Professional Documents
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PRUEBAS DE ACCESO A
C IC LOS FORMATIVOS
DE GRADO SUPERIOR
EDITE
Lengua castellana
y Literatura
Begoa
Rodriigi,c . z
NDI E
1. La comunicacin .
1 La comunicacin y sus elementos. Funciones
Ef
del lenguaje
6
7
En resumen
85
Test de evaluacin
86
87
12
16
S9
En resumen
17
2 fl predicado
90
Tont de evaluacin
Comentario de texto (modelo prueba de acceso)
19
92
102
21
En resumen
31
32
33
34
.....
35
2 El sustantivo
2 El adjetivo ........................... . .
35
29
4 El verbo
41
5 El adverbio
47
SO
51
52
53
54
SS
2 Los pronombres
3 Las unidades de relacin_ . ..... _ ...........
60
64
68
69
70
71
105
Test de evaluacin
105
3. Las
12
7. La oracin compuesta . - - -
1 ta oracin compuesta
108
109
109
113
113
118
122
128
129
Test de evaluacin
110
131
132
Relaciones semnticas.
133
t40
146
..
T47
....
Test de evaluacin
148
149
150
151
155
73
76
7g
81
84
107
28
104
. .
162
154
1E5
166
168
169
176
180
En resumen
181
Test de evalualiin
182
.....
.........
184
185
188
3 La cohesin
191
196
197
............
198
199
Test evaluacibn
274
275
- 276
277
285
288
Test de evaluacin
201
207
213
218
290
2 tSI
Test de evaluacin
220
221
22
223.
234
216
235
En resumen
Test de evaluaci.n.
292
.................
240
272
200
265
273
En resumen
759
258
242
293
. 300
305
308
Antonio Machado.
En resumen
309
310
311
312
313
317
321
. 324
243
En 4C511Friel4
249
Test de evaluacin
325
254
327
......
..
..
..... ....
325
- Eh Cantar de Mo Cio'
En
ftSkI men
255
Anexos
agli.
328
256
257
131
iNDI E
. .
. . .
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rh
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Z.n. Li I .1.1.1.M.
... JIJ IJ. JrL
rh
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!. TI
Cada unidad de la primera parte comienza con la presentacin de un breve indice de contenidos con los apartados que se van a tratarr un texto de un gramtico inn ,
portante o un estudioso de la lengua relacionado con
los contenidos que se van a estudiar y una serle de cuestiones Iniciales (Para comenzar) con las que evaluar el
nivel de conocimientos previos.
En esta primera parte, al finalizar cada unidad, se Incluye un apartado de repaso de las cuestiones bsicas
de ortografia. Este apartado est actualizado siguiendo
los criterios de la nueva Ortografa de la Real Academia
Espaola.
unidori lt Le ]itanoura
medieval
:
I
M 1 II
ip 10 yi S,1~11+1 id
.....
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m-
.
z .
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-t
( - "
1Ji
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dr
...d.:U
Im: ~=m.::
-"' a
En los ejercicios prctkos de imorfeleigia y sintaxis incluirnos distintos apartados sobre Cmo se realiza... que
T.7: -1=
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rIr
r
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ITa
111
:-
IZO
unidad_
Una prueba con un comentario de texto oficial propuesto
en distintas comunidades autnomas cierra las unidades.
De esta manera se pueda practicar con distintos modelos
de exmenes. Las pruebas de comentario de texto estn
adaptadas a los contenidos estudiados en esa unidad.
h ~1~
,1.1~..1 ...=
.1
. TE ==.r1
r.I=L
11 I
Mr=. . L I
ra
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Regstrate en nuestra web y accede al Solucionado de todas las actividades y a los recursos adicionales.:
<wvvw.eclitex.es.
-- ed::-: :
....1~Vra
~1
. a rrra
1.
.1ILI
4I
nidad 1
u
La comunicacin
contenidos
1. La comunicacin
y sus elementos_
Funciones del lenguaje
2. Los signos.
signo lingulstico
Cuestiones bsicas
de ortografia
FERIDIMAND DI S.AUSSURE
Esquema de :a unidad
Test de evatuadn
Comenta rio de texto
Irnodelo prueba de acceso)
para comenzar...
1. Qu en Lierdes por wrnbni-lac5n? Consideras que es una
Por qu?
6.. QL1.. es para ti un signo? Qu topos de signos crees que existen?
La comunicacin
Adems del lenguaje,. que es la capacidad universal que tienen los seres humanos para comunicarse,
debernos distinguir tambin;
Lengua: sistema creado por cada
corriundad de habbanites, sociedad o pas para conmiicarse.
Tambin denominado idiornil.
Habil: forma especifica de realizacin de una lengua comn por
pa-rte. de cada individuo. Es er uso
particular del cdigo por parte de
cada uno de los hablantes que la
emplea.
>
Unidad 1
El canal,, en los casos que hemos visto, Seria auditivo en la charla, visual en
el semforo y audiovisual en el anuncio.
Cdigo. Es el conjunto de reglas y signos con los que se codifica el mensaje. Arribos interlocutores deben conocer dichas reglas para que exista la
comunicacin, ya que tienen que codificar y descodificar la informacin que
se envan mutuamente. Puede ser un 0.5digo verbgal (con palabras) o no verbal (gestos, colores, sonidos._ ).. Ejemplos de cdigos seran el idioma en el
que se est impartiendo la charla, el cdigo de circulacin y el lenguaje en
el que se est real izando el anuncio_
Situacin comunicativa. Es el conjunto de circunstancias que rodean a un
acto comunicativo y que influye en l_ Todo lo que rodea a la charla, el estado del trfico y la calle d.)nde esti el semforo, el momento en .01 que emiten el anuncio.._
A veces encontramos una serie de elementos que interfieren en la correcta
recepcin del mensaje, es el denominado ruido} que dificulta la comunica
cin_ Ejemplos de ruido seran la distraccin de los asistentes a la charla o el
ruido externo en la sala, la presencia de otro coche o un rbcyl que dificultase
la vista del semforo, y el volumen demasiado bajo del anuncio.
Para compensar la prdida de informacin. causada por el ruido se puede repe.tir e] mensaje para asegurarse de que es recibido correctamente por el receptor; a esta repeticin Se la denomina redundancia. El ponente de la charla
puede repetir si alguien lo solicir.a porque no lo haya odo bien no lo haya
entendido:: y se puede subir el volumen de la televisin para escuchar mejor el
anuncio. En el caso del semforo es muy dificil corregir el ruido si es un rbol
el que tapa al semforo emisor de la informacio'n., pero si es un coche se puede 12 sperar a que se mueva para nxibir el mensaje correcto.
La comunicacin
Elementos de la comunicacin:
Ruido
Canal
furiciiri ftlica c de lontacto
EMISOR
RECEPTOR
C6digo
Funcidn metalingistica
Redundancia
situacin comunicativa
Funcieni representatrua e rellE,rencial
1a publicidad, a travs
lo
Unidad 1 -
Funcin metalingstico
La comunicacin
[ACTIVIDADES
1. Determina si los siguientes signos son verbales o no y si son sistemticos o no_
u. Guiar un ojo a alguien.
El balbuceo de un beb_
4I
Un tic nervioso.
2. Adems de las lenguas, los seres humanos han creado numerosos sistemas de comunicacin_
Podras citar alguno e indicar para qu se emplea? Pon algn ejemplo de dicho sistema y su
sign i f icado.
3. Indica los elementos de la cornUnicacin que estn presentes en los siguientes actos de comunicacin:
Una postal navidea.
b) Visual
Auclioisuail
L Indica las funciones del lenguaje que predominan en kis siguientes actos de comunicacin:
Verde que te quiero verde_
Hola de 5arudo se escribe con h.
Buenos dlasl
Elemento
Ejemplo
ies.
eee
Represantativa
vifi
Canal
s **
e si e
Receptor
oeo
Metalinglstica
11 411
Emtival
E-IIPM
lili
Mensaje
Odie
Unidad 1
12
NatillideS:
Segn la intencionalidad
Intencionados o c omunicativos; se emiten de manera consciente para comunicar algo intencionadamente..
Ej.: Gritarle a alguien enin,mite el enfade) del emisor hacia receptor,
No intencionados o expresivos: se emiten de forma espontnea; no pretenden comunicar nada, aunque lo hagan.
Estornudar transmite los problemas respiratorios del emisor.
Segn el sentido por el que se perciben
. Visuales: son aquellos que se perciben por la vista,. Pueden ser intenciona-
dos o no.
.js..: Un anuncio en una revista, un gesto, un 1...iadra una fotografa...
Auditivos: los percibimos por el odo, Pueden ser intencionados o no in
tencionados,
Ejs.:. La inasica., el sonido de las campanas, los aplausos, la sirena de la mil ic ia.
Tctil : se perciben por el tacto, cuando se toca un objeto podernos VCCOnocedo y percibir su textura.. Cuando son intencionados suden ser gestos
entre los interlocutores
Eje.: Una caricia, un golpe, la suavidad de un jersey, e] lenguaje braille_
Olfativos: sc,In aquellos que se pero iben por el olfato.. indican cualidades de
Las personas, de los lugares y de los productos a los- que sea lude_
EH,: Un perfume, el olor de una comida, el mal olor
La comunicacin
y el referente
lndiciew signos que no tienen una relac in fsica real con el referente, Suelen ser signos naturales. que interpretamos corno una indicacin de algo con
lo que guardan una relacin de contiknjidad fsica o conexin causal. Tambin pueden. ser indic ios los signos C2 Splintncus que indican, pero sin haber
sido producidos para tal finEj.: La fiebre es signo de enfermedad el sudor es un signo de nerviosismo o
de que hace calor .....
'Iconos: signos que tienen algn parecido con la realidad que representan,
Son signos motivados,. ya que se trata de reproducirla realidad a eravs de
ellos, aunque la imitacin y la semejanza son relativas y deben estar aceptadas por la soc iedad.
Para Saussure, eI sigan I i tem; tico esr formado por una parre material, una imagen acstica compuesta por [os fonernas (o por las grafas en la lengua escrita)
del signo que percibimos por los sentidos (significante) y una parte inmaterial,
un compuesto abstracto con las caractersticas generales q creemos que debe
tener dicho signo y que crea nuestra mente al percibir el estmulo material
(significado).
/rbol,
SIGNIFICANTE
Unidad 1
14
REFERENTE
/rbol/ SIGNIFICANTE
Alto, de madera,
SIGNIFICADO con tronco,, con ramas,
CCM hojas, con races.--
quiere decir que hay un acuerdo social entre los hablantes de la comunidad para designar as las realidades, Ese acuerdo perdura a travs del tiempo.
Es articulado, est constituido por unidades simples que se combinan entre
s (foriernas) para crear unidades mayores (monerna.sl. Esto permite que con
un nmero reducido de fonemas se puedan obtener multitud de moriernas
que luego formarn infinidad de. oraciones. Esta caracterstica tambin se
Llama la doble articulacin del le nguaj e.
Primera articulacin! formadaor unidades mnimas con algn tipo de
significada llamadas inonemas que se unen para crear unidades mayores
(pm- o; cas- ita
- Segunda articulacin: formada por unidades mnimas sin significacin
llarriad as fonernas que se articulan para crear unidades con significado, los
monemas (p-e-r-r-o;
mutable e inmutable, es inmutable porque no se puede cambiar indivi,
du.almente, la sociedad lo impone y se asegura as' su continuidad_ Tambin
es mutable porque con el uso. se va modificando u lo largo del tiempo con
mayor o menor rapidez.
Es
La comunicacin
15
ACTIVIDADES
1. Indica qu tipo de signos son los siguientes segn el modelo y seala qu significan_
Ej .: ruborizarse: signo natural, no in donado y vi_sual
Suele expresar vergenza, nervios a, sirnplemerrte, que hace mucho calor
Un perfume
Una cancill
El sonido de un trueno.
El aullido de un lobo
Una caritia
4,
El temblor de manas
2. Indica sd los ejemplos del ejercicio anterior son indicios, iconos o simbolos.
eee
Indicio
Icono
eee
5 ain bo ro
3. Seras capaz. de indicar a1 menos dos tipos de signo que curnpran los requisitos que -re solici
tamos?
Smbolo visual
eee
indice auditivo
li
S mbolo
e e e
auditivo
Simbolo olfativo
OI
Indice visual
Icono visual
111
Tctil intencional
Gustativo natural
e.
Ill
4. Le les de los siguientes ejemplos son signos lingsticos? Justifica por qu crees que lo son.
La lengua de signos espaola
El cdigo r-norse
El lenguaje braille
La lengua espaola
La escritura
Un thaget
Signos lingsticos
e ee
Otros signos
S *.
>
11;
Unidad 1
1
Adems de la forma general de
nombrar los distintos tipos de palabras segn su acento, existe otra
ms cientfica;
Agudas oltonas.
Erg
El
acento
El acento es un refuerzo en la intensidad con que se pronun6a una slaba en una palabra. Dependiendo de si en la palabra de la que forman parte se pronuncian con
acento o sin l, se distinguen las slabas tnicas (las que tienen el acento) y las silabas
tonas (las que no lo tienen).
En. todas las palabras (con muy pocas excepciones) existe una nica sil aba tnica, siendo et resto tonas.
Llanas paroxilcinas.
Esclnilulas x proparoxitonas_
Sobresdrlulas supenoroparox.itorias.
Aunque el espaol es urna lengua de acento libre, es decir, no hay una posicin fija
para el acento, su posicin est limitada por lo general a las tres ltrrias dabas. Dependiendo del lugar en el que est la slaba tnica, las palabras de ms de una silaba
pueden ser en espaol de cuatro tipos:
La tilde
Esta posicin variable del acento establece la necesidad de utilizar un sistema de normas ortogrficas para saber cmo se pronuncla cualquier palabra sin necesidad de ha
berla odo antes. El sistema de acentuacin grfica del espaol est constituido por un
signo llamado tilde (1 que se colo{a sobre una vocal para marcarla como tnica, ade-
El acento y la tilde
Las palabras de ms de una silaba llevan tilde en funcin de si son agudas, lanas
palabra, con la tilde, que es la forma grfica que se-utiliza para marcar es fuerza.
Las palabras agudas llevan tilde cuando terminan en -17, -5 o en vocal (Can par'
esdrjulas o sobresdrjulas.
chs, taba
17
La comunicacin
EN RESUMEN
La comunicacin
Eieme nios
Verbal
1No verbal
Sistemtica
Funciones-1
Emisor
Expresiva
Receptor
Apelativa
Mensaje
Potica
._ana l
Ftica
Emisor
Naturales
Artificiales
No sistemtica
C drigo
F-1as signos
Intencin
-H Intencionados
ingListica
1 No intencionados
Contexto
Representativa
Sentido
Visual
I Auditivo
HF
C atrvo
Tktil
HGustativo
H
indlce
HIcono
-jSmbolo
El signo lingstico
Unidad 1
TEST DE
Resuelve en tu cuaderno
o bloc de notas
EVALUACIN
a, Verdadero.
13. Falso.
b.
refiere al receptor.
usa el
textos cientlficos_
a. LI emisor.
b. El contexto.
c. El canal.
d. El receptor.
7. El ruido (marca la opcin incorrecta):
c. Es siempre arbitrario.
a. Verdadero,
b_ Falso
La comunicacin
Juguetes sexistas
A rni hija nunca le he puesto fronteras sexistas a la hora de elegir o pedir los juguetes que ha querido. No por ser nia tengo que inducida a elegir los tipicamente femeninos y prohibirle el resto_ C uriosamente con los 1.D aos recin cumplidos mempre se ha interesado por los.iuguetes,. digamos
etiquetados- para nios rehusando los tpic-arnente femeninos, como las muecas. Podna hab-erse decantado por arribos,. piafo no ha sido asi,. Esa es su opcin.
Curiosamente hoy, al ira buscarla al colegio,. p b1CcoF mixto y laico, en la salida haba una chica que
regalaba corno promocin unos sobres de unos muecos de plstico y discos para lanzar. Mi hila ha
querido ir a buscar su regalo. Cul fue nuestra so presa cuando vimos que soto se los daba a los
nios_ Cuando le he preguntado la raznr me ha -contestado que eran rdenes que terla. y que la
semana que viene traer otra prornociOn de juguetes para las nias..
Que una empresa que se dedique a fabricar juguetes, sean del tipo que sean, empiece a marcar en
SU5 promociones tendencias sexistas, me parece indignante. Quizs mejor hubiera sido que hicieran
irri ei 6n delante de un colegio exclusivamente para nios,. as no tendramos la sensacin de haber viajado al basado_
CUESTIONES:
1.
Cul de las siguientes tesis se corresponde mejor con el contenido del texto? Seala la opcin adecuada y razona tu res,
puesta.
L1 Los juguetes Ilmasculinosg deberan promocionarse solo en colegios para ,.aos.
111 Es indignante que las empresas de juguetes promocionen sus productos de manera sexilta.
111 No deberan existir juguetes considerados como exclusivamente femeninos o imasculinos.
La sociedad ha cambiado tocicFs sus valores. y ha 'inalado al pasado.
2. Re5urrie el texto utilizando tus propias palabras. Recuerda que no debe ocupar ms de cinco lineas.
3. Escribe un juicio critico (con no ms de 150 palabras) acerca del irsexisrno en la promocin de los juguetes irriantilesl.
4. Localiza 1c55 siguientes cinco elementos del proceso comunicativo que se produce en el -texto y completa las casillas en blanco.
de la siguiente tabla:
Wili
Alejand ro Aya so
RECEPTOR
110,
CANAL
Wili0
MENSAJE
Extracto Prueba de Acceso a Ciclos Formativos de Grado Superior. Andaluca, septiembre de 2011
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21
1
Primeros pasos para realizar
urt a ril kss morfolgico
xema:
perro: palabra base
perr-: lexema
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12S
generalmente griego y lattni,, y que se combinan entre si o con palabras tic1 esFACA actual para crear otros trminos nuevos.
Algunos de ios prefijos cultos ms emplead.os son los siguientes:
Prefijos cultos del griego
Prefijos
Ejemplos.
significados
aero-
aire
,x-ropuerto
atril.
ambos
anfiteatro
luto-
mismo
libro
rnovirnFento
frita
tiempo
autobiografa
biblioteca
cinglar cinema .
rroirirretro
diez
declogo
di-
dos
olingorfo
geto.
fuera de
pctopiasma
endocarpio
etnologa
bibliairine-kinarrnatu...
eroirrono.
deca-
_ .endo.. ....
etrio-
in tern arnente
nacin o etnia.
Foto-
fu
crbilpiCiais
luz
foto5efisible
7
ihe-c-coheiirli-
tierra
cien
sol
geotrmico
bectrnetiv
heirocentirico
heroi-
mitad
hemisferio
hipes
exceso
hiprbole
sentacilirms).
ko.
macro-
igual
grande
iSObara5
mella-
granele
ITP egtal
microcursomononieCrel-
muy I EqUeO
desprecio, odio
uno, nico
muerto
Microscopro
f re e ir 01X4i5'
111E10-
nuevo
FINEIOdSICCI
neUrrO
nervio
o frairmoligoortoperipolipseudo- (seudo)
psrco- (siso-}
tele-
1:0
rrelfroircga
oftainiOicgro
poco
oligopolio
topo-
xen0-
extranjero
prefijo
mi*
testo, correcto
alrededor
mucho
' falso
mente
a distancia
lugar
(nacrofiesta
lona
rrri,lginci
moriogarsVa
ortopeck9
,permetro
polivalente
pseuarningo
psicologa (sicoXograi
teleforlia
toponimia
xpr..cifobia
mutaorrini-
nIlrin en:1.m_,
jpfuri-
mucho
todo
mo)
Ejemplos
rnifiseghuncio
171ufficcilerr
omnisciente
iirierripleack)
>
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ACTIVIDADES
1. Indica qu tipo de paiab ras son, segn su estructurar las que has aria laado en el eercici o 1 del
apartado anterior (pgina 27).
Explica lois fenmenos que existen en lag siguientes expresiones y porqu:
Unesco, ESO, ovni., ONLI, pyme, lserr, VIH, Renfe, IVA, uvi, OTAN, 16I,
sida, ONG FMI, ucir DNI , iirlcef Eanesto, INEM, radarr, VIP
$abr[zs decir quQ significa cada una de id&
Del siguiente texto. indica qu tipo de palabra es cada una segn su estructura:
Platero es pequeo, peludo,. suave; tan blande por fuera, que se arida toab de algodn., que
no lleva huesos_ Solo los espeias de azabache de 5US el0 501'7 duros cual dos escarabajos
de crfstal negro.
Lo dejo suelto, y se va al prado, y acaricia tibiamente con su hocico, rozndolas apenas, las
florecillas rosas. celestes y gualdas_ Lo llamo dukemente: Pfatero?2. y viepe a mi con un
tirotea'', al re que parece que se 1.1 en no s qu cascabeleo icireaL. _
Come ciado le doy. Le gustan las naranjas mandarinas, las uvas moscateles, todas dembar;
los higos morados, con su cristalina gotita de miel._
.11FAN FlArym JikiNEz: Platergyyo
Simples
Derivadas
Compuestas
Parasinteticas
S
Simples
Ejemplos
Lexema
e o ip,
1ee
Morfema independiente
uu9
eee
ea5
ee
o ee
Derivadas
Compuestas
ee
Siglas
eee
eee
Acrnimos
ee
ee
Pa 1r21 5 intticas
Apcopes
o e il
Afresis
eee
Acortamientos
Abrevia turas
uuu
u9u
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33
COMENTARIO DE TEXTO
Texto
El empleo, o mejor dicho la ausencia del misma, define el debate politico en la Espaa actual, y fanarias con su tasa de paro espeluznante, no puede quedarse a la zaga ya anclamos bastante mal
al respecto corno para rehuir el debate sobre nuestra capacidad para ofrecer expectativas a la so.
ciedad islea. El problema real se encuentra eni la debilidad del crecimiento ecchnomico regicPnal, que
se prolongar durante bastante tiempo aun con la P-ecuperacin airrtparada en la demanda exterior,
porque de la interna ni hablamos en plena digestin de una crisis financiera mortfera
en tales
circunstancias, la tentacin, de la frivolidad y el infantilismo anidan en los cuarteles generales dnde se disea el mensaje politica de las campaas electorales_
Est sin ir ms lejos ese que seala al gobernante corno responsable directo y nico de las hileras de
desempleados, aunque, eso si, debe ser un gol3ernante seleccionado exclusivamente entre los adversarios politicasr sin mirar jams al campo propio_ Veamos los datos. El desempleo registrado creci en Canarias, entre mayo de 2007, cuando Se celebraron los pasados comicios autonmicos, y
el enero pasador ultimo mes registrado, un 90r95 por ciento, o sea, una barbaridad y no solo un
motivo de alarma, sino tambin de reflexin respecto las debilidades evidentes de nuestro modelo
econ efrn ice y formativo,
Esta argumentacin segn [a cual los parados son culpa de Rivero o de Zapatero, pero nunca de
aquellos gobernantes que tambin acumulan largos aos de ejercicio en el cargo, se nos. aparece
como prueba de la pereza intelectual con la que algunos abordan el mayor desaro para todo un
pas y una generacin.
JUAN MANDE I EIETHENCOURT, AliMC i1 3/Q212 0 1 1),
(Texto adaptado)
CUESTIONES:
1. Explica coa tus palabras qu significan las siguientes:
espeluznante
reh 1,1IF
expectativas
frivolidad
2. Seala los componentes (prefijos, sulijos, races, desinencias1 presentes en las siguientes palabras y explica si son palabras simples, compuestas o derivadas
electoral
desempleado
autonmico
acumulan
3. Resume el contenido del texto en, aproximadamente, cinco o seis lneas.
4. Redacta unas diez lneas en las que expongas cules son, segn tu opinin, las causas del desempleo actual en Canarias.
Extracto Prueba de Acceso a Ciclos Formativos de Grado Superior. Cana ras, junio de 2011
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37
Sustantivos que se refieren a objetos dobles formados por dos partes sim
tricas (gafa halas. rijera *ras, pantaln /pantalones) di..inde el plural puede
indicar una sola unidad o un conjunto de ellas.. Ej.: Psame los pantak5FLES.
41
Sustantivos chales, es decir, aquellos que estn formados por objetos pares
que aparecen. siempre en conjunto .(guantes, medias). En estos casos el plural puede indicar un par o varios pares, mientra.s que el singular siem.pre expresa unidad. Ej.: Perdnos gemelos- y ahora no tengo. lrlriplrblj.
Singularier
reste, sed).
I
La sustantivacin
La sustantivacin es un proceso segn el cual unz.: pal.3 bra ID un grupo de palabras se convierte en un
SLIstantivo.
Adverbio:O ayuG ton no mundo_
Verbo: ef taer de una campana,.
ej deber me reclama...
Preposici6n; los pros y los CO.19,
(diVcos.,
Conjunciibn: no pongas peros._
roturas, finanws,),
Mientras que el singular no tiene marca que as lo identifique, e I [dura' se suele marcar aadiendo -.5 o -es a las palabras en singular.
En espaol existen diferentes 'T'armeros de marcar el plural:
En sustantivos acabados en vocal tona o en , y 11: (tnicas) el plural se
construye C.011 -S (tnesa-s , L cxtys,papa-s,. caf-s, domin-SE
Los sustantivt-ys que terminan en .4 y - (tnicas) admiten las dos plurales
(reLbi.-s/ruld-es: israel-5 f
rnanior-s maniqu-os) , aunque en la lenCUira se prefiere el plural en -es.
Los sustantivos acabados en -y hacen el plural con -es (buey-es,
Trpes,
jersdis)
chut-s,
Propios.
AntroprliniCES
Topinifinos.
Zonimos
Comunes
111
C uantificativos
C
3
vi
Ctasficativos
2
bi
HeterMirrios
Gnero
m ase triino
y femenino
De terminacin variable
Seres sexuados
Nmein3
Snig Li lar
y plural
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411
4. El verbo
Desde el punto de vista de su significado, el verbo es una palabra. variable que
expresa accin, estado o proceso, a.s como situacin en el (lempo: liaiiatnos
(acci{5n presente), descansaban (estado pretrito), rens rruiris (proceso futuro)..
Y desde el punto de vista morfolgico, una forma verbal conjugada est compuesta por un lexema o raiz, que le aporta el significado; y por unos rnorferagis
flexivos, tambin llamados desinencias, responsables de transmitir la informacin gramatical el tiempo, el modo, el aspecto, la persona y el nmero. En
las d.esinencias tambin aparece en casi toda la conjugacin de un verbo la lbmada vocal hemtica, encargada de transmitir la naturaleza. verbal)? SU adscripcin a una de las tres conjugaciones.
Los verbos fu.ncionan como predicado de la cFracin, son el ncleo del predicado,
por ello, todos los verbos concuerdan_ en nmero y persona con el sustantivo
ncleo del sujeto.. En espaol podernos encontrar verbos regulares o irregulares.
conjuipcin
al Los verbos regulares son los que mantienen la misma raz en toda la con-
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45
Como se muestra en la anterior tabla, segn sus valores o significados huy diferentes subtipos dentro de las modales y las tempoaspectuales Estos son algunos ejemplos:
Modales:
Obliracin: presentan una accin verbal que es necesaria u obligatoria.
Ej... Debes eszucbar TiltsCh0 pata aproar los exmenes..
Conjetura o probabilidad: presentan una accin corno posible.
Delw de teneT aprli,rnadamente. tu edad..
Tempoaopectualesi
Incoativas o ingresivas: prese-ntan la accin verbal en su punto inicial o en
el mornento justo de comenzar.
E5 tan o punto de empezar las pruebas clasificatorias del cailcurse
PrtigrtSiVaS o durativas: indican que la accin verbal se estd. d.esarrollando,
Despus de tari.t0 ti:MI:PO, Cundiran yendo a ciases de baile juraos..
Perireclivas: indican que la accin del verbo se interrumpe. o que ha terminado..
Ej..: Acaba de recibir un paquete del extranjero,
iterativas o frecuentativas: son las que reflejan que una aCCitlin le repite o
se realiza con frecuencia.
Ej.: Ricardo suele ver pelculas de rine clsico.
Para probar si una construccin es una perfrasis verbal, debernos conjugar el verbo en lorma no personal y tendremos una oracin con un significado 'muy similar al obtenido con la perifrasis. Si no se puede conjugar esta forma sin perder gran parte del
significador no estamos ante una perifrasis verbal., sino ante una locucin verbal o dos
verbos que aparecen. uno al fado del otro_ Ejs.:
Est a5-tudiancio en su cuarto > estudia en ni. cuarto
ei significado de ias dos oraciones es parecido.
Viene cantando una cancin > *Canta una cancin
> no significa lo mismo, en la segunda oracin se
pierde el significado de movimiento_
rfrasis unidas).
Ejemplos de locuciones
Algunos ejerriplos de locuciones son:
llevar a cabo (ha ce r), volver en
Las locuciones verbales son un grupo de palabras en el que una (corno mnin-Lo) es un verbo, Este ccFnjunto de palabras tiene un significado unitario distinto del que posee cada palabra por separado.. Funcionan en bloque de forma
parecida al de una perfrasis,
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49
ACTIVIDADES
1. Localiza los adverbios en las siguientes oraciones e irsdica de qu tipo es cada uno segn su
significado:
4. Todas. las maanas me levanto temprano para ir a trabajar_
Podemos ir esta tarde al cine que hay cerca de mi casa.
Quiz quiera que nos vayamos de vacaciones este ao.
1. De prontr el suelo desapareci bajo mis pies y cap al vacio_
No conduzcas tan deprisa, podemos tener un accidente.
Debemos practicar a diario para que nos Salga bien el baile_
Te digo de nuelio que no pienso hacerlo.
Sinceramente, no s Si esta es la mejor decisin.
Siempre que quedarnos con tu hermana, llega tarde.
Solo falta una semana para saber los resultados.
2. Qu significado tienen estas locuciones adverbiales?
a tontas y a locas
a pies juntillas
a duras penas
en seguida
tarde o temprano
una barbaridad
* a lo mejor
I. a lo lejos
mi en abundancia
3. Escribe una oracin con cada una de las expresiones del ejercicio anterior_
6. Convierte los siguientes adverbios simples en adverbios derivados aadiendo los sufijos que
consideres:
rapidcF
pronto
malo
* cierto
tarde
Fuerte
tranquilo
* cerca
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COMENTARIO DE TEXTO
Hoministas
El Constitucional acaba de avalar que se castigue ms al varn poi- amenazar a su pareja {femenina)
que al contrario_ Bueno, si un to con ms fuerza que su mujer y con un perfil violento le dice a la
esposa te voy a matar, como que da mucho ms miedo que si es al revs.. no es verdad? Pero, aun
asr, esta ell.wrimirliacK:in legal por seri me pone nerviosa. Y si un energmeno parecido amenaza
a su pareja rriasculina Y si la seora que grita a su marido #rte voy a matar le envenena el caf
(tambin ha ocurrido)? Y qu pasa con la mujer que amenaza a su novia y luego la. aporrea7 No
confo en estas bienintencionadas leyes discriminatorias; temo que aumenten la inquina rnis.eni.na y el ponzooso sentimiento victimista de esa horda de canallas que se dedica a torturar mujeres.
Y, de hecho, la ley actual, que penaliza ms a los hombres, no ha mejorado la situacin del maltrato en nuestro pais.
Creo que la nica solucin de esta violencia pasa por la evolucin de los hombres_ Por eso me llenan de esperanza los diversos. grupos cle varones que se han creado en los ltimos aos,. como Sopa
de Hombres (sopadehombresillyahoo_com o AHIGE (~_ahige_orgi). Son colectivos hoministas
que se plantean qu es hoy la masculinidad. Claro que estn integrados por tipos muy varicipintos, Lorente, delegado del gobierno para la Violencia de Gnero ha dicho que les nuevos rnachis
tos se presentan corno femlnistas, sealando de alg(In m odo a los hoministas que reclaman la custodia compartida. Pienso que Lorente se equivoca: primero, porque la custodia compartida es algo
deseable; pero,. adems, porque tambin entre los grupos femnistas ha habido de todo, Incluyendo a rnujezes i nsufribles y tan sexistas co MCI el peor machista_ Justamente es el debate real y la reflexidn plural lo que permite crecer_ No los tpicos de lo politicamente correcto.
ROSA Moi.JTERo, Er Pas
CUESTIONES:
2. Realiza un esquema en el que se expresen las diferentes partes del texto, los contenidos de las mismas y las ideas que cada
parte desarrolle
B. LENGUA ESPAOLA
3. An aliza morfolgicamente las siguientes palabras que aparecen en el texto (identificacin y clasificadOn de la clase de palabra y su drvisin en elementos constituyentes, cuando sea posible):
castigue, bienintencionadas, variopintos, insufribles,. polticamente
Extratto Prueba de Acceso a Ciclos Forrriativos de Grado Superior. Castilla y Len, junio de 2009
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En ocasiones se produce un mal uso de los pronombres personales, qtie da hlgar a los fenmenos denominsidos lesmo, lasmo y losmo_
El lesmo es el uso de las formas lenes (de dativo o complc-men.ro indirecto)
en lugar de lo /los /La Ras (de acusativo o complemento directo). Pueden encontrarse tres casos:
III Le nes como pronombre de kiellSriNG Con SLISLritiVOS masculinos de persona,
Ej..: A Pabb lec encbeTort en el trabajo.
Uso de le/ les como pronombre de acusativo con sustantivos femeninos de
persona.
Cristina
51
1E>
Los pronombres personales
tono&
Los pronombres personales tonos
pueden agruparse y combinarse entre si, ya sea antepuestos o pospuestos al verbo Ejs.:
Los apuntes se los puse encima de
eseritono.
a_scendieron en el trabajo..
Tanto
faisrno como eI 1121iS
191 O son incorrectos en todos
os contemos.
L.05 nmeros
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unidad 5 La oracin
simple
y
MEI
contenidos
1. El 5i1 tagrnia
2. La oracin segun la actitud
dei hablante
Clausura es a las vezes vna oragion sola: y otras viezes es vn ayuntamiento dl mochas tira cioner las quaies todas juntas spresan 1
manifiestan amvilidamente cnblirniento de/ hombre en o'
praposito que tiene tomado para habilar,
CF115:PISAL DE VILLLbJ
Cuestiones bsicas
de ortografa
Esquema de la unidad
Test de evailuatin
Comentario de texto
(nriocieb prueba de acceso)
1.
411
-s
II
1
"
para comenzar...
pl
.4
a
.
1,..
73
La oradn simple
1. El sintagma
El sintagma es una unidad lingstica il-yrmatia por una o varias palabras que
deStnprilla distintas funciones sintcticas en la oraci&i. (sujeto, complumento directo, complemento indirecto, complemento circunstancial atributo__ )..
Existen distin.tos tipos de sintagmas que adquieren sus nombres a partir de
Una palabra que funciona c 01110 511.1 ncleo. Segn este ncleo, ks sintagmas
pueden ser:.
Sintagma nominal (SN): el nilc leo es un sustantivo o, en ocasion.es, un pron(Imbre.
Ejs.:
rt _
Snragraa adjetival (Ad j) el ncleo es un adjetivo que generalmente func lona. corno modificador de un sustantivo.
Ejs..: tomates t.:ri.ics frirose un perro muy mregre.
IP
Sintagma verbal ( S V): el ncleo-es un verbo (simple compuesto), una locu.c in verbal 1, una perfrasis verbal,
1
El Si ritagrna como complemente',
1
Las locuciones nominales
ivo e5 lo mismo un tintagrnia nominal que una locucin nominal.
La locucin es un grupo de palabras
que funciona corno un sustantivo.
Su significado no se forma con la
cornbinaciin de sus partes, sino que
constituye una entidad propia_
js.: patas de galo, nave inglesa, .1".9a1
de oo...
74
Unidad 5
Diferentes opiniones
sobre el SPrep
Algunos. gramticos consideran que
ei ncleo del sintagma preposicional es la propia preposicin: mitigue otros creen que es un enlace y
que el sintagma preposicicinali no
existe.
Nosotros ccinsicieriincis que el sintagma prepesicicond es un tipo
especial de sintagma formado por
una preposicin y un trmino. 0 modificador.
Ej.: E poi90
Ejs...: en la playa; pasar or tont% piro aLif por entre 125 rrijcis.; el c4;rnvencirniento
de que hada lo correcto.
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Ivioniserrat Snchel
Ayudante editorial: Carmen Arroyo
Diseo de cokcdn: Equipo Editex
FatiPcorriposicini. niaquetacin
y realizacin de grficos: MT Color & Diseo, 5I
Fortnignifilas; 121F LI m I d, Album. Archivo Fotogrrno,
Bibli Cita hiatipnal d Espaa, cdrnpal'hia 'vaticina' de Teatro Clsico (Espadilla),
Thintmed:. y archivo Edita.
Preimpre0rz Jk f irga
~kilo de piuditiorJrl: Santiiner Ai
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Editorial Edltex, S. A. ha puesto todos los m'Alas a su alcance para Roanotw; en eitErl y irtliWindS ltts Vintualm clrIcheis
tweischsY ninpla 111351
lips ~Mips estd*cnIps por Li 44yr de Pr4medx1Intelechiol P peles
cFrpisenes a errares, se excusa antidpadarrente y esta dispuesta a mirar:6dr
las cal-rancian-es precisas en posieriores edici~ o feimpri2Si4ne5 de esta obra
Imprime: Oryrriu
Impreso en Espaa - PrInled rrt Spain