8/19/2015

20

10

15

15

Line
AB
CB
CA

45

40
B

30

1st trial

LOOP ABC
Q
rQ2
6
15
4
30
8
5
=

9-3 = 6

19

Correction for loop ABC

15
Line
CD
AD
CA

45

40
B

180
240
80
500

C
Q =

20

2rQ
-1350
3600
-200
2050

LOOP ADC
Q
rQ2
2rQ
6
5
-150
60
7
10
700
140
8
5
200
80
=
750
280

Correction for loop ABC

26

-4.1 - 4

Q = -2.67857 - 3
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63

2nd trial

20

9-3 = 6

19

15
Line
AB
CB
CA

LOOP ABC
Q
rQ2
2rQ
6
19
-2166
228
4
26
2704
208
8
6
-288
96
=
250
532

Correction for loop ABC

45

40
B

20

26
6.1

6.5-0.9 = 5.6

19.5

Q = -0.46992 - 0.5

C
15

8.9

Line
CD
AD
CA

LOOP ADC
Q
rQ2
2rQ
6
8
-384
96
7
7
343
98
8
6
288
96
=
247
290

Correction for loop ABC

45
64

40
B

25.5

Q = -0.85172 - 0.9 8/19/2015

8/19/2015

3rd trial

20
Line
AB
CB
CA

LOOP ABC
Q
rQ2
2rQ
6
19.5 -2281.5
234
4
25.5
2601
204
8
5.6 -250.88
89.6
=
68.62
527.6

6.1

6.5-0.9 = 5.6

19.5

8.9

45

Correction for loop ABC

15

40
B

25.5

Q = -0.13006 - 0.13

Line
CD
AD
CA

LOOP ADC
Q
rQ2
2rQ
6
8.9 -475.26
106.8
7
6.1 260.47
85.4
8
5.6 250.88
89.6
=
36.09
281.8

20

5.97

5.73-0.13 = 5.6

19.63

15

9.03

Correction for loop ABC

45

40
B

Q = -0.12807 - 0.13

25.37

C
8/19/2015

65

Network Analysis

Find the flows in the loop given the inflows and

outflows.

The pipes are all 25 cm cast iron (=0.26 mm).
0.32 m3/s

0.28 m3/s

100 m
0.10 m3/s

0.14 m3/s

200 m

66

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8/19/2015

Network Analysis

Assign a flow to each pipe link

Flow into each junction must equal flow out of the junction

arbitrary
0.32 m3/s

0.28 m3/s

0.32
0.00

0.10 m3/s

0.04

0.14 m3/s

0.10

67

8/19/2015

Network Analysis

Calculate the head loss in each pipe

h f = 34.7m
1

8 fL
hf = 5 2 Q 2
gD

h f = 0.222m
2

f=0.02 for Re>200000

Sign convention +CW

h f = kQ Q
2 k1,k3=339
8(0.02)(200)
= 339 s k ,k =169
k1 =

5 2
m5 2 4
(9.8)(0.25)

0.32 m3/s

0.10 m3/s

h f = 0.00m
4

fi

= 31.53m

i=1

0.28 m3/s

68

h f = 3.39m

3/s
0.14 m8/19/2015

8/19/2015

Numeric Solver

Set up a spreadsheet as shown below.

the numbers in bold were entered, the other cells are

calculations

initially Q is 0

use solver to set the sum of the head loss to 0 by changing Q

the column Q0+ Q contains the correct flows
Q
pipe
P1
P2
P3
P4

0.000
f
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02

L
200
100
200
100

D
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25

k
Q0 Q0+Q
339 0.32 0.320
169 0.04 0.040
339 -0.1 -0.100
169
0 0.000
Sum Head Loss

69

hf
34.69
0.27
-3.39
0.00
8/19/2015
31.575

Solution to Loop Problem

Q 0 + Q
0.218
0.062
0.202
0.102

0.32 m3/s

A
4

0.102

0.10 m3/s

0.062
0.202

0.28 m3/s

0.218

0.14 m3/s

Better solution is software with a GUI showing the pipe network.

70

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8/19/2015

Water Hammer in pipes

When the water flowing in a long pipe is suddenly brought to

rest by closing the valve or by any similar cause, there will be a

sudden rise in pressure due to the momentum of moving water
being destroyed. This phenomenon of sudden rise in pressure in
the pipe is known as water hammer or hammer blow.

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71

Gradual closure of the valve

Rapid closure of the valve

Other causes

Pump startup can cause the rapid collapse of a void space that exists

downstream from a starting pump.

Pump power failure can create a rapid change in flow, which causes a
pressure upsurge on the suction side and a pressure downsurge on the
discharge side.

Water Hammer
Analogy
72

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8/19/2015

Gradual closure of the valve

Axial force available to produce retardation

pi a

Mass of liquid contained in the pipe

w
(a L )
g

Force bringing retardation = mass acceleration/retardation =
w
V 0 waLV
=
( aL )
g
t
gt
pi a =
73

p
waLV
LV
i =
gt
w
gt

8/19/2015

Transmission of pressure wave along a pipe

due to instantaneous closure of valve

74

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8/19/2015

dqc = volume by which the liquid is compressed due to pressure

pi
dqe = additional volume provided by the stretching of the pipe
walls under pressure pi
dD = resulting increase in pipe diameter
dt = time for pressure wave to traverse the pipe
T = wall thickness of pipe
E = Youngs modulus for the material of the pipe
K = bulk modulus for the liquid
ft = tensile hoop stress in pipe walls due to pressure pi
1/m = Poissons ratio
8/19/2015

75

Instantaneous closure of the valve

2
dQ =

D dL

dD

2
dqe = (D + dD ) D2 L = D
L
4
2
4

And

dqc =

pi 2
DL
K 4

Hoop strain
dD f t
1
= 1

D
E 2m

Hoop stress

ft =
dD =
76

pi D
2T
pi D 2
1
1

2TE 2m

And

1
dD pi D
=
1

D 2TE 2m

dqe =

pi D 2
1 DL
1

2TE 2m 2

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8/19/2015

But

dQ = dqe + dqc

D 2 dL =

pi 2
p D2
1 DL
D L + i 1

2TE 2m 2
k 4

1 D
1
dL = pi L +
1

k
TE
m
2

Again

pi =

dL = Vdt

Vdt
1 D
1
L +
1

k TE 2m
pi =

77

But

dt =

wLV
gpi

V
g 1 D
1
+
1

w k TE 2m

8/19/2015

Velocity of the compression wave

V0 =

78

L
=
dt

g
1 D
1
w +
1

k TE 2m

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8/19/2015

Water Hammer in pipes

Critical time:

T0 =

2L
V0
pi =

Gradual closure of the valve (T > T0)

wVL
gt

Rapid closure of the valve (T T0)

pi =

V0 =
79

L
=
dt

V
g1 D
1
+
1

w K TE 2m

g
1 D
1
w +
1

K
TE
2
m

pi =

For rigid pipes

V0 =

For rigid pipes

V
g 1

w K

L
=
dt

=V

wK
g

g
K
=

1
w
K 8/19/2015

Water Hammer in pipes

As an approximation if Poissons ratio is not considered
pi =

V0 =

g1 D
+
w K TE

INERTIA HEAD,

hi =

L
=
dt

g
1 D
w +
K TE

pi VL VV0
=
=
w gdt
g

Allievi Formula

If the valve is rapidly closed partially such that the velocity of

flow changes from V to V1, then

hi =
80

pi VV0
=
pi = VV0
w
g
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8/19/2015

Problems

A valve is suddenly closed at the downstream end of a 0.90 m

diameter pipeline carrying water in such a manner that the

velocity is decreased from 4.0 m/s to 1.0 m/s instantaneously.
Estimate the maximum pressure rise at the valve. Assume the
pipe to be rigid and K for water = 2.20 103 MPa
pi = VV0
For rigid pipes,
V0 =

K
=

2.20 10 9
= 1483.24 m/s
1000

p i = VV 0 = 1000 3 1483.24 = 4.45 10 6 Pa= 4.45 M P a

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81

Problems

Calculate the velocity of propagation of a pressure wave in a steel

pipe (E = 2.07 105 MPa) of 2.5 m diameter carrying kerosene

(sp.gr. = 0.80; K = 1.43 103 MPa). The pipe thickness is 2 cm.
Neglect Poissons ratio.
V0 =

82

L
=
dt

g
1 D
w +
K TE

1
1
2.5

1000
+
9
11
1.43

10
0.02

2.07

10

= 876 m/s

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10

8/19/2015

Problems

A steel pipeline is 30 cm in diameter and has a wall thickness of 3 mm.

The pipe is 1000 m long and conveys a flow of 100 l/s of oil (sp. gr. =
0.82). The static head at the outlet is 160 m of oil. If the working stress
of steel is 0.1 kN/mm2, find out whether the pipe will be able to
withstand instantaneous closure of the valve. Also calculate the rise of
pressure within the pipe if the valve is closed in 3 s. For oil: K = 1
109 Pa and for steel: E = 2.14 1011 Pa.
CONSIDERING INSTANTANEOUS CLOSURE OF THE VALVE
Velocity of the pressure wave,

V0 =

g
1 D
w +
K TE

1
0.3
1

0.82 1000 9 +
11
10 .003 2.14 10

= 928.38 m/s

Velocity of flow,

V=
83

0.1
= 1.415 m/s
0.32

8/19/2015

Solution contd
Inertia pressure developed

p i = VV 0 = 0.82 1000 1.415 928.38 = 1077.2 kPa

Static pressure = 160

0.82 1000 9.81 = 1287 kPa

Total pressure = 1077.2 + 1287 = 2364.2 kPa

Stress developed in the pipe,

ft =

pi D 2364.2 0.3
=
= 1.18 105 kPa
2T
2 0.003

But working stress = 0.1 105 kPa

< ft

So, time of closure should be more than critical time, T0 =

84

2 L 2 1000
=
= 2.15 s
V0
928.38

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11

8/19/2015

Solution contd
Pressure rise for valve closure in 3 s

pi =

wVL 1000 0.82 1.415 1000

=
= 386.8 kPa
gt
3

8/19/2015

85

Practice Problems (Water Hammer)

A 20 cm steel pipe is 1500 m long and conveys 50 L/s of water

86

with a static head of 200 m at the downstream end of the pipe. If

a valve at the downstream end is closed in 3 s, estimate the stress
in the pipe wall at the valve. The pipe thickness is 6 mm. [K =
2.2 109 Pa for water; E = 2.11 1011 Pa for steel]
[Ans.
ft = 0.059 kN/mm2]
Water flows at 10 fps in a 400 ft long steel pipe of 8-in diameter
with 0.25-in thick walls. Calculate the critical time & maximum
pressure rise theoretically caused by instantaneously closing the
end valve
a) completely
b) partially, reducing the velocity to 6 fps.
[Ans. V0 = 4110 ft/s; Complete closure, pi = 79,600 psf; Partial
closure, pi = 31,800 psf.]

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12

8/19/2015

Practice Problems (Hardy Cross)

Refer TEXT Book MODI and SETH, Illustrative example 11.17

For the network shown below, the head loss is given by hf = rQ2.

The values of r for each pipe, and the discharge into or out of
various nodes are shown in the sketch. The discharges are in an
arbitrary unit. Obtain the distribution of discharge in the
network.
B

100 units

r=2

r=4
r=1

20 units

C
30 units

A
r=1

r=5
D
50 units

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87

100 units

57.9
20 units

42.1
20.6

C
30 units

A
32.7

17.3
D
50 units

88

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13