1.

Difference between MATERIAL SCIENCE and MATERIAL ENGINERRING

Material science is the study of exploration and research of different
materials. Research on things such as, density, elasticity, conductivity, or
chemical compound
Material engineering is the study of characteristics and uses of various
materials such as metals and etc.

2. Describe and illustrate two types of point defects namely interstitial

andsubstitutional defect.

3. Describe briefly polymorphism with respect to metals?

Polymorphism is the ability to of a solid material to exist in more than
one form or crystal structure.

4. Differentiate between material's toughness and hardness.

Material toughness is the ability of material to absorb energy before
fracture.
Material hardness is the ability that enables it to resist plastic
deformation.

5. Youngs modulus
Is a measure of stiffness of an elastic material.
6. Yield strength
Is defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically.
7. Ultimate tensile strength
Is the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being
stretched or pulled before breaking.

8. A crankshaft in a diesel engine fails. Examination of the crankshaft reveals

noplastic deformation. The fracture surface is smooth. In addition, several
other cracks appear at other locations in the crankshaft. Discuss about the
type of failure mechanism and the failure mode that you would expect.
i)

ii)

Insufficient design: This kind of design flaw usually occurs because the
designers and tool builders never used the product-a situation that is
common in large corporation.
Insufficient properties

9. Explain and differentiate the following strengthening mechanisms in terms

ofits dislocations interaction at microstructural level:

(i)

Grain boundaries strengthening

Is a method of strengthening materials by changing their
average grain size.
It is based on the observation on how easily dislocations
can traverse grain boundaries and travel from grain to
grain.

(ii)

Strain hardening
Is the strengthening of a metal by plastic deformation
Occurs because of dislocation movements within the
crystal structure of the material

(iii)

Solid solution hardening

Metal can be strengthened by alloying element going into
solution in a host metal
Solubility is depends on nature of individual elements

10. Thin pieces of 0.3 mm thick hot-rolled strips of 1080 steel are heat-treated
inthe
following
conditions.
Using
your
knowledge
of
the
IsothermalTransformation (IT) diagram determine the microstructure of the
steelsamples after each heat treatment.
(i)

Heat for one hour at 860 C; water-quench.

(ii)

Heat for one hour at 860 C; water-quench; reheat for one hour at
350 C; and give the name of this heat treatment?
Tempering

(iii)

Heat for one hour at 860 C; quench in molten salt bath at 700 C and
hold for two hours; water quench.
Annealing

(iv)

Heat for one hour at 860 C; quench in molten salt bath at 260 C and
hold for one minute; air-cool; give the name of this heat treatment?
Martempering

(v)

Heat for one hour at 860 C; quench in molten salt bath at 350 C; hold
for one hour; air-cool; give the name of this heat treatment?
Austempering

(vi)

Heat for one hour at 860C; water-quench; reheat for one hour
at700C.

(b) In industrial heat-treating operations, a steel sample is not isothermally

transformed but is continuously cooled from austenitic temperature to room

temperature at different cooling rate. Explain two (2) differences between
Continuous Cooling Transformation diagram and Isothermal Transformation
diagram for eutectoid plain-carbon steels.
Supporting diagram for phase diagram
Give information that is not available in phase diagram
Shows structural change with respect to cooling time
A continuous cooling transformation (CCT) phase diagram is often used
when heat treating steel These diagrams are used to represent which
types of phase changes will occur in a material as it is cooled at
different rates.
Isothermal transformation diagrams are plots of temperature versus
time. They are generated from percentage transformation-vs logarithm
of time measurements, and are useful for understanding the
transformations of an alloy steel that is cooled isothermally

(c) Name and describe one (1) of the surface hardening process for low
carbonsteels which can be applied to bolts and nuts.
Case hardening, is the process of hardening the surface of a metal
object while allowing the metal deeper underneath to remain soft.
(d) Explain the advantage of martempering process on plain carbon steels.
Increase toughness, ductility, and formability.
11. (a) Classify two (2) major groups of wrought aluminium alloys.
Carbon steel
Iron steel
(b) Based on your answers of (a), describe the available grades of wrought
aluminium alloys in each classification.

(c) Draw a schematic diagram of the effect of aging time on the strength of a
percipitation-hardenable alloy that has been solution heat-treated and
quenched.

12. (a) Explain four (4) advantages of glass-fibre-reinforced plastics.

corrosion resistance
low weight-to-strength ratio
high strength
lower cost

(b) Describe the effect of glass fibres arrangement and volume of

fibreglassreinforced plastics on the strength of composite materials.

Short, Randomly oriented fibers having a small aspect ratio--typical

of fiber glassare easily introduced into the matrix and give
relatively isotropic behaviour in the composite. Long or even
continuous, unidirectional arrangements of fibers produce
anisotropic properties.
The higher the volume fraction of reinforcement the higher will be
tensile strength of the composite.
13. Describe two (2) factors to be considered during tensile tests procedure. Give
one (1) example for each factor.
Face and grip selection is a very important factor. By not choosing the
correct set up, your specimen may slip or even break inside the gripped
area
Specimen Alignment. Vertical alignment of the specimen is an important
factor to avoid side loading or bending moments created in the
specimen
14. Describe with the aid of sketches the ionic bonding between a magnesium
atom and a chlorine atom.
A magnesium atom will lose 2 electrons to form a stable 2+ ion.
A chlorine atom will gain 1 electron to form a stable 1- ion.
Two chlorine atoms will each gain one electron from
the magnesium atom. The atoms become ions
The attraction between the oppositely charged ions forms
the ionic bond between magnesium and chlorine

Calculate the atomic packing factor for an FCC unit cell.