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: (Chapter 4) HEAT
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= mc
= Q
m
where :
Q = the heat energy transferred to the material in joules (J).
= the temperature change in oC or Kelvin (K).
m = the mass of the material in kilogram (kg)
2. Unit for c is Jkg-1 C-1 or Jkg-1K-1 . (Jkg-1 C-1 = Jkg-1K-1 )
3. The heat content of a substance depends on its material, mass and temperature.
4. Table 1 : Approximate specific heat capacities of some common substances.
Substance
Solid :
Ice (at-15oC)
Aluminium
Glass
Iron
Lead
Liquid :
Water(at 15oC)
Ethyl alcohol
Mercury
Gas :
Steam
Human body
2000
900
840
452
130
Table 1
4200
2450
139
2010
3500
Page 1 of 7
Physics form 4
Electrical energy
Potential energy
Kinetic energy
Heater
Heat energy
Power = P
Pt = mc
Heat energy
a high position.
mgh = mc
Heat energy
due to friction.
mv2 = mc
6. When two objects of equal mass are heated at equal rates, the object with the
smaller specific heat capacity will have faster temperature increase.
7. When two hot objects of equal mass are left to cool down, the temperature of the
object with smaller heat capacity will drop faster.
8. Materials with small specific heat capacities are used in situations that are
different from materials with large specific heat capacities.
Page 2 of 7
Physics form 4
Heat supplied/J
Increase in temperature/oC
5400
3600
Page 3 of 7
Physics form 4
5. The figure shows a clay pot with the water inside it is still boiling even though the
pot has been removed from the stove.
O
O
o
O
o
8. A student who wanted to design a cooking pot as shown in figure below chose to use
copper for the base and aluminium for the body of the pot. Table below gives values of
density and specific heat capacity for three types of metals.
handle
Page 4 of 7
Physics form 4
Metal
Aluminium
Copper
Lead
Density / kgm-3
2700
8900
11300
Page 5 of 7
Physics form 4
Marking Scheme :
(Activities )
1. 900Jkg-1oC-1, 4200 Jkg-1oC-1, 2010 Jkg-1oC-1, 3500 Jkg-1oC-1
2. = (52 32) = 20oC
Q = mc
= 4 x 452 x 20
= 36 160J
3. Heat removed, Q = 1.575 x 105J , m = 1.5kg
Q = mc
1.575 x 105 = 1.5 x 4200 x
Q = 25oC
Final temperature of the water = 34 - 25
= 19oC
4. Power of kettle, P = 2.4kW = 2400W
Mass,
m = 4.5kg
Change in temperature, = 100 - 28 = 72oC
Q = mc
Pt = mc
2400 x t = 4.5 x 4200 x72
T = 567s
Assumption : All the heat supplied by the heater of the kettle is adsorbed by the
Water. No heat is lost to the surroundings.
(Assessment)
1. C
2. A
3. B
4. D
5. A
6. (a) As the water falls, it loses potential energy. Some of its potential energy is
converted to heat energy.
(b) mgh = mc
10 x 800 = 4200 x
= 1.9oC
7.
mv2 = mc
x 3602 = 150 x
= 432oC
Page 6 of 7
Physics form 4
8. (a) High density and greater mass at the base makes the pot more stable.
Low c heats the pot faster.
(b) Low density of aluminium reduces the total weight of the pot.
Aluminium does not react with most food substances.
(c) lead is poisonous.
High density of the lead makes the pot heavier even before putting in food
items.
Page 7 of 7