Biology 20 Review Package

Revised April 2013

BIOCHEMISTRY
Carbohydrates
1.

What small structural subunits make up carbohydrates? Monosaccharides, simple sugars

2.

Give an example of a monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide.

Glucose,fructose, galactose - sucrose, lactose, maltose- starch, glycogen, cellulose
Name the process that joins small subunits together to make macromolecules. Name the process
used to break macromolecules down. Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis

3.
4.

How do animals store their excess glucose? glycogen Plants? starch

5.

What chemical test is used to identify glucose? Benedicts What is a positive test result? Red
orange brown

6.

What chemical test is used to identify starch? iodine What is a positive test result? black

7.

What is the function of carbohydrates? Energy and storage of energy

Protein
8.

What small structural subunits make up proteins? Amino acids

9.

What are essential amino acids? Must be consumed in food

10.

Why cant excess protein be stored? Amine group is toxic

11.

What is the function of protein? Mainly structure

12.

What chemical test is used to identify protein? Biurets What is a positive test result? Pink,
purple violet

Lipids
13.

Describe the structure of a triglyceride. One glycerol and 3 fatty acids

14.

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats in terms of chemistry and their
sources?saturated single bonds many hydrogen animal source unsaturated double bonds,
fewer hydrogen, plant source

15.

What is the function of fat? Energy storage, heat conservation, protection

16.

What test is used to identify fat? Sudan IV or Transluscence What is a positive test result?
Dissolves in Sudan IV and leaves a greasy spot
Enzymes
17.

Why are enzymes required for digestion? Reduce activation energy and control rate of
reactions

Page 1

Biochemistry - Matching
1. Match the following.
1
2
2
1
1
3
3

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.

glucose
triglyceride
cholesterol
starch
sucrose
enzymes
antibody

1.
2.
3.

Carbohydrate
Lipid
Protein

2. Match the following.

i
c
e
g
d
b
h
f
a
j

1. anabolic reaction
2. active site
3. activation energy
4. catabolic reaction
5. competitive inhibition
6. end-product
7. enzyme
8. substrate
9. hydrolysis
10. dehydration synthesis

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.

breaking bonds by adding water

substances that result from the action of an enzyme
a portion of an enzyme that fits with a substrate
the process of blocking the active site of an enzyme
energy that is required to initiate a chemical reaction
a substance that attached to the active site of an enzyme
the process of breaking larger molecules into smaller ones
a protein that acts to reduce the activation energy of a
reaction
the process of building larger molecules from smaller ones

i.
j. joining two smaller molecules together by removing H4 and
OH-

Enzymes Multiple Choice

1. An enzyme is
a.
b.
c.
d.

carbohydrate
lipid
protein
nucleic acid

2. The function of an enzyme is to

a.
b.
c.
d.

cause chemical reactions that would not otherwise take place.

change the rates of chemical reactions
control the equilibrium points of reactions
change the directions of reactions

Page 2

3. The enzyme sucrase acts on

a.
b.
c.
d.

sucrose only
sucrose and starch
any disaccharide
any organic monomer

4. Hydrogen cyanide binds to the active site of an enzyme that is part of the pathway that forms ATP in
cells; in this way, it prevents the enzymes activity. Hence, hydrogen cyanide can best be described
as a
a.
b.
c.
d.

coenzyme
cofactor
competitive inhibitor
allosteric modulator

5. An enzyme promotes a chemical reaction by

a.
b.
c.
d.

lowering the energy of activation

causing the release of heat, which acts as a primer
changing the free energy difference between substrate and product
increasing molecular motion and therefore increasing molecular collisions

6. In feedback inhibition, a metabolic pathway is switched off by

a.
b.
c.
d.

a rise in temperature
lack of a substrate
accumulation of the end product
competitive inhibition

Page 3

DIGESTION
1. For each of the polymers below, state:
a. Where they are digested (organ(s))
b. What enzyme(s) are required and name the resulting breakdown product
c. Where the enzyme comes from if it is not produced in the organ in which it acts
STARCH
Mouth, amylase, salivary glands
Small intestine,pancreatic amylase, pancreas

FAT
Small intestine, pancreatic lipase, pancreas
Bile emulsifies fat physical breakdown. Produced in liver and stored in gall bladder

PROTEIN
Stomach, HCl and pepsinogen, stomach
Small intestine, proteinases, small intestine

2. Where does most chemical digestion occur? Small intestine

3. Where are the nutrients mainly absorbed? Small intestine
4. Where is bile produced and what is its function? Liver and emulsifies or physical breakdown of
fats
5. What happens in the large intestine? Absorption of water, minerals and vitamins , synthesis of
vitamin
6. What process moves food through the digestive tract? peristalsis

Page 4

7. Label the diagram on the following page.

Human Digestive System

Page 5

Page 6

Match the following.

1.

storage of bile

a. Liver

2.

production of bile

b. Pancreas

3.

secretion of HCl

c. Gall bladder

4.

stores food

d. Stomach

5.

secretion of lipase

e. Microvilli of small intestine

6.

grinds food

f. Esophagus

7.

secretion of sucrase

g. Large intestine

8.

mixes food

h. Mouth

9.

secretion of trypsin

10. f

moves food into the stomach

11.

secretion of pepsinogen

12. a

detoxification of alcohol

13. g

production of vitamins B and K

14. b

secretion of sodium bicarbonate

15. b

organ which manufactures amylase secreted into the duodenum

16. g

absorption of water and minerals

17. h

secretion of salivary amylase

18. a

conversion of glycogen into glucose when needed

19. e

absorption of nutrients into the blood vessels

20. d

formation of acid chyme

21. h

digestion of starch

True or False
1. __T___ Secretin production is increased with an increased acidity of chyme (decreased pH)
2. __F___ Bile is an enzyme that helps digest protein.
3. __T___ Most water used for digestion is reabsorbed by the lining of the large intestine.
4. ___T__ Most lipids are absorbed into the lacteals that run through the villi of the small intestine.

Page 7

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
1. Follow the pathway of air through the respiratory tract starting with the nasal cavity.
Nasal cavity --- pharynx ---- larynx ---- trachea ---- bronchi ---- alveoli

2. Explain the process of inhalation and exhalation.

Inhalation ribs up and out
Exhalation ribs in
- diaphragm down
- diaphragm up
- chest volume increases, pressure decreases
- chest volume decreases,
pressure increases
- air rushes in
- air rushes out
3. Explain how your breathing rate is stimulated to increase.
- build up of CO2 stimulates medulla oblongata
- stimulates diaphragm and intercostals muscles to contract faster, therefore increases breathing
rate

4. List the 2 ways oxygen is carried in the bloodstream.

- dissolved in plasma
- oxyhemoglobin

5. List the 3 ways carbon dioxide is carried in the bloodstream.

- dissolved in plasma
- carbaminohemoglobin
- carbonic acid

6. Label the diagram on the following page.

Page 8

Human Respiratory System

Fill in the blank

Indicate whether the following actions or conditions contribute to inhalation or exhalation.
a. During inhalation air flows into the alveoli.
b. During exhalation the thoracic cavity volume decreases.
c. During inhalation the pressure decreases in the thoracic cavity.
d. During exhalation the diaphragm relaxes.
e. During inhalation the intercostals muscles contract.

Page 9

Multiple Choice
1. The surface area of a human lung is made larger by alveoli and is approximately the size of a
a.
b.
c.
d.

table
tennis court
dinner plate
four-person tent

2. Breathing rate in mammals is controlled by a part of the brain called the

a.
b.
c.
d.

cortex
thalamus
hypothalamus
medulla oblongata

3. The breathing center in the brain responds most readily to changes in the
a.
b.
c.
d.

glucose in the mitochondria

acetyl coA in the mitochondrion
oxygen concentration of the blood
carbon dioxide concentration of the blood

MOTOR SYSTEM
1. Name the 3 types of muscle tissue and give an example of each.
- cardiac muscle heart
- smooth muscle lining of organs, like the stomach
- skeletal muscle biceps, triceps, etc.

2. Describe the role of actin and myosin in muscle contraction.

- the myosin head binds to the actin filaments, causing the actin filaments to slide over the myosin
filaments.

Page 10

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
1. Describe the structure and function of arteries, veins, and capillaries
- arteries thick muscle layer with elastic connective tissue carries blood away from the heart.
- veins contain valves, thin muscle layer returns blood to the heart.
- capillaries composed of a single layer of cells site of fluid and gas exchange between blood
and body cells.
2. What causes the heart sounds (lub dub)?
- closing of the valves

3. Using the terms systole and diastole, describe the cardiac cycle.
- atria contract (systole)
- ventricles contract (systole)
- heart relaxes (diastole)

4. Explain the role of the SA and AV nodes in stimulating contraction of the heart.
- SA node initiates contraction of atria.
- AV node initiates contraction of ventricles.

5. Explain how the body:

a. lowers high blood pressure
Decreased sympathetic nerve stimulation
- arterioles dilate increasing outflow from the artery
Stimulation of parasympathetic nerve stimulation
- heart rate and stroke volume increase
b. raises low blood pressure
- reverse of above

6. During capillary exchange, what forces blood plasma (which contains the dissolved nutrients) out of
the capillary? What draws the water back in?
- out of the capillary blood pressure
- draws water back in osmotic pressure

Page 11

7. What force causes oxygen to leave the capillary and carbon dioxide to enter?
- diffusion

8. Label the diagram below.

The Human Heart

Page 12

9. Starting with the heart, trace the blood flow through the human circulatory system by numbering the
following in the correct order.
___1__Heart

__4___ Capillaries

__6___Veins

_2____ Arteries

___3__Arterioles

__5___ Venules

10. Starting with the right atrium, trace the blood flow through the heart and body by numbering the
following in the correct order.
__1___right atrium

__4___ lungs

__6___left atrium

__2___ right ventricle

__3___pulmonary artery

__7___ left ventricle

_10____vena cava

__9___ body cells

__8___aorta

__5___ pulmonary veins

11. What term best fits each of the following descriptions?

Arteries

Vessels which carry blood away from the heart

Veins

Vessels which carry blood toward the heart

Capillaries

Tiny blood vessels with walls that are only one cell thick

Septum

Thick wall that divides the heart into two sides

Atria

Upper chambers of the heart that receive blood

Ventricles

Lower chambers of the heart that pump blood out of the heart

Right AV (tricuspid)

Valve between right atrium and right ventricle

Left AV (Bicuspid)

Valve between left atrium and left ventricle

Semilunar

Valves found between the ventricles and blood vessels

Pulmonary artery

The only artery in the body which is rich in carbon dioxide

Pulmonary vein

Only vein in the body with is rich in oxygen

Page 13

BLOOD and IMMUNITY

1. List the four components of blood and their major functions.
- Plasma dissolves nutrients and wastes.
- RBC carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.
- WBC immunity
- Platelets blood clotting

2. Bob
A
a.
b.
c.
d.

Joe
B

Suzy
AB

Who can donate blood to Joe?

Who can donate blood to Bob?
Who can donate blood to Suzy?
Who can donate blood to Janet?

Doug
AB

Janet
O

Janet
Janet
Everyone
No one

3. If A antibodies were added to the following blood specimens, which would result in an
agglutination (clumping) reaction?
Type A

Clumping (agglutination)

Type B

No clumping

Type AB

Clumping

Type O

No clumping

4. Differentiate between first and second lines of defense in an immunological response.

1st prevents invader from entering the body.
2nd invader is in and WBC are involved in a series of reactions to remove it.
5. Describe the role of each of the following white blood cells:
Macrophages phagocytic WBC
Helper T-cells a T cell with receptors that bind to fragments of antigens
Killer T-cells a T cell that destroys microbes, body cells infected with viruses, and mutated
cells by puncturing membranes
Memory T-cells a cell that retains information about the shape of an antigen
Suppressor T-cells a T cell that turns off the immune system.
B-cells a lymphocyte that produces antibodies.
Page 14

6. Match the description in the right column with the correct term in the left column.
_____c___ Plasma

a. Iron containing molecule in red blood cells

_____e__ Platelets

b. White blood cells which produce antibodies

_____b__
_
Lymphocytes

c. Liquid part of the blood

_____f__

d. Returns tissue fluid to the blood

Antigens

_____i___ Fibrin

e. Cell fragments involved in clotting

_____a__ Hemoglobin

f. Foreign molecules in the body

_____j__

g. Cancer of the bone marrow

Antibodies

_____h__ Anemia

h. Condition in which the blood cannot carry sufficient oxygen

_____g__ Leukemia

i. Strands of proteins involved in clotting

_____d__
10.
_
Lymphatic system

j. React with antigens and inactivates them

EXCRETION
1.

Trace the pathway of urine out of the body starting with the renal artery. (consider gross anatomy
only)
Renal artery ---- kidneys ---- ureter ---- bladder ---- urethra

2.

The following substances are pressure filtered out of the glomerulus into the Bowmans capsule:
water, glucose, amino acids, urea, Na+, Cl-. Explain where and how each are reabsorbed.
Proximal tubule glucose, amino acids, Na+ (actively transported)
- water osmosis
- Cl- - attraction
Descending Loop NaCl
- water osmosis
Ascending Loop - NaCl

3.

Explain the role of aldosterone and ADH

Aldosterone released in response to low blood sodium. Makes distal tubule permeable to salt
so that excess is reabsorbed.
ADH released in response to low blood plasma. Makes distal tubule and upper portion of
collecting duct permeable to water so excess isnt lost in urine.

4. Label the diagram on the following page.

Page 15

The Human Excretory System

True or False:
1. __F___ The ureters carry filtered blood to the bladder.
2. __F___ Aldosterone is released by the medulla oblongata.
3. __T___ Glucose and amino acids are filtered out of the blood in the glomerulus.
4. __T___ Secretion occurs as wastes move actively from the blood into the collecting duct.
5. __T___ Antidiuretic hormone would cause the blood pressure to increase.
6. __T___ The renal pyramids are found in the medulla area of the kidney.
7. __F___ Sodium is not needed by the body and is never retained by the kidneys.
8. __T___ The blood pressure within the glomerulus is higher than the blood pressure in the renal
artery.
9. __T___ The correct sequence of vessels is afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole,
capillary network.
10. __F___ Aldosterone causes kidneys tubules to become less permeable to sodium.
11. __T___ Glucose is moved out of the proximal convoluted tubule by active transport.
Page 16

12. __T___ The afferent arteriole is wider in diameter than the efferent arteriole.
13. __F___ Filtration is the movement of fluids containing wastes and nutrients from the proximal
convoluted tubules to the glomerulus.
14. __F___ Amino acids are commonly found in a healthy persons urine.
15. __T___ Glucose in the urine is a symptom of diabetes insipidus.

Multiple choice
1. The functional unit of a kidney is the
a.
b.
c.
d.

ureter
nephron
bladder
urethra

2. A mammal excretes nitrogen in the form of

a.
b.
c.
d.

ammonium ions
amino acids
urea
lithium

3. Approximately how many nephrons are there in each kidney of a human?

a.
b.
c.
d.

16
200
1 000
1 000 000

4. The force that moves fluid from the blood into the glomerulus is
a.
b.
c.
d.

the beating of cilia

blood pressure
peristalsis of the capsule
active transport

5. Which components of the blood does NOT enter the nephron?

a.
b.
c.
d.

ions
glucose
plasma proteins
urea

PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Light Dependent Reaction
Page 17

1. What reactants are required for photosynthesis to occur? What products are made?
Reactants: carbon dioxide and water
Products: oxygen and glucose
2. Where does the light dependent reaction occur?
Thylakoid disks
3. What is the purpose of the light dependent reaction?
Split water oxygen released, hydrogen electrons and protons are used to create ATP
H is available to create glucose
4. By the end of the light dependent reaction, what products have been made? What happens to them?
Oxygen: released into environment
NADPH: to stroma
ATP : to stroma
Light-Independent Reaction
5. Where does the light-independent reaction occur?
Stroma

6. Explain the role of ATP and NADPH in the light-independent reaction.

H is removed from NADPH. The energy to do this is supplied by ATP.

7. What product is ultimately created by the end of the light-independent reaction?

Glucose
8. What large molecule (polymer) does the plant synthesize from the substance named in question 7?
Starch

Page 18

Multiple Choice
1. An autotroph is an organism that
a.
b.
c.
d.

requires no input of materials from its environments

sustains itself without eating other organism
sustains itself without aerobic cellular respiration
uses ammonia instead of water as a solvent

2. An autotroph gets its carbon from

a.
b.
c.
d.

carbon dioxide
methane
soil
organic molecules

3. A heterotroph is an organism that gets its energy from

a.
b.
c.
d.

heat
light
inorganic molecules
organic molecules

4. A heterotroph gets its carbon from

a.
b.
c.
d.

carbon dioxide
methane
soil
organic molecules

5. Photosynthetic autotrophs get their energy from

a.
b.
c.
d.

heat
light
inorganic molecules
organic molecules

6. Which of the following equations is the correct summary of photosynthesis?

a.
b.
c.
d.

6CO2 + 6H2O + LIGHT C6H12O6 + 6O2

6CO2 + 12NH3 + LIGHT C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6H2N2
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O + LIGHT 6O2 + 12H2O
3CO2 + 6H2O + LIGHT C3H6O3 + 3O2 + 3H2O

7. In a plant cell, the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis takes place in the
a.
b.
c.
d.

stroma
endoplasmic reticulum
mitochondria
thylakoid discs
Page 19

8. In a plant cell, the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis takes place in the

a.
b.
c.
d.

stroma
endoplasmic reticulum
mitochondria
thylakoid discs

9. Which of the following colours of light work(s) best for photosynthesis?

a.
b.
c.
d.

green
yellow
red and blue
violet and yellow

10. Which of the following colours of light is (are) the least effective in photosynthesis?
a.
b.
c.
d.

green
yellow
red and blue
violet and yellow

11. The pigment molecules of a chloroplast are located

a.
b.
c.
d.

within its thylakoid membranes

within its intrathylakoid spaces
within the stroma
within the space between its inner and outer membranes

12. Plants store glucose as

a.
b.
c.
d.

monosaccharides
cellulose
starch
glycogen

13. If all green plants were to suddenly disappear, which of the following substances normally found in
the atmosphere would be the first to be used up?
a.
b.
c.
d.

CO2
N2
H2O
O2

14. Which of the following occurs during the light-independent reaction of photosynthesis?
a.
b.
c.
d.

ATP is produced
chlorophyll releases energy
hydrogen is released from water
carbohydrate molecules are synthesized
Page 20

CELLULAR RESPIRATION
1. What is the purpose of cellular respiration?
To create ATP.
2. By the end of glycolysis, what substance has glucose been oxidized to?
pyruvate
3. If oxygen is available, what happens to this product?
Converted to AcetylCoA and onto Krebs cycle.
4. If oxygen is unavailable, what happens to this product in plants and yeast? In humans?
Plants: ethanol + CO2

Humans: lactic acid

5. During Krebs cycle oxidation continues and electrons are picked up by two different electron
acceptors. Name them.
NAD and FAD
6. Where do these electron acceptors molecules go once they have picked up the electrons?
Respiratory chain
7. What by-product of cellular respiration is released during the Krebs cycle?
CO2
8. After entering the respiratory chain, the electrons are passed down to successively stronger electron
acceptors (the cytochrome enzymes). What is the purpose of this?
To release energy which can be used to make ATP (ADP + P ---------ATP)
9. What substance acts as the final electron acceptor?
O2 to create H20

Page 21

Multiple Choice
1. The function of cellular respiration is to
a.
b.
c.
d.

make ATP
make NADH
get rid of glucose
get rid of carbon dioxide

2. The term anaerobic means

a.
b.
c.
d.

with glucose
with oxygen
without glucose
without oxygen

3. Which of the following processes makes direct use of oxygen?

a.
b.
c.
d.

gylcolysis
fermentation
Krebs cycle
electron transport chain

4. How many molecules of oxygen gas (O2) are used during the glycolysis of one glucose molecule?
a.
b.
c.
d.

0
1
16
38

5. During glycolysis, glucose is split into

a.
b.
c.
d.

two pyruvate molecules

two lactic acid molecules
one lactic acid plus one ethanol molecule
two acetyl CoA molecules

6. When oxygen is not available to a muscle cell, NADH formed during glycolysis does not pass
electrons to the electron transport system. Instead it passes hydrogen atoms to
a.
b.
c.
d.

acetyl CoA
pyruvate
lactic acid
ADP

Page 22

7. At the end of the Krebs cycle, most of the energy removed from the glucose molecule has been
transferred to
a.
b.
c.
d.

NADH and FADH2

ATP
NADPH
pyruvate

8. In the electron transport system, the final acceptor of electrons is

a.
b.
c.
d.

cytochrome enzyme
carbon dioxide
water
oxygen

9. The function of cellular respiration is to

a.
b.
c.
d.

make ATP
make NADH
get rid of glucose
get rid of carbon dioxide

10. In aerobic cellular respiration, most of the ATP is synthesized during

a.
b.
c.
d.

glycolysis
oxidation of pyruvate
Krebs cycle
electron transport system

11. The free energy change from the conversion of one molecule of glucose to six molecules of carbon
dioxide is 686 kcal/mol, yet only about 266 kcal/mol of this is captured within ATP molecules.
The rest is
a.
b.
c.
d.

converted to heat
lost within carbon dioxide
used to form lactic acid
transferred to water molecules

Page 23

ECOLOGY
1. What are the biotic and abiotic components of the biosphere? Living and non-living

2. In what way does a community differ from an ecosystem? Community only includes biotic

3. Name the levels of organization in the biosphere. biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, species

4. In your own words, define the term biodiversity. Variety of organisms

5. Give two examples of ecosystems that have high biodiversity, and two that have low biodiversity.

6. Is it possible for food chains to exist in a cave or the ocean depths where no sunlight can penetrate?

7. In your own words, explain what is meant by the term trophic level. Energy level

8. What type of food would be consumed by a secondary consumer? meat

9. Distinguish between a food chain and a food web. Give examples of each.

10. Explain why only 10% of the energy available in a plant is transferred to the primary consumer.

11. What is an ecological pyramid? What are the three types? Energy, biomass, numbers

12.

Why do energy pyramids have their specific shape?

More energy/organism at the base to support less/fewer at

13. Explain the importance of decomposers in the carbon cycle.

Explain how the burning of fossil fuels by humans affects the carbon cycle.
Page 24

Ecology
Multiple Choice
1. If decomposers did not exist on the earth, the only method of recycling carbon would be by
subjecting organic material to

a. burning
b. burying
c. grinding
d. digestion
2. An example of the primary consumers in a community are the
a. cats that eat moles
b. molds that cause decay
c. bacteria that live in the soil

d. rabbits that eat leaves and stems

3. There are always fewer organisms at each higher step of the food pyramid because
a. each organism is larger than the previous
b. at each step the reproductive rate decreases

c. energy is lost as heat in each step of the pyramid

d. more organisms die at each higher level of the food chain
4. If carbon dioxide were withdrawn from the biosphere, which organism would first experience
negative effects?

a. producers
b. decomposers
c. primary consumers
d. secondary consumers
5. Which of the following statements best describes the work done by decomposers?
a. find calcium in plants and take it from the soil or water
b. create new sources of oxygen and release free nitrogen
c. prevent the escape of energy to outer space

d. release carbon from dead bodies

6. Which best represents the natural flow of energy in a food chain?
a. sparrow seeds hawk bacteria
b. hawk seeds bacteria sparrow

c. seeds sparrow hawk bacteria

d. sparrow hawk bacteria seeds

Page 25

7. In the pyramid of numbers there will always be

a. more secondary consumers than primary consumers

b. fewer secondary consumers than primary consumers

c. more secondary consumers than producers
d. more primary consumers than producers
8. Which organisms are most immediately essential to the existence of primary consumers?

a. producers
b. decomposers
c. tertiary consumers
d. secondary consumers
9. If the nitrogen fixing and nitrifying bacteria in the soil were destroyed, a probably result would be a
reduction in available
a. fats

b. proteins
c. disaccharides
d. monosaccharides
10. Energy and nutrients enter a community by way of the

a. producers
b. consumers
c. scavengers
d. decomposers
11. A consumer whose carbon atoms have already passed through three species is a
a. scavenger
b. tertiary producer

c. tertiary consumer
d. secondary consumer
12. An ecological pyramid of biomass is a representation of the ecosystems

a. tissue at each trophic level

b. populations in each food web
c. energy flow through each trophic level
d. biotic material in relation to abiotic material

Page 26

13. An ecological pyramid of numbers is often an inverted pyramid in which of the following
ecosystems?
a. desert
b. ocean
c. tundra

d. deciduous forest
14. The largest reservoir of phosphorus in the biosphere is the
a. atmosphere
b. organisms
c. ocean

d. rocks
15. The main nitrogen reservoir in the biosphere is the

a. atmosphere
b. organisms
c. ocean
d. rocks
16. An ecosystem is a
a. group of interacting chemicals and their cycles
b. group of components that interact with one another
c. group of interacting species in one place at one time

d. biological community and components of the physical environment

with which the community interacts
17. A rat loses its tail. Those who believe that the rats offspring will be born without tails are following
the doctrine of
a. mutation
b. natural selection
c. survival of the fittest

d. inheritance of acquired characteristics

18. In man, the appendix and ear muscles are examples of

a. vestigial organs
b. homology
c. natural selection
d. mutations

Page 27

19. A turtle has a trait that gives it a survival advantage. Over time, the percentage of this trait in the
population increased. This is probably due to
a. mutation
b. use and disuse

c. natural selection
d. artificial selection
20. If we assume that species do not change, we would expect
a. the most complex fossils only in the oldest rocks
b. the simplest fossils only in the newest rocks

c. the same kind of fossils in both old and new rocks

d. no fossils of any kind in any rocks
21. Evolution can occur more rapidly among organisms which reproduce sexually than among
organisms which reproduce asexually because
a. sexual reproducers are more prone to disease and infection than asexual reproducers, hence
only the fit survive
b. asexual reproduction is only possible for single celled organisms

c. sexual reproduction is more likely to produce a variety of offspring

d. asexual reproduction is faster than sexual reproduction
22. A large number of dark and light forms of moths were captured and marked for identification. 488
dark moths and 496 light moths were released. 34 dark moths and 62 light moths were recaptured.
Which of the following would be the most reasonable assumption?
a. The moths were released in a forest with dark tree trunks.

b. The moths were released in a forest which had many light tree
trunks.
c. The recaptured moths were too few in number to draw a conclusion.
d. Since unequal numbers of moths were released, a conclusion cannot be drawn.
Fill in the Blanks
1. The binomial system of classification names every kind of organism according to _genus_ and
_species_. The branch of biology devoted to naming and classifying organisms is _taxonomy_.
2. Natural selection operates only on _heritable_ traits.
3. Much of the evidence in support of evolution is in the form of _fossils_, studied by paleontologists.
4. Evolved features that make organisms better suited to live and reproduce in their environments are
called variations_.
Page 28

5. True or False
1. _F_

According to Lamarck, a giraffe has a long neck because a Creator designed it that way.

2. _F_

Darwin believed that a giraffe has a long neck because a Creator designed it that way.

3. _T__ Darwin believed that two different areas within a continent have different species because
they have different environments
4. _T_

The wings of a bird and the forelegs of a horse are homologous structures.

5. _F_

The wing of a bird and the wings of an insect are homologous structures.

6. _T_

The pelvis and the leg bones of a snake are vestigial structures.

7. _F_

Water is an example of a biotic factor.

8. _T_

Sunlight is an example of an abiotic factor.

9. _T_

Primary producers of the tundra include mosses, lichens, and grasses.

10. _T_

Light is a limiting factor in both the tundra and the taiga.

11. _T_

The difference between energy stored at one level and energy stored at the next is
represented by heat loss.

Fill in the Blanks

1. All ecosystems have the same three categories of organisms: _PRODUCERS_, which use abiotic
sources of energy and nutrients to synthesize organic molecules; _CONSUMERS_, which acquire
energy and nutrients by digesting the organic molecules of living organisms; and
DECOMPOSERS_, which obtain energy and nutrients digesting the organic molecules of dead
organisms, their excretions, and other organic (but no longer living) materials. Of the three
categories, an ecosystem could persist without _CONSUMERS_.
2. Energy enters an ecosystem primarily as SUNLIGHT_ and leaves an ecosystem primarily as
_HEAT_. Within the ecosystem, it is transferred from organism to organism in the form of
CHEMICAL energy.
3. Unlike energy, atoms are not altered by their use and so are cycled repeatedly between the
_ABIOTIC_ and the _BIOTIC_ components of an ecosystem.
4. Carbon enters a biologic community as _CARBON DIOXIDE_ during _PHOTOSYNTHESIS_
and leaves mainly as CARBON DIOXIDE_ during _CELL RESPIRATION_.
5. The greenhouse effect is caused by the addition of too much __CO2__ into the _ATMOSPHERE_.
Most of this extra material comes from the burning of _FOSSIL __FUELS__.

Page 29

SCIENTIFIC METHOD
A scientist wants to study the effect of salt intake on blood pressure. She designs an experiment with the
following participants:
Group 1 : 2000 mg of salt/day
Group 2 : 2500 mg of salt/day
Group 3 : 3000 mg of salt/day
Group 4 : 0 salt
1. Write an hypothesis for this experiment.

The group with the highest salt intake will have the highest BP because salt
causes hypertension or another reasonable response
2. Identify the manipulated variable.

Salt intake
3. Identify the responding variable.

Blood pressure
4. Identify the control group.

Group 4, no salt
5. Suggest 2 variables that should be controlled.

Amount of fluid intake

Other components of diet
Age, gender of subjects

Page 30