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Previously (Ch. 22) we have seen that two electric charges will either attract or repel each other.
How is it that one electric charge even knows about the existence of the other charge??
Based on an idea of Michael Faradays we say that one of the charges sets up an electric field
throughout space and the other charge reacts to this field.
The electric field (E) due to a charged object at a location in space is defined to be the
force (F) per unit charge (q0) as felt by a test charge placed at that location in space.
F ( x, y , z )
E ( x, y , z ) =
q0
Important Points about the above definition of the electric field:
1) The electric field is a vector (just like force). It has magnitude (units=N/C) and direction.
2) The test charge, q0, in the definition is assumed to be positive. It is also assumed to be so
small that it does not change the distribution of charge that is causing the electric field.
3) Since the test charge, q0, is positive, by DEFINITION the electric field
is in the same in the same direction as the force.
positive charge: electric field points away from the charge.
negative charge: electric field points towards the charge.
Direction of E for
a negative charge.
HRW Fig 23-2
R. Kass
qq0
F =k 2
r
4 0
= 8.99 109 Nm 2 / C 2
Therefore by definition the magnitude of the electric field (E) due to q is:
q
F
E=
=k 2
r
q0
What about the direction of E? There are two cases, positive (+) and negative (-) q.
+
example: what is the magnitude of E
r
q0 (+)
1 m away from a charge of 1C?
E
q (8.99 109 Nm 2 / C 2 )(1C )
9
E=k
r
E
R. Kass
q0 (+)
r2
(1m) 2
= 8.99 10 N / C
2) The magnitude of the electric field is related to the number of field lines per unit area in a
plane perpendicular to the lines. In other words, the electric field is large when the field
lines are close together and weaker when the lines are further apart.
Region of low electric field.
Lines are far apart.
+q
Question: If in the above diagram we had a negative charge what would the field lines look like?
Answer: The arrows on the field lines would all point inward, otherwise the same.
R. Kass
E = E+ + E
If we consider the electric field at a point along the z axis (x=y=0, +z) from
two equal but opposite charges (q) we find for the magnitude of the electric field, E:
E=k
+
x
d
-
E=
We are interested in the case where we are far from the charges (z>>d).
So, we re-write E in the following form:
kq
kq
=
2
2
( z d / 2)
( z + d / 2)
E=
R. Kass
q
q
k
( z d / 2) 2
( z + d / 2) 2
kq
z 2 (1
d 2
)
2z
kq
z 2 (1 +
d 2
)
2z
kq
d 2
d 2
[(
1
(
1
+
) ]
2
2z
2z
z
P132 Sp04 Ch23
How well does this approximation work? Assume z=1m and d=1mm so d/(2z) = 5x10-4.
exact:
approximate:
1
1
=
= 1.001001
d 2 (1 5 10 4 ) 2
(1 )
2z
1
1 + 2 (5 10 4 ) = 1.001000
d
(1 ) 2
2z
kq
d 2
d 2 kq
d
d
2kqd
=
[(
1
)
(
1
)
]
[(
1
2
)
(
1
2
)]
z2
2z
2z
z2
2z
2z
z3
p
E=
with: pqd=electric dipole moment
2 0 z 3
+q
E=
p = qd ,
| p |= qd
+q
-q
There lots of other moments possible. e.g. 4 charges give a quadrupole moment!
R. Kass
-q
-q
+q
E = E i E = dE
i =1
Since we are interested in situations where there are huge numbers of charges it is convenient
to use charge densities rather than individual charges.
There are three common types of charge densities:
I) Linear Charge Density ()
Imagine we take a rod of length Land spread a total charge Q all over the rod =Q/L
The amount of charge (dQ) in a small length (dL) of the rod is: dQ= dL
=
R. Kass
Q
4 / 3R 3
dx
x
x
d
x0-x
x0
The amount of charge (dq) in an infinitesimal (dx) piece of this line centered at x is: dq=dx.
The electric field (dEx) due to this charge (dq=dx)is:
dE x =
kdq
kdx
=
( x0 x) 2 ( x0 x) 2
To get the total contribution for the entire line we must integrate from x=0 to x=d!
R. Kass
dx
x
x
d
x0
x0-x
To get the total contribution for the entire line we must integrate from x=0 to x=d:
Ex =
Ex =
kdx
k
=
( x0 x) 2 ( x0 x) 0
k
k
kd
=
( x0 d ) x0 x0 ( x0 d )
Ex =
kd
kQ
=
x0 ( x0 d ) x0 ( x0 d )
What happens if we are very far away (x0>>d) from the line of charge?
kQ
kQ
kQ
= 2
Ex =
Far from line charge get same E field as a point charge!
x0 ( x0 d ) x0 ( x0 ) x0
R. Kass
Lets write down the electric field (Ex, Ey) at (0,0) due to
(0,0)
a small piece of the arc, ds, located at (x,y) which contains
E=?
y
a small amount of charge, dq (=ds):
Lets just calculate the magnitude of Ex and Ey and figure
out their directions later.
kdq
kds
x
dE x = dE cos = 2 cos = 2 cos
r
r
kdq
kds
dE y = dE sin = 2 sin = 2 sin
r
r
To calculate Ex and Ey we must add up all the charge contributions by integrating!
recall: ds=rd.
/2
/2
/2
/2
kds
k
k
k
2k
Ex =
rd
cos
cos
cos
sin
=
=
=
=
=
2
2
r
r
r
2 0 r
r
r
/ 2
/ 2
/ 2
/ 2
Ex is in the negative x direction since we have a positive charge density. Finally we use =Q/(r):
Ex =
R. Kass
2 2 0 r 2
To see that Ex is in the negative x direction draw some electric field lines
from the arc to (0,0). The x component of all these field lines point in the
negative x direction.
P132 Sp04 Ch23
=
sin
2
2
r
r
/2
/2
/2
kds
k
k
k
Ey =
rd
d
sin
sin
sin
=
cos
2
2
r
r
r
r
/ 2
/ 2
/ 2
dE y = dE sin =
(x,y)
/2
=0
/ 2
E(x,y)
Ey = 0
E(x,-y)
x
(x,-y)
We can also see that Ey is zero by drawing pairs of electric field lines (see above drawing)
and seeing that y components always cancel. This is an example where symmetry tells us the
answer without resorting to integrations.
Finally, we can solve one more problem using the above as a guideline:
What is the electric field at the center of a circle of linear charge density ?
Answer: Ex=Ey=0!
You can get this result by integration (over ) or using symmetry arguments.
R. Kass
E=?
10