30 1.3 (a) The simplest way to derive the Schwarz inequality goes as follows. First observe ((o| + (5D - (Ja) +.A15)) > 0 for any complex number }; then choose ) in such a way that the preceding inequality reduces to the Schwarz inequility. (b) Show that the equility sign in the generalized uncertainty re lation holds if the state in question satisfies AAla) = A Bla) with \ purely émaginary. (©) Explicit calculations using the usual rules of wave mechanics show that the wave function for a Gaussian wave packet given by (le) satisfies the uncertainty relation Larry Prove that the requirement (Arlo) = Gmaginary number)(:/|Ap|o) is indeed satisfied for such a Gaussian wave packet, in agreement with (b). (a) We know that for an arbitrary state |c) the following relation holds (d ‘This means that if we choase |e) = Ja) +\[3) where A is a complex number, we will have ((al + *(3)) - Qe) +.]9)) 2 0 => (ala) + Mal) + *(3Ja) + APQ313) > 0.1, FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS: 31 If we now choose A= —(3]a)/ (3]) the previous relation will be (ala) - “pig - Seige + ARE > 0 (ala)( 9) > KiatayP. (29) Notice that the equality sign in the last relation holds when [0 = le) +A] =0 fa) ==a)9) (1.30) that is if Ja) and [9) are colinear. (b) The uncertainty relation is (QAPABY)> THEA BDE- (st) ‘To prove this relation we use the Ja) = Ala) and |) = ABla) whicl (AAPM(AB)?) > KAAMBIP. (3) Jhwarz inequality (1.29) for the vectors gives ‘The equality sign in this relation holds according to (1.30) when AAla) = Bla). (1.33) On the other hand the right-hand side of (1.32) is KAMP = ThA. BDF + EKA AYP (134) which means that the equality sign in the uncertainty relation (1.31) holds if TIAAABYP = 0 ({A4,AB})=0 = ((JAAAB + ABAAla) = 0°? X*(al(AB)"Ia) + Xal(AB?Ia) =0 = (At ¥\(a(ABP Ia) = (1.35) ‘Thus the equality sign in the uncertainty relation holds when AAla) = Bla) (1.36) with A purely imaginary.3 (0) We have (2[Axla) = (lee—(e)I0) = 2" = (= (2)\eo). ) — eX) On the other hand (etevle) = r= (ne) = 2 fee) — (Mele) (138) But a ney 2 [iat _ wy)” ae cg, [eee = = cto get'- ©] (139) So substituting in (1.38) we have (SHle) = (nKe'la) +H e= Gy la) = lea) = ame (2) (ala) = Be eatcla) > = (elspa). (1.40) (vlAzla) 1.4 (a) Let x and p, be the coordinate and linear momentum in one dimension. Evaluate the classical Poisson bracket, Fe, F@2Ybstassicl + (b) Let x and p, be the corresponding quantum-mechanical opera- tors this time. Evaluate the commutator [rou (c) Using the result, obtained in (b), prove that. exp(S*) |e), (ale) =e)