DESIGN OF STORM SEWER SYSTEM FOR THE BISTEKVILLE 1 OF

BRGY. PAYATAS QUEZON CITY

Project by

DELOS SANTOS, ZAIRON Z.

PAULINO, MIKHAIL DIMITRI M.
PEL, FINA KAMILLE A.

Submitted to the School of Civil, Environmental and Geological

Engineering (SCEGE)

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
(Degree Program)
Mapua Institute of Technology
Manila City

March/2012
Previous Degrees

Table of Contents
Chapter 1. Introduction
.......1
Chapter 2. Presenting the Challenges
.....2
2.1 Problem Statement
....2
2.2 Project Objective
.......2
2.3 Design Norms Considered
3
2.4 Major and Minor Areas of Civil Engineering
.......3
2.5 The Project Beneficiary
4
2.6 The Innovative Approach
.....4
2.7 The Research Component
................4
2.8 The Design Component
....4
2.9 Sustainable Development
..5
Chapter 3. Environmental Examination Report
..6
3.1 Project Description
....6
3.1.1 Project Rationale
....6

3.1.2 Project Location

.7
3.1.3 Project Information
7
3.1.4 Description of Project Phase
..7
3.1.5 Pre-construction/Operational Phase
...7
3.1.6 Construction Phase
.8
3.1.7 Operational Phase
..8
3.1.8 Abandonment Phase
...9
3.2 Description of Environmental Setting and Receiving Environment
.9
3.2.1 Physical Environment
9
3.2.2 Biological Environment
...10
3.2.3 Socio-cultural, Economic and Political Environment
..10
3.2.4 Future Environmental Conditions without the Project
11
3.3
Impact
Assessment
.11

and

Mitigation

3.3.1 Summary Matrix of Predicted Environmental Issue/ Impacts and

their Level ofSignificance at Various Stages of Development
......11

3.2.2 Brief Discussion of Specific Significant Impacts on the Physical and

Biological Resources
....14

3.3.3 Brief Discussion of Significant Socio-Economic Effects/Impacts of

the Project
...14
3.4 Environmental Management Plan
...14
3.4.1 Summary Matrix of Proposed Mitigation and Enhancement
Measures Estimated Cost and Responsibilities
.14
3.4.2 Brief Discussion of Mitigation and Enhancement Measures
...17
3.4.3 Monitoring Plan
...17
3.4.4 Contingency Plan
.17
3.4.5 Institutional Responsibilities and Agreements
.17
Chapter 4. The Research Component
...18
4.1 Abstract
...18
4.2 Introduction
.18
4.3 Review of Literature
...19
4.4 Methodology
...33
Chapter 5. Detailed Engineering Report
...35

5.1 Drawings
.35
5.2 Technical Specifications
.37
5.3 Design Criteria for Storm Sewer
.46
5.4. Summary of Pipe Sizes
..48
5.5 Determination of Water Requirement of the future tenants of Bistekville 1
..49
Chapter 6. Projects Schedule
...50
Chapter 7. Budget Estimation
...51
Chapter 8. Conclusion and Summary
...53
Chapter 9. Recommendations
...54
Acknowledgement
References
Appendix
Tables, Codes and Provisions

Chapter 1

Introduction

Quezon City is one of the LGUs that lead in adopting green building standards. The city
is planning to build low-cost housing for their housing and resettlement program. In line
with this matter, they will need to invest in drainage works.The objective of the PFOR3 is
to provide the city government storm sewer system design for the eco village.

The design of the storm water drainage system will be economic and will be connected to
the storm sewer line by the local government. The storm water can be treated by the local
government if they want to. Nowadays, in engineering practice, the combined sewers
advise to be used as a sewer system. Managing the storm water prevents floods and may
help solve the shortage of water.

If the local government subjects the treatment of the storm water, it will help the future
tenants of Bistekville 1 from availing water from water line providers specifically
Maynilad. It will also conserve from using clean water. It has been PFOR3 privilege to
engage with Quezon City Government and have the opportunity to use our talents to
benefit others.

2.Presenting the Challenges

2.1 Problem Statement

Quezon City is one of the Local Government Units that adopts the Green Building
Standards to strictly adhere to energy efficiency, cost effectiveness and mitigate adverse
impacts on environmental degradation and the city government also plans to develop an
eco village that will house the informal settlers. In line with this matter, they will also
need to invest in drainage works. But, the city government may also face floods
especially on the low areas. For this reason, investigation has been made for the
possibilities of constructing a storm sewer system. The infrastructure would manage the
storm water and to have a potential source of water for the village.

2.2 Project Objective

The objective of the project is to come up with storm sewer system design for the eco
village. This will come with a layout plan of the system, project schedule and estimation.
It will come with a report comparing the storm water volume accumulated during the
rainy season and the water demand during also that season.
The Quezon City Government is planning to construct an eco village and its beneficiaries
are the teachers of Justice Cecilia Muoz Palma High School and the informal settlers of
the city and to tie up with public and private agencies that will assist in housing and
financing design of the city project.
The design will be presented to the agencies to promote a sustainable storm sewer
system. It will help to call the attention of possible financing agencies to assist the
housing project of Quezon City. This will also serve as evidence to the public to show
where their taxes go.

2.3 Design Norms Considered

Economy and sustainability are the two design norms which are significant to this
project. Considering the challenge of the global warming that we are facing today and
minimizing the adverse impacts to our environment, the team focused on the
sustainability of the design of the storm sewer system. Treating the storm water may also
be considered by the city government as a project for possible source of water of the
village but the treatment facility will not be covered in this design.
The last and final design norm considered in the design of the infrastructure is economic.
Economic is the most important aspect of the design, knowing that Quezon City wants to
uplift the quality of life and help the homeless citizen of the city. It should be economic
in design and still be functional.

2.4 Major and Minor Areas of Civil Engineering

The major area of Civil Engineering in this project is Sewerage and Drainage
Engineering and the minor areas of Civil Engineering are the Water Supply Engineering
and Construction. Sewerage and Drainage Engineering is the major area because the
project will be focused on the storm sewer system of the village. Also, the principles and
methods in designing storm sewer system will be considered to be able to meet the
objectives of the project and to launch the most economic design for it.
The minor areas of Civil Engineering in this project are Construction and Water Supply
Engineering.

Construction In this area, we will be using Construction Project Management in

creating a project schedule that will guide us in accomplishing the project.
Water Supply Engineering Determining the water requirement of the tenants will
be used for comparing the volume of the storm water during the rainy season.

2.5 The Project Beneficiary

The beneficiaries for this project would be the future tenants of the low-cost housing (eco
village) at Barangay Payatas, Quezon City and the Quezon City Government, itself.

2.6 The Innovative Approach

Microsoft Office Excel2007 used to present in organized manner the

measurements and data gathered by the researchers.

AutoCAD - Initially a general-purpose 2D drafting program, AutoCAD has

evolved into a family of products which provide a platform for 2D and 3D CAD.
Today, it is used by civil engineers, land developers, architects, mechanical
engineers, Interior Designers and other design professionals. Modern AutoCAD
includes a full set of basic solid modeling and 3D tools, but lacks the advanced
capabilities of solid modeling applications.

Rational Method to determine the volume of the rain.

2.7 The Research Component

Storm water collected during the rainy season will be compared to the demand of the
water of the tenants. It is to show that the local government may treat the water to have
source of water besides Maynilad or other water distributors. This may be used,
especially, by the future tenants of the low-cost housing (eco village).

2.8 The Design Component

The design component for this project would be based from the topography of the site
where the Bistekville in Barangay Payatas, Quezon City will be constructed. Also, the
amount of rainfall, the area of the project, and the elevation must be considered for the
design of the pipes. The design should meet the local provisions and codes for the
construction and design of such infrastructure.

2.9 Sustainable Development

The team will include a report or computation showing that the storm water can be a
possible source of water for Bistekville 1. The team will recommend that the water may
be subjected to treatment by the local government. This will also help the residents have
lesser water bill if this happens.

Chapter 3

Environmental Examination Report

3.1 Project Description

3.1.1

Project Rationale

Flood is not a new issue here in our country. Almost every city had their flood issues.
Storms are really unpredictable and floods are controllable if the storm sewer system are
properly maintained. A storm sewer systemin urban and industrial areas is a facility to
dispose of liquid waste.
According to World Bank, The Manila Sewerage and Sanitation Project aims to improve
environmental sanitation in the poor and densely populated areas of Metropolitan Manila
and develop an institutional strategy for the implementation of similar projects in the
future. The project provides for (a) rehabilitation of the sewer system in the central area
of Manila; (b) construction of a sewerage collection system in about 2,050 ha of lowincome and blighted areas; (c) staff training and technical assistance; and (d) water
quality monitoring. The project should make immediate improvements in the living
conditions of about 900,000 urban poor, of a total estimated 3 million population served
by the project.[7]
Still the typhoon Ondoy, which hit the Philippines last September 2009, had destroyed
the storm sewer system that were designed for 50 year rain period. Ondoy almost sank
most of Metro Manila mostly Marikina City, which killed more or less 900 Filipinos and
destroyed millions worth of properties. Poor storm sewer systemsand garbage disposal
problems aggravated the impact of a typhoon that struck the Philippines at the weekend
and killed hundreds of people, the United Nations disaster prevention agency says as it
stressed the need for governments to make greater investments before other catastrophes
strike.

3.1.2

Project Location

Our project will be located at Barangay Payatas, Quezon City. Quezon City government
decided to build Bistekville 1, which has 328 housing units that will be built at Molave,
Area B Barangay Payatas, and Quezon City. This housing project will be built by Habitat
for Humanity.
3.1.3

Project Information

This project will focus on constructing a better storm sewer systemin one of the housing
projects in Quezon City. This Housing Project will be constructed by Habitats for
Humanity on the lot that was owned by Oviedo Family, for the teachers at Justice Cecilia
Munoz Palma High School in Payatas and for the other informal settlers who are in great
danger zones. According to Joselito Cabungcal, chief of the Quezon City Engineering
Department (QCED), collecting household and industrial discards from the storm sewer
systemsand waterways would have been much easier without the illegally-constructed
structures near the danger zones.

3.1.4

Description of Project Phase

This section illustrates the activities/environmental aspects, the impacts to the said
environment and the pollution control measures that were incorporated during the
planning of the project.
3.1.5. Pre-construction/ Operational Phase
During this phase, designing and planning for the propose storm water sewer system, the
team have gathered data for its design.

Table 1. Data Collection and Sources

Data
Source
Type of Information
Topography
Urban Poor Affairs Office
Topographic Map
(UPAO), Quezon City Hall
Area of the Project Site
Urban Poor Affairs Office
Plan
(UPAO), Quezon City Hall
Volume of Rainfall
PAGASA
Survey
Proposed Master Plan
Urban Poor Affairs Office
Structural and Civil Plans
(UPAO), Quezon City Hall

3.1.6 Construction Phase

In the Construction Phase the project should have these following activities:

Mobilization of Machineries and Manpower

Site clearance
Earthworks/Excavations
Groundwater control

These works could distract the neighboring community. These impacts can produce
noise by the importation of equipments and materials, compounds that can contaminate
air during the earthworks, and possible water quality degradation.
There are possibilities that plants and tress could be destructed during the
construction. We also have to ensure the safety of the animals and plants adjacent to the
line of work. But for this project possible removal of plants and trees is possible because
the area of work requires to.
Lights and warning signs during the construction is needed to prevent accidents and
for the awareness of the workers and the by passers that there will be an underground
construction going on in the area of work and also for their safety.

3.1.7 Operational Phase

In this phase, placement of the concrete pipes, manholes, catch basin and other
components of storm sewer system will be installed. Technical specifications will be
examined and tested as a finishing requirement of the whole construction. Finishing
earthworks like backfilling will also be executed. Observation on the effectiveness of the
infrastructure will be conducted.

3.1.8 Abandonment Phase

In this phase, demobilization of existing structures within the project location, like
temporary fencing, headquarters of the construction workers,and equipment used in the
construction. Restoration of natural resources and geology, and clearing operations for
waste products were implemented.

3.2 Description of Environmental Setting and Receiving Environment

In this part, different kinds of environment that will be affected by the project are being
described.

3.2.1 Physical Environment

The sites soil is wet and clayey. It is mixed with some waste. The soil on the area is
already being plowed. The climate during the site visit was humid. Some trees were
already down. The quality of water and its storage (if any) were not checked. The area is
a sloping ground and it is near from the sanitary facility of Quezon City. Its neighbors are
a school, Justice Cecilia Muoz Palma High School, A church, which is located within
the area of the project. Therefore, the noise will come from these infrastructures and can
be affected by the noise that will be coming during the construction. The quality of air
can be considered as partially polluted. It is because the site is located near a sanitary
facility. There is an existing storm sewer system outside the project area and it is beside
Molave Street.

Figure 1. The Project Site Location

3.2.2 Biological Environment

The project area is located on the area of Quezon City where most of the infrastructure is
housing. Therefore, the ecosystem in the site is mostly trees and plants. There are no
animals living in the site except for the dog in the church that is residing in the site.
3.2.3Socio-cultural, Economic and Political Environment

The site is within the area of one of the most progressive cities ofManila. The site is a
future location of a housing and resettlement program of Quezon City. The area is owned
by the City government. The area will be developed into a housing facility in partnership

with Habitat for Humanity. The church is the only existing building in the area. The
nearby community is composed of families living in Brgy. Payatas. Justice Cecilia
Muoz Palma High School is also in the neighborhood. Brgy. Payatas where the area
belongs can be considered a rural area of Quezon City. The means of transportation in the
area is by tricycle. The street adjacent to the site is not yet developed though there is an
existing storm sewer system and water pipe lines underlying it.

3.2.4 Future Environmental Conditions without the Project

Without having the project, the future residents of the site may have a hard time dealing
with the wastewater on their area. Possible flood will occur. Especially those residents
that were located in the lower area of the site, they will be the most affected because the
water will be stagnant on the lower area. Also, a possible reduction on their water bill
wont be achieved.

3.3 Impact

Assessment & Mitigation

3.3.1 Summary Matrix of Predicted Environmental Issues/Impacts and their Level

of Significance at Various Stages of Development

Table 2. Summary Matrix of Predicted Environmental Issues/Impacts and their Level of

Significance at Various Stages of Development
PREDICTED IMPACT

ENVIRONMENTAL
COMPONENT
LIKELY TO BE
AFFECTED

SIGNIFICANCE
OF IMPACTS
D/I

L/S

R/I

AIR

PEOPLE

REMOVAL OF SOIL DUE

TO SITE PREPARATION

LAND

INCREASE RUNOFF DUE

WATER

DUST GENERATED
FROM SITE
PREPARATION

MITIGATION/
ENHANCEMENT
MEASURES
REGULAR WATERING
OF EXPOSED
GROUND
PROVIDE MASK TO
WORKERS AND
PERSONNEL
REPLANTING OF
TREES AND PLANTS,
PROPER ALIGNMENT
OF DRAINAGE PIPES
SEEDLING PLANTING

TO CUTTING OF TREES
AND REMOVAL OF
SHRUBS

SEDIMENTATION OF
DRAINAGE LINES FROM
UNCONFINED SOIL

WATER

POLLUTION OF NEARBY
WATER BODY

WATER

ACCIDENT PRONE AREA

PEOPLE

NOISE POLLUTION

PEOPLE

THAT CORRESPONDS
TO THE NUMBER OF
CUT TREES AS
REPLACEMENT;
PROPER
CONNECTION OF
STORM DRAINAGE
LINE
INSTALL
TEMPORARY SILT
PONDS TO PREVENT
SEDIMENTATION
PROVIDE SUFFICIENT
NUMBER OF
TEMPORARY
TOILETS AND
BATHROOMS THAT
WOULD BE
MAINTAINED
REGULARLY
DESIGNATE
TEMPORARY WASTE
DISPOSAL AREA;
SEGREGATION
SHOULD BE DONE
AND DISPOSED
REGULARLY
PROVIDE SAFETY
EQUIPMENTS
SECURE FIRST AID
KIT
PROVIDE A STANDBY
FIRE
EXTINGUISHERS.
EMPLOY MEDICAL
PERSONNEL INCASE
OF ACCIDENTS.
IMPLEMENT SAFETY
RULES AND
REGULATIONS
DURING THE
CONSTRUCTION.
AVOID
CONSTRUCTION
ACTIVITIES THAT
REQUIRE HEAVY
EQUIPMENT BEYOND
REGULAR WORKING
HOURS

TRAFFIC

PEOPLE

GENERATION OF SOLID
WASTES

LAND

PEOPLE

EMPLOYMENT

PEOPLE

VIBRATION

PEOPLE

PEOPLE

PEOPLE

WATER
ECONOMIC GROWTH

OFFENSIVE ODORS

INCREASE INCIDENT OF
ACCIDENTS

MAINTAIN MOTOR
ENGINE AND OTHE
EQUIPMENTS IN
GOOD CONDITION.
INSTALL EARLY
WARNING DEVICES
AT APPROPRIATE
PLACES
DELIVERY OF
EQUIPMENTS/MATER
IALS MUST BE
SCHEDULED
DESIGNATE
TEMPORARY WASTE
DISPOSAL AREA
DISPOSED PROPERLY
AND REGULARLY
IMPLEMENT
STRICTLY THE RULES
AND AGREEMENTS
OF CONTRACT
PROVIDE
SEMINAR/TRAINING
FOR SMALL
BUSINESS
MANAGEMENT
PRIORITIZING TO
HIRE QUALIFIED
LOCAL RESIDENTS
PROVIDE VIBRATION
CONTROL MEASURES
ACTIVITIES
ENGAGING TO THIS
IMPACT MAY BE
DONE IN AN AIR
TIGHT CONDITION
EMPLOY MEDICAL
PERSONNEL AND
PROVIDE FIRST AID
KIT

3.3.2. Brief Discussion of Specific Significant Impacts on the Physical and Biological
Resources

The project will affect the soil quality and the groundwater deposits since the project will
be laid underground. This may affect the quality of water if ever there are existing wells.
Air pollution may also be experienced because of the emission from the vehicles or
equipments within the area of construction. Dust will be generated during the site
clearance and excavation that may contribute to polluting the air within the area. Noise
from the large equipments will produce destruction that could affect the adjacent
neighborhood of the site area. Possible complaints will be expected.
In line with excavation and site clearance, cutting trees and removal of plants in the area
will be needed in order to eliminate any obstruction on the construction of project. It may
make the birds homeless when this phase of construction is reached.

3.3.3 Brief Discussion of Significant Socio-economic Effects/Impacts of the Project

During the construction this may affect the socio-economic environment especially the
community that resides nearby the project site. The noise that will be produced during the
implementation of the project may affect the students, faculties and other employees from
of Justice Cecilia Muoz Palma and their families. The operation of the church beside the
area could also be affected, but still can be negotiated.

3.4 Environmental Management Plan

This section describes the environmental impact management and monitoring plans of
this project which are presented in detail shown in the following subsections.

3.4.1 Summary Matrix of Proposed Mitigation & Enhancement Measures Estimated

Cost and Responsibilities

Table 3. Summary Matrix of Proposed Mitigation & Enhancement Measures Estimated

Cost and Responsibilities

Project/Activity Phase

Potential Environmental
Impacts

Mitigating and
Enhancement Measures

a.) Construction

Nuisance or hazard to adjacent *provide temporary

and nearby properties
perimeter fence for the
site
Increase in dust generation
due to clearing, earthwork and
civil works such as concreting

*Regular watering of
exposed soil

Cutting of affected trees

within the area of building
construction

*Planting of equivalent
number of seedling as
replacement for the cut
trees

Removal of unsuitable soil as

requirement of building
construction

*Stockpile the unsuitable

soil and spoils in flat areas
quite far from drainage
lines and use it for nonstructural application
areas

Incidence of sanitation related

illness

*Require the contractor to

provide their personnel
and workers appropriate
and sufficient portable
toilets with bath area

Incidence to accident

*require the contractor to

implement safety rules
and regulations
*Implement protocol for
emergency preparedness
and response

b.) Operation

Traffic

* Alternative routes will

be implemented and
scheduled delivery of
construction materials and
equipment

Hazards to people and land

caused by solid waste

*Training of personnel for

emergency preparedness

generation

and response
*Designate area for solid
waste segregation and
storage especially for
bulky waste
* Provide bins and bags
for small solid (office and
domestic) wastes

Hazard to people due to

vibration by
machine/equipment operation

*Provide vibration control

measures

Hazard to people due to noise

generation

* Construction will be
done during work hours
*Use equipment that will
not produce such noise,
except if needed

c.) Abandonment

Sedimentation/siltation of
drainage or waterways from
unconfined stockpiles of soil
and spoils

*Install temporary silt trap

or detention ponds to
prevent siltation

Increase in air pollution due to

dust and scrap generation due to
demolition works

*Implement regular watering

and provide safety nets to
suppress dusts.

3.4.2 Brief Discussion of Mitigation & Enhancement Measures

The mitigation of our thesis will be based from the potential environmental
impacts that will be affected during construction. Each potential environment will have
an equivalent mitigation to avoid or minimize such impacts.

3.4.3Monitoring Plan

Construction of drainage in Bistekville will have a major impact on environment because

trees will be removed therefore if heavy rain will fall during construction, the site might
be flooded which may cause some delay to the project construction. Air pollution caused
by dust would be a short term impact and this is given a proper mitigation shown at Table
4.

3.4.4 Contingency Plan

If storm water sewer system would be clogged, there would be a passageway

where a person could enter and clean the storm sewer to let the storm water flow freely.
This passage way is commonly called as manhole.

3.4.5 Institutional Responsibilities & Agreements

Quezon City Government will provide the necessary plans needed for constructing the
storm sewer system of Bistekville. PhilippineAtmospheric, Geophysical and
Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) will be the source of the amount of
rainfall for the site, Brgy. Payatas, Q.C, which will be used for the design of the
catchment. Also, the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) will be the
one who will monitor the project to make sure that the structure is following all the
specifications needed. For the safety of the natural resources that may be affected by the
project, Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) will be the one who
will supervise it.

Chapter 4

The Research Component

4.1 Abstract

The primary purpose of this research is to provide a storm sewer system for the new
Housing project in Barangay Payatas, Quezon City called the Bistekville. The study
focuses on designing an economicstorm sewer system that would be an effective
catchment for storm water. Since the site doesnt have an existing storm sewer system,
the project team will research on how to construct a storm sewer system that can
withstand even a strong storm will come. The design of the storm sewer system will be
dependent on the data that will be gathered from certain government sectors like
PAGASA, DPWH and Quezon Citys Engineering Office. We recommend water
treatment of the storm water that will be collected but the design wont be on our scope.
The treatment of the storm water will be helpful for those tenants that will live there in
the future.

4.2 Introduction

Storm water volume is very unpredictable. Nowadays, managing it seems very difficult to
deal with. When it is not properly managed and controlled, it can cause damages to our
environment and may result life threatening situation. An example of this is when
typhoon Ondoy turned many areas of Manila into lakes and destroyed the design of the
storm sewer systems in those areas. Its rainwater volume is equivalent to an average of a
one month rainfall. Therefore, the resettlement and housing program of Quezon City will
need to invest for an infrastructure like storm sewer system. Since storm water is
classified as waste water, it can possibly be treated.
This project intends to have an adequate design of storm sewer to prevent the village,
Bistekville, from being flooded.
The storm sewer system will be designed economically and will be connected to a
reservoir. It is to manage the storm water within the vicinity. The design considerations
will be from the Quezon Citys Green Building Codes and DPWH. It is to comply on
their ordinances and to prevent from contributing wastes on the environment.

The main objective of the project is to come up with a design of storm sewer of
Bistekville I. This projectattempts to satisfy the following objectives.

To design storm sewer that will provide good service to the residents of the
village
To determine the amount of water that can be a possible secondary source of
water
To come up with economic designs that will sustainable development
To provide a design that will mitigate wastes on the environment

Design considerations will focus only in the quantity of rainfall that will depend on
the design period, ground elevation, slopes, location of pipes and manholes and materials
to be used. Technical specifications will also be considered and included in the study. It
will also include the cost, safety, constructability and sustainability of the project design.

4.3 Review of Literature

Storm Sewer is a sewer designed to carry storm water and ground water infiltration, but
excluding domestic sewage and industrial wastewater. It is also call storm drain.
Storm water is an environmental process. It accumulates on the atmosphere and falls
down. Soil and vegetation absorbs infiltrates and use it. But high amount of it may result
to floods and damage the environment.
Developments in land have also negative income to the environment. It affects the
infiltration in the soil, declines the ground water. As rain falls on pavements, it flushes
the accumulated pollutants into the bodies of water and destroys habitats.
Managing it has become one of the objectives and fields of Civil Engineering. These
fields are Environmental Engineering, Water Resources Engineering and Sanitary
Engineering.
Before beginning designing storm sewer system, certain essential date must be
acquired. These are summarized in general:

Project meeting
Topographic map
Site reconnaissance
Local Land Development Ordinances

Related Engineering Designs or reports.[1]

Location

Figure 2. This is the Location Map of Bistekville 1 from the Quezon City Planning
and Development Office
Bistekville 1 is a housing project that will help the teachers of the Justice Cecilia
Munoz-Palma High School have their own house. The village will be located beside the
said school and La Mesa Dam Reservoir is also near from the location of the village.

Figure 3. Topographic Survey of the Location of the Bistekville 1 from the Quezon
City Planning and Development Office
Design Formulas
Rational Method
Also you will need to determine the rainfall in the site that needs the infrastructure.
Rainfall information can be secured from PAGASA (Philippine Atmospheric
Geophysical and Astronomical Services and Administration).
In the absence of rainfall data, engineers have used empirical formulas for arriving at
runoff or have observed the capacity of existing natural watercourses serving an area to
be sewered and made the sewers of similar capacity. These methods are little used at
present as sufficient information can generally be found to permit an analysis of the
various factors affecting the amount of runoff and allow estimation or determination of
each separately. This is known as the rational method, and it is expressed as the
equationapplying the rational method, Eq.(1). [1]
Eq. (1)

Where: Q = Peak rate of runoff

c = Runoff coefficient
i = Average intensity of rainfall for the time of concentration
A = Drainage area in acres
We can determine the area of the drainage for our design. The runoff coefficient of an
area, however, is not fixed for all conditions but tends to become larger as rainfall
continues. This, of course, is due to the filling of depressions is impervious surfaces and
soaking of the upper layers of exposed soil. For these reason, adjustments of the
coefficient have been suggested by a number of investigators.
Chezy Formula
Water moves downstream in a pipe or channel impelled by the force of gravity. It will
move at such a velocity that the available head or fall will be used up in overcoming
friction and, in small part, to attain kinetic energy or velocity head. The amount of
friction or resistance that must be overcome will depend directly upon the roughness of
the surface of the pipe or channel, directly as the area of the contact surface,
approximately as the square of the velocity, directly as the density of the liquid. The
contact surface will be the wetted perimeter of the conduit multiplied by its length. These
relationships can be expressed as a formula

Eq. (2)

which is known as the Chezy formula.

where:
V= mean velocity
R = hydraulic radius, A/P
s = slope of hydraulic grade line
c = coefficient

Mannings Formula
The Mannings formula is much used for open-channel flow.
( )( ) ( )

Eq. (3)

where:
C = 1 for SI units (1.486 for IP units)
V = velocity in meters per second (feet per second)
n = coefficient of pipe roughness
R = hydraulic radius in meters (feet), and
S = slope of energy line in meters per meter (feet per foot)

Roughness Coefficient
Values of n are to be used in the formula range from 0.013 to 0.015. The lowest n
values apply to new or relatively new pipe (in sections greater than 1.5 m (5 feet)) with
smooth interior surfaces, smooth bore, even joints, in excellent to good condition and
well constructed. Higher n values are required for older pipe with rough interior surfaces,
open or protruding joints, in fair to bad condition and poorly constructed. Values up to
0.017 are often justified for very old pipe (such as brick or block sewers) in extreme
deterioration, or pipe very poorly constructed with improper alignment, sags and bellies,
cracked or offset joints, broken wall sections or internal corrosion. Some manufacturers
of plastic and asbestos cement pipe report n values of 0.009 to 0.011. However, due to
uncertainties in design and construction, plus a desire to provide a margin of safety, n
values smaller than 0.013 will not normally be permitted. Variation of n with depth of
flow has been shown experimentally, and may be considered in designing sewers to flow
partially full. A solution to the Manning formula for full pipe flow is shown in figure.

Figure 4. Mannings Formula for Full pipe

Assuming uniform flow, the value of S in the Manning formula is equivalent to

the sewer invert slope. Pipe slopes must be sufficient to provide the required minimum
velocities and depths of cover on the pipe. Although it is desirable to install large trunk
and interceptor sewers on flat slopes to reduce excavation and construction costs, the
resulting low velocities may deposit objectionable solids in the pipe creating a build up of
hydrogen sulfide, and thus will be avoided. (Guyer 2010)

The other design considerations are:

Determination of slope for laying of drainage pipes.

Determination of detention pit size.
Determination of manhole size.
Determination of retention drainage basin size.
Determination of drainage capacity of soil

The written considerations above should also comply to the DPWH and Quezon
Citys Standards.
2.7 Thus, the project will deliver sustainable water and sanitation services through

two types of interventions. For sewerage, sanitation and drainage, project investments are
being developed collaboratively with households, communities and city councils, so that
the technical staff can respond to community needs fully. For water supply, investments
through a technical assistance loan will assist MWSS develop a Public Performance
Audit system that provides reliable and timely feedback from service consumers on the
level of satisfaction with the service.
4.4 Investments in drainage and sanitation will benefit a much larger proportion of
low-income residents because they address the problems of low-lying areas and squatter
settlements. As a result, morbidity caused by gastro-intestinal disease, and medical
expenses and working days lost because of illness will decline substantially.
As economies develop and population increases, demand for water byindustry,
commercial, agriculture, and domestic sectors necessarily expand. Globally, the supply of
water may not be limited, for instance, made the projection that for 2025, only 10
percentof total renewable water shall have been withdrawn.
The following statements and considerations above prove the importance of the
drainage system.
Journals

Urban Stormwater Drainage Management: The Development of a multicriteria

decision aid approach for best Management Practices
Stormwater management in urban or suburban areas is becoming increasingly
oriented to the use of best management practices for countering of urban growth.
Many different BMPs and several district criteria (technical, hydraulic,
environmental, social, economic, maintenance criteria) need to be considered in
the decision-making process. Moreover, the preferences of stakeholders can vary
according to the different management strategies and vested interests. [10]

Drainage and Stormwater Management Strategies for Low-income Urban

Communities

Urban conditions exacerbate drainage problems; runoff is increase by

impermeable urban surfaces and, due to inadequate development control
mechanisms and their incompetent enforcement, settlements are constructed with
little consideration for stormwater drainage. The poor are disproportionately
affected; they often reside in informal settlements located on marginal land lowlying land, riverbanks, floodplains and steep hillsides that the formal housing
market does not want or need. Although these sites are vulnerable to the impacts
of flooding, the benefits of living nearer sources of employment and urban
services generally outweigh the disadvantages associated with flooding, which are
generally perceived as a natural and seasonal event. [11]
Typology of Flood types, Characteristics and Impacts
Flood
type
Type A

Characteristics of Flooding and Impacts

Type B

Flood events of this type occur less frequently that type A floods, but
affect larger areas. The impacts may include temporary disruption to
transportation systems and inconveniences to city life. These events
contribute to the propagation of water-related diseases and can cause
structural damage, but not as severe as those related to Type C
events.

Type C

Large-scale inundation causing widespread disruption and damage

affecting communities and businesses throughout cities. These events
are infrequent and often reach the headlines due to the dramatic scale
of the impacts and structural damage.

Localized flooding caused by inadequate drainage of stormwater

runoff, which can happen virtually every time it rains where the
provision of drainage infrastructure is very poor. The main impacts
of these events are related to a deterioration in environmental health
conditions notably those related to water-related diseases.

Figure 5.Stagnant water and disease transmission the health consequences

of poor drainage

Water Quality Characteristics of Storm Sewer Discharges and Combined Sewer

Overflows
Until the past decade or so, only the quantitative aspects of storm water
discharges were the primary concern of design engineers, though mention of the
quality aspects of storm runoffs appeared sporadically in the technical literature of
the 1940s and 1950s. Recognizing urban storm runoff as a significant source of
pollution, the U. S. Public Health Service authorized several demonstration
projects. Results of studies performed by consulting engineers, municipal
agencies, university research teams, and state organizations have been reported as
part of the Water Pollution Control Series published by the Water duality Office
of the Federal Environmental Protection Agency. These and other sources cited in
this review are listed at the end of this publication. Also, a list of additional
references has been included to permit examination of related research activities if
desired.
The quality and quantity of storm runoff will depend on several factors.
Intensity, duration, and areal extent of storms, and the time intervals between
successive storms have significant effects both on the quantity and quality of
runoff. Land contours, land uses, population densities, incidence and nature of
industries, size and layout of sewer systems, and other factors also have their
influence. Studies on storm water qualities differ widely in pattern and
background conditions. Therefore observations for combined sewer or separate

storm sewer overflow characteristics cannot be consolidated as representative

conditions throughout the United States. [12]

Road and Urban Storm Water Drainage Network Integration in Addis Ababa:
Addis Ketema Sub-City
Urbanization along with its impermeable structures is the major causes of
flooding in urban areas. Urban storm water influences the service life of urban
infrastructures. The rainfall intensity and characteristics of catchment area are the
major factors for designing urban storm water drainage facilities. These facilities
have a paramount advantage to safely dispose the generated floods to ultimate
receiving system. This study has assessed the integration of road and urban storm
water drainage infrastructure with the help of topographic map and also the
condition, pavement type and hierarchy of every road and drain were assessed in
Addis Ketema Sub-city. This study area, particularly, is bounded in between
Addis Ababa Municipality (East), Addis Ketema high school and General bus
terminal (West), Yohannes Church (North-East) and Bethel high school (Northwest). The objectives of this study includes: to identify sites most prone to
flooding problems, to assess the existing condition of road and urban storm water
drainage infrastructure, to identify the extent of integration of urban storm water
drainage infrastructure in road projects provision, to examine the impacts of
Urban storm water drainage infrastructure integration on road performance and
related environment issues and to make recommendations on road and Urban
storm water drainage infrastructure integration and their provision and
management. An exploratory and descriptive type of methods were used to
describe and investigate the existing condition and coverage and level of
integration between road and Urban storm water drainage infrastructure
infrastructures respectively. Data collection methods were carried out using both
primary and secondary data sources, but the secondary data source was only
relevant to reinforce the primary data, which was accomplished with the help of
topographic map and a check list. The collected data were analyzed and presented
using Microsoft-excel, AutoCAD and ArcGIS and tables, graphs and percentages
respectively. The findings of this study includes: the major causes of flooding
which was found to be the blockage of urban storm water drainage lines along
with inadequate/poor integration between road and urban storm water drainage
infrastructures. This study strongly recommends improvement in the integration
of road and urban storm water drainage infrastructure and integrated solid waste
management to prevent over flowing of flood as a result of blockage of
drains.[13]

Stormwater treatment

Stormwater can be polluted. When collected in a combined sewerage system it is treated

with the wastewater, though treatment is not effective during peak heavy stormwater runoff periods resulting in combined sewer overflow (CSO) that is not treated. Storage
basins or tanks can be used to accommodate moderate peak flows of combined
stormwater and wastewater, and treating the stored water at night when wastewater flow
is a minimum.[9]

Figure 6.Stormwater treatment by settling

Separately collected stormwater is generally treated by passing it through a settling

basin to remove solids (Figure 7). The retention time in the settling basin is designed so
that solids can settle in say 20 minutes for a one in five year storm-event. For stormevents less than the design value, removal efficiency is greater, while for storm-events
greater than the design value removal efficiency is lower. Mechanical devices have been
developed that can trap gross solids. Both settling basins and mechanical traps need to be
cleaned regularly to maintain solids removal efficiency.

Figure 7. Management train for stormwater at

the local sub-catchment and catchment levels

Naturally landscaped stormwater drains can help filter out fine sediments through the
action of vegetation slowing down the flow and trapping solids. Permeable surfaces allow
rainwater to percolate into the soil, thus treating the water in much the same manner as

land based treatment of wastewater and at the same time reduce the amount of run-off.
Pavements have been designed and manufactured for this purpose. Directing run-off to
vegetated area (rainwater harvesting) can reduce down-stream flow and reuse the water
for maintaining plant growth. This is especially beneficial in arid climates. Four
techniques for stormwater treatment are described below. Used judiciously these can treat
stormwater locally (Figure 7). Applying these on a sub-catchment scale (site), or whole
catchment scale (region) can reduce flooding and the undesirable impacts of stormwater,
while at the same time improve the amenity value of the landscape through creation of,
for example, passive recreation water bodies.

Figure 8. Filter strip and swale in an urban landscape

1. Filter strips and swales

Filter strips and swales are vegetated surface features that drain water evenly off
impermeable areas (Figure 8). Swales are long shallow channels, while filter strips are
gently sloping areas of ground. They allow run-off to flow in sheets through vegetation,
slowing and filtering the flow. Swales also act to temporarily store and infiltrate the runoff into the ground. Sediments are removed from the water, and vegetation can take up
any nutrients in the water. Swales and filter strips can be integrated into the surrounding
land use, for example, road verges. Local grasses and flower species can be introduced
for visual effect and to provide a wildlife habitat. Maintenance consists of regular
mowing, clearing litter and periodic removal of excess silt.
2. Filter drains and permeable surfaces
Filter drains consist of permeable materials located below ground to store run-off. Runoff flows to the storage area via a permeable surface (Figure 9). The permeable surface
can be in the form of grassed or graveled areas, paving blocks with gaps between
individual units or paving blocks with vertical voids built in. Water is therefore collected
from a large surface area, stored in the filter drains and allowed to infiltrate through the
soil. The permeable fill traps sediments and thereby cleans the run-off. Filter drains and
permeable surfaces are currently used for road verges and car parks. The surfaces should
be kept clear of silt and cleaned regularly to keep the voids clear. Weed control may be
necessary.

Figure 9. Permeable pavements

Figure 10. Cross section through a traditional soakway

or a chamber soakway (CIRIA, 1999)

3. Infiltration devices
Infiltration devices drain water directly into the ground. They include soakways and
infiltration trenches, which are located below ground, and into which stormwater run-off
is directed. They function by storing water and allowing the water to infiltrate into the
ground. Figure 10 shows a cross-section through a traditional soakway or a chamber
soakway. They work well when the soil is permeable and the groundwater table is not
close to the surface. Maintenance consists of regular inspection to ensure the infiltration
capacity is maintained. Areas draining to an infiltration device should be kept clear of
silt, as this will get washed into the device and reduce its permeability as well as filling
up space that should be used for storage.

4. Basins and ponds

Basins are areas for storage of run-off that are dry during dry weather, whereas ponds
have permanent water (Figure 11). Both store water and therefore attenuate the flow of
water during a storm. Flow downstream of the basins or ponds can therefore be
controlled. Basins and ponds also act as infiltration devices. Basins and ponds are usually
used at the end of a train of treatment for stormwater, and provide additional step if
source control does not have an adequate capacity to control run-off. Detention time is of
the order of two to three weeks. Both basins and ponds can be vegetated, so that we can
have a range of features, including wetlands that have amenity values for passive
recreation or wildlife habitat. Run-off water quality is improved upon storage in basins or
ponds because of sedimentation of solids, bacterial action and nutrient uptake by
vegetation. Water stored in ponds can also be used for irrigation of parks and gardens or
for fire-fighting and other purposes. Basins and ponds need to be maintained to control
vegetation and removal of accumulated silt.[9]

Figure 11. Pond, basin and constructed wetland for stormwater treatment

4.4 Methodology

The team had to come up with studies and researches about the right and effective
design for the storm sewer system. A project proposal is needed to be done and be
approved to start the planning of the project. The proposal should contain the main
purpose of the project and the benefits that it will bring to the people of the area location,
which on the project is the local government of Quezon City. The researchers are also the
participants of proposed project. When the proposal is approved, the team has to review
some related literatures to know how storm sewer system is built and what data should be
gathered to start the project. For the data gathering, the team will have the site observed
to check if there will be some existing structures on the site location. We gathered data
from Quezon City Hall, NAMRIA, and PAGASA. In Quezon City Hall, we have not
gathered that much data and they did not entertain our needs for the reason that the data
that we needed is quite confidential, i.e. they had given us only the Power point
presentation of the plan of Bistekville, not the accurate plan. Therefore we traced and
scaled the given plan in order to come up with our design using AUTOCAD. We got the
Rainfall Intensity from PAGASA Science Garden and the Topographic Map of the
location of Bistekville. Topography is also applied. If the data are already gathered, we
can start the designing of the project and identify components for a sustainable
development. Construction of the system comes after the detailed planning. The software
that can be aids for the design of the project is AUTOCAD (for measurements) and
Microsoft Excel (for computations).
Design parameters are set so that the study should only be limited. These parameters
include deciding the layout and component location and orientation of the proposed
project, taking responsibility for using appropriate design tools, and ensuring
comprehensive documentation of the progress of the project.
Proper design of the storm sewer system should require the accumulation of certain
basic data; familiarity with the project site and basic understanding of the hydraulic and
hydrologic principles and drainage policy associated with the project design.
These data should include the general layout of the proposed site, pertinent physical
features of the land, surface features (such as topographic map).
After the proposed project have been designed and evaluated, the project should
include existing physical features of the project area. The design of the project should
follow a system flow and a projects schedule, so that the researchers would not be lost
on track.
Design Procedure:
Designation of manholes by numerals.
Length of sewer.
Gradient.
Design flow.
Velocities at design flows.

Pipe diameter and roughness coefficient.

This research/design proposal attempts to prevent the future problem that may
occur with regards to the storm sewersystems of Payatas, Quezon City, particularly the
design of the existing systems. By doing so, we have determined several factors like
precipitation rates in the area and the current amount/volume of storm sewage it
produces. We came up with our own design based on the precipitation rates we have
acquired and came up with results which will be shown on the next chapters.

5. Detailed Engineering Report

5.1 Drawings

Figure 12. Site Development Plan

Figure 13. Site Layout Plan

5.2 Technical Specifications

Storm Sewer System

General
Storm sewer facilities shall be constructed in the locations and in conformance to
the lines, grades and details shown on the plans.
Related work of excavation, trench, bedding, backfill and surface restoration
requirements for the work of this section are shown on the detailed drawings of the plans
and specified elsewhere in the specifications.
Notes
1. The storm sewer system was designed where the topographic elevation is uniform
and with the downward slope from the highest elevation.
Scope
1. The work to be done under this contract shall include the furnishing of all
labor, materials, tools and equipment to construct complete in place the
sanitary sewer and all appurtenances as show on the drawings, plans and as
specified herein.
2. The Contractor shall excavate all materials encountered, furnish and compact
foundations where required, furnish and install all timbering, sheeting and
bracing necessary to safely support the work, remove any ground water
encountered during excavation operations, protect, repair, relocate, maintain
and restore all sub-surface, surface and overhead structures directly disturbed,
damaged or affected by construction operations and furnish all backfill and
other appurtenant items as necessary.
3. The drainage network shall consist of both minor and major systems. The
minor system consists of underground conduits, open channels and
watercourses to handle peak flows from a five (5) year to twenty-five (10)
year return period storm. The major system consists of overland flood paths,
roadways and watercourses to handle design flows above minor system flows
up to the twenty five (25) year return period storm. In special conditions
where adequate overland flood paths cannot be established, portions of the
minor system may be enlarged to accommodate the major flows.
4. The general design and construction of storm sewers shall be in accordance
with the standards as detailed in this section.

5. City master drainage plans shall be used in the design of individual drainage
networks. Each system, minor and major, shall be considered in light of the
drainage basin(s) of which it is a part. The design of the systems shall
accommodate storm water from lands, tributary to and flowing through the
area under consideration, and minimize the negative effects of the outflow on
downstream properties and drainage facilities.
Hydrology
1. Design Return Period:
The design return period used is 25 years.
2. Catchment Area:
(a) For both the major and minor flow routings, the contributing catchment
area shall be governed by the natural contours of the land; and
accommodating the overall drainage areas.
3. Minor System - Rainfall Runoff Calculation Method:
(a) The minor system storm sewer calculations shall be based on the Rational
formula:
Q=CIA
(2)
where
Q = storm runoff flow in cu.m./second
A = contributing catchment area in ha.
C = the coefficient of runoff
I = the rainfall intensity in mm/hr.

(b) Time of Concentration:

Inlet times will vary but are not to be less than five (5) minutes or
more than ten (10) minutes for overland flow into the storm sewer system.
(c) Rainfall Intensity:
The rainfall intensity shall be taken from the Rainfall Intensity
Frequency Duration table for Science Garden (Quezon City) (Based on 41 years
of record including BagyongOndoy) shown on the table below for the applicable
design year return flow.

Table 4. Precipitation
0

10
(min)

20

30

2 (yrs)

19.1

28.7

35.6

28

42.1

53.3

10

33.8

51.1

65.1

20

39.4

59.6

76.3

41.2

62.3

79.9

50

46.6

70.7

90.9

100

52.1

79

101.8

25

(d) Coefficient of Runoff (C):

The choice of coefficient of runoff "C" shall be based on ground slope, type of
ground or surface cover, size of drainage area and the expected ultimate land use
of the properties within the drainage area.
Manholes
a. Manholes shall be installed at the upper end of each line, at all changes in
grade, size, or alignment, at all sewer intersections, and at a spacing of no more
than 120 m.
b. The minimum diameter of the manhole will be 1.2 m and shall meet the
requirements of ASTM C-478. Larger manholes will be permitted for sharp
changes in alignment and larger diameter sewers.
c. A drop inlet shall be provided for in/out invert elevations greater than 3.5 m.
d. Manholes that are deeper than 36 inches shall have steps. Manhole steps shall
be press set plastic, or approved equal. Steps will also be provided on the
outside of raised manholes when the top elevation is greater than 0.9 m above
the existing ground elevation.
e. A bench shall be provided on each side of the flow channel when pipe size is
less than manhole diameter. The bench shall slope 1 inch per foot.
f. Manholes in off-street locations shall be a minimum of 1 foot above finish
grade. Manholes in flood plains shall extend 0.6 m above the 100 year flood
elevation or be provided with sealed covers and vented.
g. Raised manholes shall be no higher than 1.2 m above the surrounding ground.

h. When connecting to an existing manhole the existing manhole shall be core

drilled. Inlet and outlet pipes shall be connected to new and existing manholes
with a gasket flexible watertight connection.
i. All manhole covers will be perforated and marked Storm Sewer.
j. All manholes shall be vacuum tested during the final testing procedures.
Pipe Design Details
1. Grades and Velocity of Storm water in Pipes and Service Connections:
(a) The minimum allowable velocity 0.76 m/s.
(b) Where the pipe discharge velocity of the design flow exceeds 1.5 metres per
second, into an open ditch or water course, provision shall be made for the
installation of an energy dissipator to reduce flow velocity to the acceptable
rate.
(c) There are no maximum allowable velocities, however, where grades exceed
10%.
(d) All 100 mm diameter service connections shall have a minimum grade of two
percent (2%).
2. Pipe and Service Connection Sizes:
(a) Minimum pipe size shall be 300 mm diameter except that in residential areas
200 mm diameter may be approved by the City Engineer in the final section of
a lateral sewer providing the pipe has the required capacity and extension in
the future is precluded by physical barriers or there is existing alternate pickup of drainage from adjacent areas.
(b) Unless otherwise approved by the City Engineer downstream pipe diameter
shall be greater than or equal to upstream pipe diameter.
(c) Residential service connections shall be a minimum 100 mm diameter, except
that service connections serving lawn basins shall be minimum 150 mm
diameter.
(d) Commercial and Industrial service connections shall be a minimum 150 mm
diameter.
3. Pipe Friction Factors:
(a) Storm sewers shall be designed using the Manning Formula. The minimum
n value shall be 0.013 for all approved pipes.

4. Pipe and Service Connection Depths:

Unless otherwise approved or required:
(a) Minimum cover on lateral sewers shall be 1.5 meters in road right-of-ways
and 1.0 meters in untraveled areas,
(b) Minimum cover on service connections shall be 0.75 meters,
(c) Service connections shall be deep enough to accommodate by gravity the
lowest elevation of each lot serviced. In addition, all existing foundation
drains shall be accommodated. For vacant lots, service connections shall also

be deep enough to accommodate by gravity foundation drains for future

building(s) constructed to the minimum basement floor elevation as
determined by the code.
(d) Storm sewer mains shall be deep enough so that all service connections
accommodating surface and foundation drainage from all lots in the upstream
drainage basin can be drained to the storm sewer system by gravity.
5. Location of Storm Sewer Mains and Service Connections:
(a) Storm sewer mains shall be located not less than 3.0 meters horizontally and
0.45 meters vertically from all water mains.
(b) Wherever possible, storm sewers shall be located on the high side of the street
centre line where only the high side is served by the sewer and on the low side
where both sides are served by the sewer.
(c) All lots shall be provided with a storm sewer service connection.
(d) Storm sewer mains may be installed in a common trench with sanitary sewers
provided the minimum outside pipe separation is 300 mm.
Materials
1. Reinforced concrete culvert, storm drain and sewer pipe (ASTM C76).
a. The specifications apply to reinforced concrete pipe intended to be
used for the construction of storm sewers. The size, type and class of
the concrete pipe to be furnished shall be shown on the plans or
specified under the item of work for the project.
b. Materials- Except when permitted by the Engineer, no materials shall
be used in manufacturing of the pipe other than the materials
conforming ASTM C-76.
c. Reinforcing shall conform to the requirements of AASHTO M-170.
d. Joints shall conform to AASHTO M-170. When pipe joints of the
reinforce concrete collar type or of rubber gasket type are specified or
indicated on the plans, joint details shall be submitted to the Engineer
for approval.
e. Pipe may be rejected failure to meet any requirement specified in
AASHTO M-170. Imperfections, variations and non-conformance
with the plans or specifications of causes for rejection in sewer.\
2. Asbestos cement pipe for culverts and storm drains (AASHTO M 217)
a. These specifications apply to asbestos cement pipe to be used in storm
drains and related work. Unless otherwise specified, the pipe shall comply
with the requirements of AASHTO M-217. The diameter and class of the
asbestos cement pipe to be furnished shall be as specified on the plans.
Each pipe length shall be provided with a coupling designed to maintain
alignment and insure a close fitting, flexible joint. Epoxy bonded fittings
may be used only when specified. Pipe stronger than that specified may be

furnished at the Contractors option, and at his own expense, provided such
pipe conforms in all other respects to these specifications.
b. Materials used in the manufacture of asbestos cement pipe and fittings shall
be tested in accordance with AASHTO M-217.
c. The basis of acceptance of lots shall be load strength test, compliance with
specifications, inspection of pipe manufacture and inspection of completed
pipe.
d. Pipe may be rejected for any crack, any piece broken from the pipe or other
irregularities, deficiencies in wall thickness, and improper machining of
ends of pipe lengths.

3. Cast-In Place Concrete Pipe (AASHTO M 86)

a. Cast-in place concrete shall consist of Portland cement concrete in accordance
with these specifications.
b. Concrete for cast-in place shall be at least 6 sack mix and slump between 1 and
3 inches. Aggregates shall not be larger than one third minimum wall
thickness. Cement shall be type I or II. The cement shall be free from lumps
and damaged cement. The fine and coarse aggregates shall conform to the
requirements of these specifications. Slump shall not exceed three inches.
c. Admixtures shall meet the approval of the Engineer before use.
4. Joint Mortar joint mortar for concrete pipes shall consist of 1 part, by volume of
Portland Cement and two (2) parts of approved sand with water as necessary to
obtain the required consistency. Mortar shall be used within 30 minutes after its
preparation.
5. Rubber Gaskets (AASHTO M 198)
6. Corrugated Metal Units The units shall conform to Plan dimensions and the
metal to AASHTO M 36.
7. Frames, Gratings, Covers and Ladder Rungs Metal units shall conform to the
plan dimensions and to the following specifications requirements for the
designated materials.
a. Metal gratings and covers which are to rest to frames shall bear on them
evenly. They shall be assembled before shipment and so marked the same
pieces may be reassembled readily in the same position when installed.
b. All castings shall be uniformly coated with asphalt-based emulsion meeting the
requirements of ASTM D 1187, Asphalt-base Emulsion for use as Protective
Coating for Metal.
c. The steel grate should undergo tests to determine the strength and load that it
could carry. Loading conditions of grates depend on their specific uses and
locations.

d. The steel frame clear openings of grates shall be 15 mm larger than the
nominal sizes of industry standard sized pits. These pits increase in size in
increments of 150 mm.
e. The drainage grates shall be identified by their internal clear opening
dimensions of the frame. Metal units shall conform to the approved plan
dimensions and specifications requirement for the designated materials.
f. Metal unit shall conform to ASTM A 36 / AASHTO M 183.
g. Manhole steps shall be constructed of inch diameter deformed reinforcing
steel bars, drop-step shape, 14 inches wide minimum, and shall be hot-dip zinc
coated after fabrication, in conformance with the requirements of ASTM
A123.
8. Granular Backfill Filter Material - Granular backfill filter material shall be
permeable and shall meet the requirements of AASHTO M 6, except that
soundness test will not be required ad minor variation in grading and content of
deleterious substances may be approved by the Engineer.
9. Structural concrete used shall attain a minimum 28-day compressive strength of
20.68 MPa.
10. Sewer and manhole brick (Made from clay or shale) AASHTO M 191
11. All materials shall be subjected for acceptance to condition at the latest practicable
time the Engineer has the opportunity to check for compliance prior to or during
incorporation of materials into the work.
Trench Excavation
The excavation for conduits placed in embankment fill, shall be made after the
embankment has been completed to the specified or directed height above the designed
grade of the conduit.
When so specified on the Plans, the excavation for conduits placed in embankment
fill, shall be made after the embankment has been completed to the specified or directed
height above the designed grade of the conduit.
Excavation
Excavation shall be made accurately to the lines, grades, and elevations shown or as
directed. Excavation shall be sufficient size to permit the placement and removal of forms
for the full length and width of structure.
Backfilling
Wherever a trench is excavated in the existing or proposed roadway, sidewalk or other
areas where settlement would be detrimental, the entire trench shall be backfilled with
gravel and compacted to 95% of maximum density.

Bedding
The bedding shall conform to one of the classes specified. When no bedding class
is specified, the requirements for Class C bedding shall apply.
Class A bedding shall consist of a continuous concrete cradle conforming to the
plan details.
Class B bedding shall consist of bedding the conduit to a depth of not less than 30
percent of the vertical outside diameter of the conduit. The minimum thickness of
bedding material beneath the pipe shall be 100 mm. the bedding material shall be sand or
selected sandy soil all of which passed a 9.5 mm sieve and not more than 10percent of
which passes a 0.075 mm sieve. The layer of the bedding material shall be shaped to fit
the conduit for at least 15 percent of its total height. Recesses in the trench bottom shall
be shaped to accommodate the bell when bell and spigot type is used.
Class C bedding shall consist of bedding the conduit to a depth of not less than 10
percent of its total height. The foundation surface shall be shaped to fit the conduit and
shall have recesses shaped to receive the bells, if any.
Laying Pipe
Each pipe shall be carefully examined before being laid and defective or damaged pipe
shall not be used. Pipelines shall be laid to the grades and alignment indicated. Proper
facilities shall be provided for lowering sections of pipe into trenches. Under no
circumstances shall pipe be laid in water and no pipe shall be laid when trench conditions
or weather are unsuitable for such work. Dewatering of trenches during construction shall
be provided as necessary.
Concrete pipe laying shall proceed upgrade, with the spigot ends of bell and spigot
pipe and the tongue ends of the tongue-and-groove pipe pointing in the direction of the
flow.
Circular concrete pipe with elliptical reinforcing shall be so placed that the
reference lines designating the tap of the pipes will not be more than 5 degrees from the
vertical plane through the longitudinal axis of the pipe. In all backfilling operations care
shall be taken to prevent damage to or misalignment of the pipe.
Pipe Joints
Rigid pipes may either be of bell and spigot or tongue and groove design unless
another type is specified. The method of joining pipe sections shall be such that the ends
are fully entered and the inner surfaces are reasonably flush and even.
Joints shall be made with (a) Portland Cement mortar, and (b) Rubber gaskets, or
any other type, as may be specified. Mortar joints shall be made with an excess of mortar

to form a continuous bead around the outside of the conduit and finished smooth on the
inside. Rubber ring gaskets shall be installed so as to form a flexible water-tight seal.
Pipe shall be inspected before any backfill is placed. Any pipe found to be out of
alignment, unduly settled, o damaged shall be taken up and replaced.
Structures
Manholes, catch basins, inlets, and other storm sewer structures, shall be constructed as
shown on the plans.
Cleaning
All storm sewer lines, manholes, catch basins, inlets and similar structures, shall be
thoroughly cleaned of all dirt, debris and obstructions of any kind, to the satisfaction of
the Engineer.

5.3

Design Criteria for Storm Sewer

Storm sewer system is a system of sewer that will collect storm water runoff on the
ground surface and convey it away and through the roadway right-of-way in a way that it
will sufficiently drains the area and minimizes the possibility of flooding and damage to
properties. Storm sewer system consists of curbs, gutter, inlets, manholes and storm
sewers. The hydraulic capacities and placement of storm sewer system should be
designed to consider the damage to the property.
In this design, the computation for the flow is determined first using Rational Method.
Using Mannings Formula, the determination of velocity will be obtained, then solving
for the required diameter of the pipe.

Table 5. Tabulated Computations

5.4 Summary of Pipe Sizes

Table 6. Summary of Pipe Sizes

5.5 Determination of Water Requirements of the future tenants of

Bistekville 1

The analysis of the daily requirement of the future tenants of Bistekville was used to
compare for the total storm water volume accumulated by the storm sewer. It is to justify
that it can satisfy the needs of the tenants, if the local government will treat this water.
The wet season of the Philippines was used a criteria in this analysis. It is used for the
determination of the volume of storm water during this season and the water requirement
of tenants during only this season.

Figure 14. Determination of Water Requirement of the Tenants of Bistekville 1

6. Projects Schedule

Project's schedule is the estimate of schedule duration from the start of the
construction of the sewer system which will be a guide to be used so that the construction
will be done on time. For our Project schedule, it should be noted that the made schedule
is only for pipe laying.

Figure 15. Project Schedule

7. Budget Estimation

The estimation of the project includes the general work, civil works, concreting,
pipe work, direct and indirect costs.
Table 7. Budget Estimation

8. Conclusion and Summary

Based from the calculations for the design of the storm sewer system, the pipe
diameters to be laid are 0.30, 0.36 and 0.53 mm. These sizes are capable of withstanding
the volume of rain with 41.2 mm of precipitation.
In the determination of water requirements of the future tenants of Bistekville 1, it
showed that the storm water volume for a day during the rainy season of the Philippines
with the assumed rate of precipitation which is 41.2 mm., is 3,014,887 cubic meters.
During also that season, the water requirement of the tenants of the village is 320427.9
cubic meters. Therefore, comparing the two values, it shows that the storm water is
higher than the water requirements and is capable of supplying these requirements if the
local government will subject this water to treatment. They may also adapt the methods
of treatment discussed.
Storm water is a resource and the key to the increasing demand of readily available
water. As the climate changes, we should come up with different techniques to adapt to
these changes and one of these techniques is to imply the possibility of using effluent
water (water that had been treated).

9. Recommendations

The study focused on what must be the design of the storm sewer system if the natural
grade and the lowest elevation of the site will be considered, and the volume of the storm
water during the rainy season that can be subjected to treatment (by others). After
thorough analysis of data, the recommendations are as follows:

The study needs more sufficient data to be improved in order to meet the green
and sustainable design which is implemented in the Local Government of Quezon
City.
Cooperation of the local government with future developers will further improve
the design or may be the goal to meet to sustainable development.
The volume of the storm water collected may be subjected to treatment by the
local government. It can be a possible source of water for the Bistekville 1.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to extend their heartfelt gratitude and acknowledge the help of the
following people for making this thesis a reality:

First of all, God, for the unconditional love, and guiding, enlightening and for giving us
knowledge that made us capable of accomplishing the study.
Our loving family specially our parents, for providingus with our needs, financial and
moral support and believing that we can do this;
Our adviser, Engr. Bienvenido A. Cervantes, for entertaining our inquiries and attending
to our questions;
Our research facilitator, Dr. Francis Aldrine A. Uy, for being considerate enough and
giving us more time to prepare the study and composing ourselves for the big day.
Our classmates who extend their knowledge and abilities to teach and help us to achieve
the end of this study.
Our site engineers from our OJT who entertained our concerns and questions during the
completion of the study.
Our professors who entertained our inquiries and questions during the completion of the
study.
Ms. Margie Bautista from PAGASA-Science Garden who gave us the data we need for
free.

References
1. Steel, Ernest W., Water Supply and Sewerage: Fourth edition, McGraw-Hill
Kogakusha, Ltd.
2. Magtibay, Bonifacio, Philippine Regulations on Sanitation and Wastewater
System, BB Magtibays Publishing House, Cavite, Philippines
3. Gribbin, John E., (1997). Hydraulics and Hydrology for Stormwater Management.
Delmar Publishers
4. Herminia, Francisco A. and Rola, Agnes C., (2004). Winning the Water War.
Philippine Institute of Development Studies.
5. Quezon City, (2011). QC Leads LGUs In Adopting Green Building Standards.
Available at
http://www.quezoncity.gov.ph/index.php?view=article&catid=1%3Alatestnews&id=631%3Aqc-leads-lgus-in-adopting-green-buildingstandards&format=pdf&option=com_content&Itemid=122 on September 1,
2011.
6. Russel, David L.,(2006). Practical Wastewater Treatment. John Wiley and Sons,
Inc.
7. World Bank, (1997).Philippines- Water Districts Development Project. Available
at http://wwwwds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1997/07/29/00
0009265_3971104184315/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf. Staff Paper
8. World Bank, (2000). Manila Sanitation and Sewerage Project. Available
http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64312881&piPK=6430
2848&theSitePK=40941&Projectid=P004479 on September 4,2011.
9. International Source Book on Environmentally Sound Technologies for
Wastewater and Stormwater Management (March 2002)
athttp://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/publications/freshwater/sb_summary/9.asp
10. C. Martin, Y. Ruperd, M. Legret. Urban Stormwater Drainage management: The
development of a Multicriteria decision aid approach for Best Management
Practices. European Journal of Operational Research (9 August 2006)

11. J. Parkinson. Drainage and Stormwater Management Strategies for Low-income

Urban Communities. Environment and Urbanization 2003 15:115
12. V. Kothandaraman. Water Quality Characteristics of Storm Sewer Discharges
and Combined Sewer Overflows. Urbana 1972
13. D. Belete. Road and Urban Stormwater Drainage network Integration in Addis
Ababa: Addis Ketema Sub-city. Journal of Engineering and Technology Research
Vol 3(7), pp. 217-225, July 2011
14. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific Case
Studies on Water and Sanitation for the Poor, Wastewater treatment facility in
the Muntinlupa Public Market, Philippines at
http://www.unescap.org/pdd/prs/ProjectActivities/Ongoing/Water/Muntinlupa/Waste
waterTreatmentFacilityInTheMuntinlupaPublicMktPhilippines.asp

15. Encyclopedia Britannica: Britannica Academic Edition, Wastewater Treatment

at http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/666611/wastewater-treatment

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Data collection and sources

Table 2. Summary Matrix of Predicted Environmental Issues/Impacts and their Level of

Significance at Various Stages of Development
11-13
Table 3. Summary Matrix of Proposed Mitigation & Enhancement Measures Estimated
Cost and Responsibilities
15-16
Table 4. Typology of Flood Types, Characteristics and Impacts

26

Table 5. Precipitation

35

Table 6.Tabulated Computations

44

Table 7. Summary of Pipe Sizes

45

Table 8. Budget Estimation

48-49

FIGURES
Figure 1. Project Site Location

10

Figure 2. Location Map of Bistekville 1 from the Quezon City Planning

and Development Office

20

Figure 3. Topographic Survey of the Location of the Bistekville 1 from the

Quezon City Planning and Development Office

21

Figure 4. Mannings Formula for Full Pipes

24

Figure 5. Activated Sludge Method.

27

Figure 6. Site Development Plan

31

Figure 7. Site Layout Plan

32

Figure 8.Determination of Water Requirement of the Future Tenants of Bistekville 1 46

Figure9. Project Schedule

47

EQUATIONS
Equation 1. Rational Method
21
Equation 2. Chezy Formula
22
Equation 3. Mannings Formula
23

APPENDIX
TABLE

Rainfall Intensity Duration Frequency Table from PAGASA

Codes and Provisions

Here in the Philippines we have different provisions and codes that pertain to the design
and construction of sewer systems. These codes can serve as guide and helpful
information in the study.

EXCERPTS FROM THE PLUMBING LAW- AN ACT TO REGULATE THE

TRADE OF MASTER PLUMBER, R.A. 1378 (Approved, June 18, 1955)
(h) The drainage system shall be designed, constructed, and maintained so
as to guard against fouling, deposits of solids, clogging, and with adequate
so arranged that the pipes may be readily cleaned.
(k) The drainage system shall be designed to provide an adequate
circulation of air in pipes with no danger of siphonage, aspiration, or
forcing of trap seals under conditions of ordinary use. [2]

SANITATION CODE
CHAPTER XVII- SEWAGE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL, EXCRETA
DISPOSAL AND DRAINAGE
Sec. 79.Drainage.
a. Responsibility of cities and municipalities. It shall be the
responsibility of all cities and municipalities to provide and
maintain in a sanitary state and in good repair a satisfactory
system of drainage in all inhabited areas where waste water
from buildings and premises could empty without causing
nuisance to the community and danger to public health.
b. Connection to the municipal drainage system. Buildings or
premises producing waste water shall be connected to the
municipal drainage system in all areas where it exists. [2]

DRAINAGE PROVISIONS ( WATER CODE)

CHAPTER IV UTILIZATION OF WATERS
Art. 44. Drainage systems shall be so constructed that their outlets are
rivers, lakes, the sea, natural bodies of water, or such other water course as
may be approved by the proper government agency

Art. 45. When a drainage channel is constructed by a number of persons

for their common benefit, the cost of construction and maintenance of the
channel shall be borne by each in proportion to the benefits derived.
Art. 46. When artificial means are employed to drain water from higher to
lower land, the owner of the higher lands,subject to the requirements of
just compensation. [2]

WASTEWATER DISPOSALAND DRAINAGE PROVISIONS (NATIONAL

BUILDING CODE)
CHAPTER 9 SANITATION
Sec. 904.Storm Drainage System.
(a) Rainwater drainage shall not discharge to the sanitary sewer system.
(b) Adequate provision shall be made to drain low areas in buildings and
their premises [2]
WASTEWATER PROVISIONS (NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE 1993-1994
REVISION)
CHAPTER 5 GENERAL REGULATIONS, INSTRUCTION AND
REQUIREMENTS
Article III Sewer Required
P-1. Every building in which plumbing fixtures are installed has a
connection to a public or private sewer except as provided in this Code.
P-2. When a public sewer is not available for use, drainage piping from
buildings and premises shall be connected to an approved private sewage
disposal system.
Article VI Plans Required
P-1. The Provincial/City/Municipal Plumbing Official may require the
submission of plans, specifications, drawings, and such other information
as he deem necessary prior to the commencement of and at any time
during the progress if any work as regulated
.
Article XV Trenching, Excavation and Backfill
P-4. All exaction shall be completely backfilled as soon after inspection as
practicable. Adequate precaution shall be taken to insure proper
compactness of backfill around piping without damage to such piping.
Trenches shall be backfilled in thick layer 30.48 cm (12inches) above the
top of the piping with clean earth which shall not contain stones, boulders,
cinderfill or other materials which would damage or break the piping or

cause corrosive action. Mechanical devices such as bulldozers, graders,

etc. may then be used to complete backfill to grade. Fill shall be properly
compacted. Suitable precautions shall be taken to insure permanent
stability for pipe and laid in filled or made ground. [2]
CHAPTER 6 DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
Article 1 Materials
P-1. Drainage pipe shall be cast iron, galvanaized steel, galvanized
wrought iron, lead, copper, brass, ABS, PVC, or other approved materials
having a smooth and uniform bore, except:
A. That no galvanized wrought iron or galvanized steel pipe shall be used
underground and shall be kept at least 15.24 cm (6inches) above
ground.
B. ABS or PVC installation limited building construction not more than
six or 60 feet in height [2]

The RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE NATIONAL POLLUTION

CONTROL COMMISSION FOR DOMESTIC WASTEWATER DISPOSAL
The Rules and Regulations of NPCC for domestic wastewater disposal is
an important basis in this project because it stated the requirements in
constructing, repair or renovation of sewage works. It is important to have
application for authority that is imposed by the Commission. Plans and
Specifications is the major requirement for the action on application for
authorization. [2]
CHAPTER 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS AND ADMINISTRATION
SEC. 10.Engineering Report
A. Collection System
1. Present area served, as well as future areas to be served, including
population data for each area.
2. Terrain data in sufficient detail to establish general topographical
features of present and future area to be served.
3. Minimum and maximum grades proposed.
4. Characteristics of sewage in various sections of the collection
system.
5. Flow anticipated in each sewer including infiltration (storm flow)
for the present and for ultimate development.
9. Proposed manhole spacing and the recommended maintenance and
operation procedures involved. [2]
CHAPTER III. PLANS AND SPECIFICATION

SEC. 16. Plans in General

(c) Detailed plans shall show : plan views, elevations, sections and
supplementary views; dimensions and relative elevations of structures;
location and outline form of equipment; location and size of piping;
water levels; ground elevations and other relevant information which,
together with the specifications and general lay-outs, will provide
working information for the construction of the works.
SEC.17. Plans of Sewers
(b) Detailed Plans and Profile- Detailed plans and profiles of sewers shall
show the following:
i. Location of streets and sewers
.
ii. Line of ground surface, size, material and type of pipe, distance
between adjacent manholes, grade and surface elevations at each
manhole and grade of sewer between each two adjacent manholes.
All manholes shall be numbered on the plans and profile.
iii. Locations of all special features such as inverted siphons,
concrete encasements, elevated sewers, etc.
iv. Special detailed drawings to show stream crossings, inverted
siphons and sewer outlets, etc.
The above plans and profile shall, as far as practicable, be prepared
using the following scales:
Horizontal
1:100
1:500
1:1000

Vertical
1:10
1:50
1:100

SEC. 20. Specifications

The specifications accompanying construction drawings shall
include, but not limited to, all construction information not shown on the
drawings which is necessary to inform in detail the builder of the design
requirements as to the quality of materials and workmanship and
fabrication of the project and the types,size, strength, operating
characteristics and rating of equipment, including machinery, valves,
piping, and jointing of pipe; electrical apparatus, wiring, meters;
laboratory fixtures and equipment; construction materials; special filter
materials such as stone, sand, gravel or slag; miscellaneous appurtenances;
chemicals when used; instructions for testing materials and equipment as
necessary for meet design standards; and operating tests for the completed
works and component units.

CHAPTER IV Sewers and Sewage Pumping Stations

a) Capacity of Sanitary Sewers - average daily per capita flow of sewage of not
less than 200 liters per day
b) Minimum Size - No gravity sewer conveying raw sewage shall be less than
200 mm. in diameter. The use of 150 mm. diameter pipe will be given
consideration where the design computations justify its use.
c) Slope - sewers shall be so designed and constructed as to give mean velocities,
when flowing full, of not less than 0.6 m/s based on Manning's formula using
an "n" value of 0.013

Table 4. Sewer Size Minimum Slope

Sewer Size I.D
Minimum Slope
(in mm)
Meter/100m.
150
0.65
200
0.40
250
0.28
300
0.22
360
0.17
410
0.14
530
0.10
600
0.08
760
0.058
900
0.046
Note: For lines larger than 900 mm (36") in diameter, the slope shall be
determined by a standard recognized formula to maintain a minimum velocity of 0.6 m/s
( 2 feet per second).
d) Alignment - Sewers 600 mm. 24" or less in diameter shall be laid in straight
alignment with uniform grade between manholes
e) Change in pipe size - When a smaller sewer joins a larger one, the invert of
the larger sewer should be lowered sufficiently to maintain the same energy
gradient as in the previous pipe.
f) Manholes
a. Manholes shall be installed at the end of each line; at all changes in
grade, size, or alignment; at all intersections; and at distances not
greater than 120 meters for sewers 380 mm in diameter or less and
150 meters for sewers 460 to 760 mm in diameter. Greater spacing
may be permitted in larger sewers.
b. The location of manholes in streams should be avoided.

c.

A drop pipe should be provided for a sewer entering a manhole at an

elevation of 0.60 m. or more above the manhole invert. Where the
difference between the incoming sewer and the manhole invert is less
than o.60 m. the invert should be filleted to prevent solid deposition.
d. The minimum diameter of manholes shall be 900 mm; larger diameters
are preferable for large diameter sewers. A minimum access diameter
of 560 mm shall be provided.
e. Manholes shall be of pre-cast concrete, poured-in-place concrete, or
other approved water-tight types. Manholes of brick or segmented
block shall be waterproofed on the exterior with plastic coatings. [2]