CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Concrete is probably the most widely used man-made construction material in the
world. Concrete is second highest consumptive material after water, which is used world
wide for most of the constructions. The properties of concrete, which makes it suitable
material for construction purpose, are high compressive strength, wear and tear
resistance, durability, excellent bonding, economy etc.
Concrete and steel were always considered the most important, and the most
commonly used structural materials. The development of new highperformance
compositematerialsthatarestrongerandmoredurablethanconventionalmaterials(e.g.,
Portlandcement concrete, steel,wood,andmasonry)isimportanttotheconstruction
industry.
In spite of this, it has some serious deficiencies; it is inherently weak in tensile
strength compared to other construction materials, a low specific modulus, limited
ductility, and little resistance to cracking.
Conventional concrete is very weak in tension; its tensile strength is only 10% of
its compressive strength so here is an attempt made to improve tensile strength by the
incorporation of Carbon Fibers, which is a nano material. Carbon fiber is an important
development in the field of concrete technology. Available literature is an indicator to the
tremendous interest and enthusiasm shown in adoption of carbon fiber for construction.

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 HISTORY OF CARBON FIBERS
In 1958, Dr. Roger Bacon created the first high-performance carbon fibers at the
Union Carbide Parma Technical Center, located outside of Cleveland, Ohio.[The first
fibers were manufactured by heating strands of rayon until they carbonized. This process
proved to be inefficient, as the resulting fibers contained only about 20% carbon and had
low strength and stiffness properties. In the early 1960s, a process was developed using
polyacrylonitrile (PAN) as a raw material. This had produced a carbon fiber that
contained about 55% carbon and had much better properties. The polyacrylonitrile (PAN)
conversion process quickly became the primary method for producing carbon fibers. The
high potential strength of carbon fiber was first realized in 1963 in a process developed at
the Royal Aircraft Establishment at Farnborough in the UK.

CHAPTER 3
CARBON FIBER
4.1 Concept of Carbon Fiber
Carbon fiber is a polymer, which is a form of graphite. Graphite is a form of pure
carbon. In graphite the carbon atoms are arranged into big sheets of hexagonal aromatic
rings. The sheets look like chicken wire.( Fig 4) Carbon fiber is a form of graphite in
which these sheets are long and thin.

Fig 4

Carbon Fiber is a material consisting of extremely thin fibers about 0.0050.010

mm in diameter and composed mostly of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are bonded
together in microscopic crystals that are more or less aligned parallel to the long axis of
the fiber. Fig 5 shows a comparison of carbon fiber to human hair. Carbon filament can
be as seen in Fig 6.

Fig 5 A 6m diameter carbon filament compared to a human hair

Fig 6 Carbon Fiber Filament

The crystal alignment makes the fiber very strong for its size. Several thousand
carbon fibers are twisted together to form a yarn, which may be used by itself or woven
into a fabric.(Fig 7) The density of carbon fiber is also considerably lower than the
density of steel, making it ideal for applications requiring low weight.
The properties of carbon fiber such as high tensile strength, low weight, and low
thermal expansion make it very popular in aerospace, civil engineering, military, and
motorsports, along with other competition sports. The properties of carbon fiber such as
high tensile strength, low weight, and low thermal expansion make it very popular in
aerospace, military, and motorsports along with other competition sports. The unique
appearance of carbon fiber also makes it popular for stylistic purposes.

Carbon fibers are used in concrete for increasing the tensile and flexural
strengths,increasing the tensile ductility and flexural toughness,decreasing the drying
shrinkage and rendering the concrete the ability to sense its own strain.

Fig 7 Carbon Fabric

4.2 Why carbon fiber?

Carbon fiber has a remarkably high strength and light weight compared to other
traditional materials.

It can be produced with very high modulus for applications such as spacecraft,
arms etc.

It is flexible in structural design

It has chemical resistivity and non corrosiveness properties.

It has good properties thermal and electric conductivity.

4.2.1 Carbon fiber reinforcements have several distinct advantages over

traditional types of reinforcement. Listed below are some of its
advantages

Lightweight

Non-corrosive

Alkali resistant

Easy to handle and install

Low aesthetic impact

Flexible and can be wrapped around complex shapes

Acid resistant

Very high-strength & high modulus of elasticity

Outstanding fatigue resistance

4.3 APPLICATION OF CARBON FIBER

Strengthening of columns for enhancing load carrying capacity.

Strengthening of beams for enhanced flexure and shear strengths.

Strengthening of slabs, retaining walls etc.

Strengthening of bridge piers, jetty piles etc for earthquake resistance.

Improvement of impact and blast resistant properties.

Act as barrier to Carbon dioxide, chloride, sulphate etc for RC structures.

4.4 ADVANTAGES

Very high strength to thickness or weight ratio - Appreciable

increase in strength and load carrying capacity without significant increase in
dead load.

Enhanced stiffness, shear and tensile capacity

Increased load carrying

capacity and better resistance to seismic forces and deflection.

Chemical resistant - Excellent resistance to acids and alkalies.
Flexible - Can be applied to any shape.
Thin sections -Can be effectively used in space-constrained areas.
Creep and Fatigue resistance -Ideal for conditions of sustained loading and
repeated loading.
Economical -easy to install, time and labour saving.

4.5 THE EFFECT OF CARBON FIBERS ON THE

PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
Increased flexural strength
Increased flexural toughness
Increased durability under cyclic loading
Decreased compressive strength
Increased air content
Improved freeze thaw durability
Decreased drying shrinkage
Decreased electrical resistivity
Increased electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness

 Increased thermal conductivity

Improved resistance to earthquake damage

4.6 SYNTHESIS OF CARBON FIBERS

Fig 8. Synthesis of carbon fiber

Carbon fiber is produced by pyrolysis of an organic precursor fiber in an inert
atmosphere at temperatures above 982C/1800F.There are various stages in the synthesis
of carbon fibers.These are polymerization and spinning, oxidation (also referred to as
stabilization), carbonization (sometimes inaccurately referred to as graphitization),
surface treatment and sizing application.

Polymerization
The process begins with a polymeric feedstock known as a precursor (that which
comes before), which provides the fibers molecular backbone. Today about 10 percent

of produced carbon fiber is made from a rayon- or pitch-based precursor, but the majority
is derived from polyacrylonitrile (PAN), made from acrylonitrile, which is derived from
the commodity chemicals propylene and ammonia.
Production of PAN-based carbon fiber
Most of a carbon fiber producers investment is spent on precursor, and the quality of the
finished fiber is directly dependent on that of the precursor.

Precursor formulation begins with an acrylonitrile monomer, which is combined

in a reactor with plasticized acrylic comonomers and a catalyst, such as sulfur dioxide
acid or sulfuric acid. Continuous stirring blends the ingredients, ensures consistency and
purity and initiates the formation of free radicals within the acrylonitriles molecular
structure. This change leads to polymerization, the chemical process that creates longchain polymers that can be formed into acrylic fibers.
After washing and drying, the acrylonitrile, now in powder form, is dissolved in
either organic solvents, such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethyl acetamide
(DMAC) or dimethyl formamide (DMF), or aqueous solvents, such as zinc chloride and
rhodan salt. Organic solvents help avoid contamination by trace metal ions that could
upset thermal oxidative stability during processing and retard high-temperature

performance in the finished fiber. At this stage, the powder-and-solvent slurry, or

precursor dope, is the consistency of maple syrup.

Spinning
PAN fibers are formed by a process called wet spinning. The dope is immersed in
a liquid coagulation bath and extruded through holes in a spinneret made from precious
metals. The spinneret holes match the desired filament count of the PAN fiber (e.g.,
12,000 holes for 12K carbon fiber). This wet-spun fiber, relatively gelatinous and fragile,
is drawn by rollers through a wash to remove excess coagulant, then dried and stretched
to continue the orienting of the PAN polymer. Here, the filaments external shape and
internal cross-section are determined by the degree to which the selected solvent and
coagulant have penetrated the precursor fiber, the amount of applied tension and the
percentage of filament elongation. The last step in PAN precursor fiber formation is the
application of a finishing oil to prevent the tacky filaments from clumping. The white
PAN fiber then is dried again and wound onto bobbins.

Oxidation
These bobbins are loaded into a creel that feeds the PAN fiber through a series of
specialized ovens during the most time-consuming stage of production, oxidation. Before
they enter the first oven, the PAN fibers are spread flat into a tow band or sheet referred
to as warp. The oxidation oven temperature ranges from 392F to 572F (200C to
300C). The process combines oxygen molecules from the air with the PAN fibers in the
warp and causes the polymer chains to start crosslinking. This increases the fiber density
from ~1.18 g/cc to as high as 1.38 g/cc.
To avoid runaway exotherm (the total exothermic energy released during
oxidation) oven manufacturers use a variety of airflow designs to help dissipate heat and
control temperature. Oxidation time varies, driven by specific precursor chemistry. An
elapsed time of 60 to 120 minutes is typical, as are four to six ovens per production line,

with ovens stacked to provide two heating zones that offer 11 to 12 passes of the fiber per
oven. In the end, the oxidized (stabilized) PAN fiber contains about 50 to 65 percent
carbon molecules, with the balance a mixture of hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen.

Carbonization
Carbonization occurs in an inert (oxygen-free) atmosphere inside a series of specially
designed furnaces that progressively increase the processing temperatures. At the
entrance and exit of each furnace, purge chambers prevent oxygen intrusion because
every oxygen molecule that is carried through the oven removes a portion of the fiber. In
the absence of oxygen, only noncarbon molecules, including hydrogen cyanide elements
and other VOCs (generated during stabilization ) and particulate (such as local buildup of
fiber debris), are removed and exhausted from the oven for post-treatment in an environmentally controlled incinerator. carbonization begins in a low-temperature furnace
that subjects the fiber to 1292F to 1472F (700C to 800C) and ends in a hightemperature furnace at 2192F to 2732F (1200C to 1500C). Fiber tensioning must be
continued throughout the production process. Ultimately, crystallization of carbon
molecules can be optimized to produce a finished fiber that is more than 90 percent
carbon. Although the terms carbon and graphite are often used interchangeably, the
former denotes fibers carbonized at about 1315C/2400F and that contain 93 to 95

percent carbon. The latter are graphitized at 1900C to 2480C (3450F to 4500F) and
contain more than 99 percent elemental carbon. As the fiber is carbonized, it loses weight
and volume, contracts by 5 to 10 percent in length and shrinks in diameter.

Surface treatment and sizing

The next step is critical to fiber performance and, apart from the precursor, it most
differentiates one suppliers product from its competitors product. Surface treatment and
sizing increase the fibers total surface area and porosity. Adhesion between matrix resin
and carbon fiber is crucial in a reinforced composite; during the manufacture of carbon
fiber, surface treatment is performed to enhance this adhesion. Producers use different
treatments, but a common method involves pulling the fiber through an electrochemical
or electrolytic bath that contains solutions, such as sodium hypochlorite or nitric acid.
These materials etch or roughen the surface of each filament, which increases the surface
area available for interfacial fiber/matrix bonding and adds reactive chemical groups,
such as carboxylic acids. Next, a highly proprietary coating, called sizing, is applied. At
0.5 to 5 percent of the weight of the carbon fiber, sizing protects the carbon fiber during
handling and processing (e.g., weaving) into intermediate forms, such as dry fabric.
Sizing also holds filaments together in individual tows to reduce fuzz, improve
processability and increase interfacial shear strength between the fiber and matrix resin.

CHAPTER 4
CONCEPT OF INVESTIGATION
5.1 COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Composite materials (or composites for short) are engineered materials made
from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical
properties which remain separate and distinct on a macroscopic level within the finished
structure.
The most primitive composite materials were straw and mud combined to form
bricks for building construction. Composites are made up of individual materials referred
to as constituent materials. There are two categories of constituent materials: matrix and
reinforcement. At least one portion of each type is required. The matrix material
surrounds and supports the reinforcement materials by maintaining their relative
positions. The reinforcements impart their special mechanical and physical properties to

enhance the matrix properties. The matrix material can be introduced to the reinforcement
before or after the reinforcement material is placed into the mold cavity or onto the mold
surface. Most commercially produced composites use a polymer matrix material often
called a resin solution. There are many different polymers available depending upon the
starting raw ingredients . The most common are known as polyester , vinyl ester, epoxy,
phenolic, polyimide, polyamide, polypropylene, PEEK, and others. The reinforcement
materials are often fibers but also commonly ground minerals.
Products :
Composite materials have gained popularity (despite their generally high cost) in highperformance products that need to be lightweight, yet strong enough to take harsh loading
conditions such as aerospace components (tails, wings, fuselages, propellers), boat,
bicycle frames and racing car bodies.

5.1.1 FIBERS
Fibers are special case of reinforcements. They are generally continuous and have
diameter from 3 to 200 m. Fibers are linear elastic or perfectly plastic. Fibers are
generally stiffer and stronger than same material in bulk form.

5.1.2 MATRIX
Matrix is binder material that supports, separates and protects the fibers. It
provides a path by which load is transferred to the fibers and redistributed among the
fibers in the event of fiber breakage. Matrix has lower density, stiffness and strength than
the fibers. Matrix material must be capable of being poured around the reinforcement
during some stage in manufacture of composites.

5.2 ORIENTATION OF FIBERS

More random the orientation, more fibers are needed to resist the load that is
because only the smaller fraction of randomly oriented fibers are oriented in right
direction.
Three levels of reinforcing in concrete
Random 3D reinforcing This occurs when fibers are mixed into concrete and
poured into forms. The fibers are distributed evenly in concrete and point in all different
directions. Very few fibers actually are able to resist the tensile loads in the specific
direction. This level of fiber reinforcing is inefficient requiring very high loads of fibers.
1D reinforcing is very efficient because it requires least amount of material to
resist the tensile loads. Reinforcing is placed entirely in the tension zone thereby
maximizing the effectiveness without wasting reinforcement in area that does not
generate tensile loads.

CHAPTER 5
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS
6.1 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME

The investigation aims at comparing the flexural strength of plain concrete with
carbon fiber based concrete in which carbon fibers have different orientations.

Specific gravity, water absorption and sieve analysis of coarse and fine aggregates
is found out. Specific gravity of cement is found out.

Concrete mix is designed with the physical properties of available materials for
M20 concrete by using IS 10262:1982.

Experiments have been carried out for the following types of concrete

 Plain Concrete
Concrete with carbon fibers in different orientations

Different orientations of fibers in the concretes tested are as shown in Fig 9.

In case of random distribution of fibers, Carbon fibers with the quantity of 2% of

the volume of cement are added.

In case of layered distribution, fibers are cut to the dimensions of the mould and
distributed in the form of layers.

For determining the flexural strength beam specimen of dimensions 100mm x

100mm x 500mm are cast and tested under central single point loading as per IS
516:1959.

Also comparison of test results is made to find variation in flexural strength

between concrete with random fiber distribution and concrete with layered
distribution.

Fig 9. Different orientations of carbon fibers in concretes tested.

6.2 MATERIALS
6.2.1 Materials used in the experimentation

Ordinary Portland Cement of 43 Grade

Coarse aggregates of 10 mm and down size

Fine aggregates

Carbon Fibers

Carbon Fiber cut into pieces 10mm length

Casting of beams

Dry mix

Testing of beams in UTM under Single point load

6.2.2 Properties tested of the materials used in the experimentation

Ordinary Portland Cement
SPECIFIC GRAVITY = 3.212
Coarse Aggregates
SPECIFIC GRAVITY = 2.6
SIEVE ANALYSIS
Fineness modulus = 5.885
Fine Aggregates
SPECIFIC GRAVITY = 2.546
WATER ABSORPTION = 1.14%
SIEVE ANALYSIS
Fineness modulus = 2.646
Carbon Fibers
Properties:
Fiber orientation
Weight of fiber
Density of fiber
Fiber thickness
Ultimate elongation (%)
Tensile strength
Tensile modulus

Unidirectional
200 g/m2
1.80 g/cc
3 mm
1.5
3500 N/mm2
285 x 103 N/mm2

6.3 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN

(a) Design stipulations

1. Characteristic compressive strength required in the field days 20 MPa

2. Maximum size of aggregates used in the concrete mix 10 mm
3. Degree of workability of the concrete mix 0.90
4. Degree of quality control GOOD
5. Type of exposure MILD

(b) Test Data of the Materials

1. Specific gravity of cement: 3.21
2. Specific gravity of coarse aggregates: 2.6
3. Specific gravity of fine aggregates: 2.55
4. Water absorption:
Coarse aggregates: 0.5%
Fine aggregates: 1.15%
5. Free (surface) moisture
Coarse aggregates: NIL
Fine aggregates: 2%

(c) Target mean strength of concrete

Target mean strength of concrete for specified characteristic cube strength in fck:
20 + ( t x s)
where, t = 1.65 and s = 4
20 + ( 1.65 x 4)
= 26.6 MPa
(Refer Table 11.21 and Table 11.22 for values of t and s)

(d) Selection of water cement ratio

From fig 11.10 the water cement ratio required for the target mean strength of
26.6 MPa is 0.5. This is lower than the maximum value of 0.55 prescribed

for mild exposure (refer Table 9.18). Adopt water cement ratio of 0.5.

(e) Selection of water and sand content

From Table 11.24 for 10mm maximum size aggregate, sand conforming to grading
Zone II, water content per cubic meter of concrete = 20 kg and sand content as % of
total aggregate by absolute volume = 40%. For change in value of water cement ratio,
Compacting factor for sand belonging to Zone III following adjustment is required.
Required sand cement content as % of total aggregate by absolute volume
40 1.5 = 38.5
Required water content = 200 + 0 = 200 l/m3

(f) Determination of cement content

Water cement ratio = 0.50
Water = 200 liters
Cement = 200/ 0.50 = 400 kg/ m3
This cement content is adequate for mild exposure condition.
(Refer Table 19.8)

(g) Determination of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate content

From Table 11.23 for specified maximum size of aggregate of 10 mm the amount of
Entrapped air in the wet concrete is 3%
Taking this into account and applying equations 1 and 2

Where, V = Absolute volume of fresh concrete, which is equal to gross volume

minus the volume of entrapped air.

w = Water content
C = Cement content
Sc = Specific gravity of cement
P = Ratio of FA to total aggregate by absolute volume
Fa = fine aggregate content
Sfa = Specific gravity of fine aggregate

fa = 634 Kg / m3

Ca = 1033 Kg / m3

The mix proportion then becomes

Water

200 liters/ m3

Cement

400 Kg/ m3

Fine aggregates

634 Kg/ m3

Coarse aggregates

1033 Kg/ m3

The ratio is found out to be 1: 1.585: 2.580

6.4 TESTING PARAMETER

Modulus of Rupture
In flexural loading test 50x10x10 cm concrete beam is loaded at a rate of 0.8 to
1.2Mpa /min. Flexural strength is expressed in terms of modulus of rupture ,which is the
maximum stress at rupture computed from the flexural formula,

R = PL
BD2
Where, R= Modulus of rupture
P = Maximum load
L = Span length
B = Width
D = Depth of the section
The above formula is valid only if the fracture in the tension surface is within the
middle third of the span length (i.e. a > 13.3cm).
When the fracture is outside by more than 5% of the span length (i.e. a < 11cm),
then the test results are rejected.
If the fracture is outside by not more than 5% of the span length, a modified
formula is used:
R= 3Pa
BD2
Where, a = The average distance between the line of fracture and the nearest support
measured on the tension surface of the beam.

6.5 CALCULATION OF QUANTITY OF MATERIALS FOR

ONE BEAM
1. Plain concrete without carbon fibers
Mix arrived= 1:1.585:2.580
Volume of one beam= 0.1*0.1*0.5=0.005m3
Weight of concrete= 12 Kg
Weight of cement= 12/ (1+1.585+2.580) = 2.32 Kg
Weight of sand

= (2.32*1.585) = 3.677 Kg

Weight of aggregates= (2.32*2.580) = 5.985 Kg

2. Random distribution:
Mix arrived= 1:1.585:2.580
Volume of one beam= 0.1*0.1*0.5=0.005m3
Weight of concrete= 12 Kg

Weight of cement= 12/ (1+1.585+2.580) = 2.32 Kg

Weight of sand

= (2.32*1.585) = 3.677 Kg

Weight of aggregates= (2.32*2.580) = 5.985 Kg

Carbon fiber content= 2% of cement
= (2/100)*2.32= 0.046 Kgs = 46.4 gms =0.232 m2
3. Layered distribution (4 layers):
Mix arrived= 1:1.585:2.580
Volume of one beam= 0.1*0.1*0.5=0.005m3
Weight of concrete= 12 Kg
Weight of cement= 12/ (1+1.585+2.580) = 2.32 Kg
Weight of sand

= (2.32*1.585) = 3.677 Kg

Weight of aggregates= (2.32*2.580) = 5.985 Kg

Carbon fiber content for one layer =0.1*0.5=0.5 m2
For four layers= 0.5*4= 0.2 m2= 44.8 gms
4. Alternate PC layer and random distribution layer (3 PC layers and 2 random
distribution concrete layers)
Total quantity of material for PC layers:
Volume of one layer of concrete = (0.1*0.5*0.02) = 0.001 m3
Volume of 3 layer of plain concrete = (3*0.001) = 0.003 m3
Weight of concrete

= (0.003*2400) =7.2 Kgs

Weight of cement

= (7.2/ (1+1.585+2.580)) = 1.390 Kg

Weight of sand

= (1.390*1.585) = 2.203 Kg

Weight of aggregates

= (1.390*2.580) = 3.586 Kg

Total quantity of material for random distribution concrete layers:

Volume of 2 layers = (2*0.001) = 0.002 m3
Weight of concrete = (0.002*2400) = 4.8 Kg
Weight of cement

= (4.8/ (1+1.585+2.580)) = 0.930Kg

Weight of sand

= (0.930*1.585) = 1.474Kg

Weight of aggregates

= (0.930*2.580) = 2.399 Kg

Carbon fiber content for two layers of random distribution = 2% of cement

= (2/100)*0.93 = 18.00 gms

= (18.96/200) = 0.090 m2
5. Alternate PC layer and random distribution layer with intermediate carbon fiber
layer(3 PC layers and 2 random distribution concrete layers and 2 carbon fiber
layers)
Total quantity of material for PC layers:
Volume of one layer of concrete = (0.1*0.5*0.02) = 0.001 m3
Volume of 3 layer of plain concrete = (3*0.001) = 0.003 m3
Weight of concrete

= (0.003*2400) =7.2 Kgs

Weight of cement

= (7.2/ (1+1.585+2.580)) = 1.390 Kg

Weight of sand

= (1.390*1.585) = 2.203 Kg

Weight of aggregates

= (1.390*2.580) = 3.586 Kg

Total quantity of material for random distribution concrete layers:

Volume of 2 layers = (2*0.001) = 0.002 m3
Weight of concrete = (0.002*2400) = 4.8 Kg
Weight of cement

= (4.8/ (1+1.585:2.580)) = 0.930Kg

Weight of sand

= (0.930*1.585) = 1.474Kg

Weight of aggregates

= (0.930*2.580) = 2.399 Kg

Carbon fiber content for two layers of random distribution = 2% of cement

= (2/100)*0.930 = 18.60 gms
= (18.60/200) = 0.0948 m2
Carbon fiber content for 2 layers = ( 0.1*0.5)*2 =0.1 m2
Total fiber content

=0.0948 + 0.1 =0.193 m2 =38.60 gm

CHAPTER 6
RESULTS
7.1.1 Plain concrete

Specimen 1
Ultimate load =27KN
Distance of crack from nearest support = a = 16.5 cm
Maximum displacement =2.6 mm
Modulus of rupture =R= (P*L)/ (B*D2)
= (27*103*400)/ (100*1002)
=10.8 N/mm2
Specimen 2
Ultimate load =28KN
Distance of crack from nearest support = a = 18.5cm

Maximum displacement = 2.3 mm

Modulus of rupture =R= (P*L)/ (B*D2)
= (28*103*400)/ (100*1002)
= 11.2 N/mm2
Mean modulus of rupture for plain concrete -11 N/mm2

7.1.2 Layered distribution

Specimen 1
Ultimate load =23 KN
Distance of crack from nearest support = a = 17.5 cm
Maximum displacement =0.9 mm
Modulus of rupture =R= (P*L)/ (B*D2)
= (23*103*400)/ (100*1002)
= 9.2 N/mm2
Specimen 2
Ultimate load =24 KN
Distance of crack from nearest support = a = 19.5 cm
Maximum displacement =1.2 mm
Modulus of rupture =R= (P*L)/ (B*D2)
= (24*103*400)/ (100*1002)
= 9.6 N/mm2
Mean R = 9.4 N/mm2

7.1.3. Random Distribution

Specimen 1
Ultimate load =28 KN
Distance of crack from nearest support = a = 15 cm

Maximum displacement =2 mm
Modulus of rupture =R= (P*L)/ (B*D2)
= (28*103*400)/ (100*1002)
= 11.2 N/mm2

7.1.4 Alternate PC layer and Random distribution layer

Specimen 1
Ultimate load =29 KN
Distance of crack from nearest support = a = 18.5 cm
Maximum displacement =2 mm
Modulus of rupture =R = (P*L)/ (B*D2)
= (29*103*400)/ (100*1002)
= 11.6 N/mm2
Specimen 2
Ultimate load =30 KN
Distance of crack from nearest support = a = 18 cm
Maximum displacement =3.6 mm
Modulus of rupture =R= (P*L)/ (B*D2)

= (30*103*400)/ (100*1002)
= 12 N/mm2
Mean R= 11.6 N/mm2

7.1.5 Alternate PC layer and Random CF concrete layer with intermediate

carbon fiber layer:

Specimen 1
Ultimate load =30 KN
Distance of crack from nearest support = a = 21 cm
Maximum displacement =0.5 mm

Modulus of rupture =R= (P*L)/ (B*D2)

= (30*103*400)/ (100*1002)
= 12 N/mm2
Specimen 2
Ultimate load =29 KN
Distance of crack from nearest support = a = 20.5 cm
Maximum displacement =0.3 mm
Modulus of rupture =R= (P*L)/ (B*D2)
= (29 *103*400)/ (100*1002)
= 11.6 N/mm2
Mean R= 11.8 N/mm2