closed to system
ii)
Fast in speed
iii)
Smaller in size
iv)
Less Intractable
v)
Difficult to design
vi)
Difficult to understand
System
Software
System
Control
Programs
System
Support
Programs
System
Developmen
t Programs
Application Software
Application software are the software that are designed according to a
particular application. Application software can satisfy the requirements of a
particular environment such Telephone Billing System, Banking system, Airline
reservation system. Application Software designed for a specific purpose such as
Microsoft Word is an example of Application Software. Application Software are
easier to be understood by normal users because they directly deal with the normal
real life applications.
real life application. For example: Microsoft Word is used to create documents
similar to you create manually on paper. Accounting Software those are used for
accounting which is similarly done manually on Account Book.
Application
Software
Special
General Purpose
Application
Software
Purpose
Application
Software
Close to user
ii)
Slow in space
iii)
Easy to understand
iv)
Easy to manipulate
v)
More intractable
vi)
Easy to design
Generations of Programming
Language
Since Early 1950s programming languages have evolved tremendously. This
evolution has resulted in the development of hundreds of different languages. We
can classify the development of all languages in four generations :-
Programming Languages
1st Generation (Machine Language)
Machine Language
Machine Language is the language directly understood by the computer. In
other words this is the binary language i.e. the language of 0s and 1s. Any
information or instruction in this language is to be represented in term of 0s and
1s. Writing of a program in machine language is very difficult and complicated
task which can be accomplished by only the experts.
Assembly Language
Assembly Language is symbolic language in which symbols are used instead
of binary numbers. This reduced coding time. In assembly language the
programmer has to remember only the few information. In assembly language
symbols are used for both arithmetic and logical operations. The translation
process is carried out by the computer itself by means of software called assembler.
Assembler is a special program that convert assembly language in to binary
language.
High Level Language
High level language is close to human being. In High level language
symbols and word that are used are very similar to ordinary arithmetic and English.
So it is same like English language so we can understand it easily. For e.g. Fortran,
Cobol, Pascal .
Problem Oriented Language
The 4th generation language are highly user friendly. The user has to state the
problem, data and also state the output required. The computer system supporting
these languages invoke appropriate procedure to solve the problem and provide the
desired output.
Language Translator
Language translators are also known as language processor. Language translators
are used to convert code of one language into another language. There are mainly
three types of translator program:1. Assembler
2. Compiler
3. Interpreter
Assembler converts the assembly language program into machine language.
Assembler takes input program written in assembly language and gives output to
its binary equivalent program. Assembler assembles all the instructions in the main
memory for execution.
Assembler
Machine
Compiler translates the source program into object program. The object code is
saved on storage device and run later. Compiler firstly scan the entire program.
Debugging of program is quite slow. Once the program is translated compiler is
no more required.
Object
Compiler
Program
Interpreter is language translator that is used to translate the High level language
into machine code. It takes one statement of HLL and translates it into machine
instruction which is immediately executed. The program is translated line by line
and then translates into machine code. Debugging is very fast. Interpreter is
required for executing the program every time.
Source Program
Interpreter
Result
Desktop
When you switch on your computer windows XP is located into the main memory.
Immediately after this you will see a large area with memory and many small
pictures on the screen. This large area is known as Desktop. The small pictures on
the desktop are called icons. Each icon represent an object such as folder or
program.
On the desktop apart from the icon you will see the Taskbar and Start button
at the bottom of the screen. On the desktop there are few icons which are optional
and are created by the user according to their requirements. Whereas some icons
are by default such as :My Computer :My computer is used to quickly and easily see everything on your computer.
Double click the my computer icon on the desktop to browse through you files and
icons.
Recycle bin:Recycle bin is the same as the dustbin at your home. Anything which is not
required or you can waste you put it in your dustbin. Similarly when any data or a
record is not required you give a delete command and as a result windows put it
into the recycle bin.
Recycle bin provides the facility to restore the data back to its original
location by selecting the required option. To move all items back to their original
location, Click the restore all items. If you want to delete these items permanently
then click empty recycle bin.
My Documents:My documents folder contains all your official files which have been
created and saved in it. The relative program will be launched automatically. It is
the default location for all your MS-Office and all other user files. This means if
you do not specify the path while saving the file then automatically it will be stored
in My documents folder.
Internet Explorer:Internet Explorer is a web browser. Web browser is a software used to view
websites. It acts as a interface between the user and world wide web (WWW). The
icon of Internet Explorer looks Like
ii)
Tool Bar
Menu
Bar
Title
Bar
Control
Box
Scroll
Bar
Status
Bar
Work
Area
Scroll Bar:- Some time the work done on window exceeds to the limit of screen
and therefore some adjustments are needed to see the entire work. Scroll bar is a
bar at the right and bottom of a window that appears when the contents of a
window are not fully displayed.
Tool Bar:- Toolbar is a horizontal bar with various commands buttons. These
buttons provide a shortcut to access the commonly used menu commands.
Control Box:- Control box provides a shortcut menu that enables you to restore,
move, minimize, maximize and close a window.
Status Bar:- Status bar is displayed at the bottom of the window. It provides
information about the status of your program.
Work Area:- Work area is that area in which text can be entered, edited etc.
Notepad
Notepad is a text editor for reading and writing short length text file. You can use
notepad to create or edit text file that does not require any special formatting.
Notepad files can not contain pictures or any other objects. Notepad is also used as
a source code editor for creating HTML files.
How to start Notepad: Click on start button
Point to all programs
Point to accessories
Click on notepad
WordPad
Word Pad is a word processor. Word pad is used to process the textual information
including typing, editing, formatting and printing. Word pad is more powerful than
Notepad but less powerful than MS-Word. Words are processed and spelling
mistakes are corrected.
How to start Wordpad: Click on start button
Point to all programs
Point to accessories
Click on Word Pad
Menu
Bar
Standar
d
Tool Bar
Title
Bar
Formatt
ing Tool
Bar
Ruler
Document Work
Area
Status
Bar
MS-Excel
MS-EXCEL is a very powerful and easy to use spreadsheet package of ms-office
which is being commonly used these days. It works very well with numbers and
their complex calculations. An electronic spreadsheet is a grid of rows and
columns. A Intersection of a row and a column is called cell. In MS-EXCEL we
have 66536 rows, 256 column and 16777216 cells and 255 worksheets. It provides
all the tools to manipulate, format and represent data. Excel is a powerful
spreadsheets application .The extension of MS-Excel files in MS-Excel 2003 is
.XLS where as in MS-Excel 2007 is .XLSX.
Uses of MS-Excel
1)
It can also be used to prepare profit and loss accounts .Balance sheet and
Using MS-EXCEL we can create a good looking and attractive charts with
It can also perform simple and complex calculations in few seconds with
more accuracy.
5)
Feature of MS Excel
1)
2)
3)
Using for creating any type of charts ,prepare balance sheet etc.
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
Applications of MS-Excel
The application of a spreadsheet is limited only by your imagination .you
can store all kinds of information in the spreadsheet .some common application of
a spreadsheet are in the following areas :
Budgets
Payrolls
Invoicing (Billing)
Inventory control
Tender evaluation
Scientific calculation
Cost-effective analysis