Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dualism - the mind is spiritual and the body is physical and they are
connected the mind cant be studied
Introspection Wundt Observers report their reactions TO light, colors, and
time perception
Psychoanalysis Freuds theory of personality and method of psychotherapy,
both of which assume the importance of the unconscious process.
Behaviorism scientific study of observable behavior
Cognition the mental process thinking, knowing, and remembering.
Basic research research that tests theories.
Applied research research to solve practical human problems
Theory describes predicts and explains a phenomenon.
Hypothesis testable prediction, usually derived from theory
Laboratory research in regulated environment and everything can be
observed
Field research in the real world
Self-report asking people about their own thoughts and feelings
Behavioral observation a form of research based on firsthand observation of
a subjects behavior.
Archival research research that relies on preexisting records
Statistics math used to analyze research data
Case studies research that involves in depth personal observations
Surveys research method that interviews or questions large groups of
people
Epidemiology study of distribution of an illness in a population
Random sample a method of selection in which everyone has an equal
chance of being chosen
Naturalistic observation observation of behavior as it occurs naturally in
real-world settings.
Chap 2
Central nervous system CNS nerves in the brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system PNS nerves from the CNS to the body, consists of
somatic and autonomic nerves
Somatic nervous system transmits sight, sounds, tastes, smells, and pain,
(from sensory organs to the CNS) and controls the bodys voluntary
movements.
Neural signal travel from dendrites through the (cell body) soma, down the
axon, and into the axon terminals.
Action potential electrical impulse that surges along the axon, caused by an
influx of positive ions in the neuron. Threshold level of stimulation needed
to trigger a neural impulse.
Soma- cell body of a neuron Dendrites extensions from the cell body that
receive incoming impulses
Myelin sheath tiny white layer of fat cells around the axon to insulate it.
CT computerized tomography computer enhanced X-rays sent to the brain
at 1 degree intervals of a 180 degree arc the computer turns it into an image
its used in finding tumors and strokes
Positron emission tomography PET glucose supplies the brain with energy
and we can see how much glucose is used in a region. a tiny amount of
radioactive glucose is injected into the brain the scanner reads the amounts
consumed in different regions. Red, yellow, orange means high activity
Violet, blue, and green mean low activity.
MRI magnetic resonance imaging- a magnetic field aligns the brains atoms
then a pulse of radio waves disorients the atoms, which give off detectable
signals as they return to normal
FMRI a faster version of an MRI
Cerebral cortex 80% of the brain the outside higher-order mental processes
it consists of two hemispheres and 4 lobes it can also be divided into areas
based on function (1) sensory areas specialize in receiving sensory
information. The somatosensory cortex receives info from touch receptors in
the skin. (2) motor cortex controls the voluntary muscles (3) the association
cortexcommunicates with sensory and motor areas and house higher mental
processes two areas within associate with language. (4) Brocas area directs
speech and Wernickes area is involved in language comprehension.
Fechner said that each side of the brain has its own mind- the left controls the
right the right controls the left they share info and connect at through the
corpus callosum. Split brain the corpus callosum is severed - patients show
that each side of the brain has a somewhat different version of experience.
Research has tried to find which side is lateralized (which side controls what)
LEFT controls language the RIGHT is nonverbal the LEFT is analytical and the
RIGHT is more holistic
Acetycholine, dopamine neurotransmitter
Endorphin body produced morphine
Phrenology bumps on the skull reveal psychological characteristics.
Somatosensory cortex receives sensory info from touch receptors in the
skin.
Motor cortex sends impulses to voluntary muscles
Association cortex areas of the brain that communicate with the sensory
and motor areas and house the brains higher mental processes.
Plasticity capacity to change as a result of experience.
Concussion alteration in a persons mental state due to trauma to the head.
Neural graft transferring healthy tissue from one animal to another.