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Fungi
Body Structure
The most common body structures are
multicellular filaments and single cells (yeasts)
Some species grow as either filaments or
yeasts; others grow as both
Overview
Morphology
Reproductive structure
Hyphae
Spore-producing
structures
Decomposers (Saprotrophs)
20 m
Parasites
Symbionts
Mycelium
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Cell wall
Cell wall
Nuclei
Pore
Septum
Nuclei
Nematode
Hyphae
25 m
Sexual Reproduction
Plant
cell
wall
Fungal hypha
Plant cell
Haustorium
Plant cell
plasma
membrane
(b) Haustoria
Reproduction
Fungi propagate themselves by producing vast
numbers of spores, either sexually or asexually
Asexual Reproduction
Key
Haploid (n)
Heterokaryotic
(unfused nuclei from
different parents)
Diploid (2n)
Spore-producing
structures
Spores
ASEXUAL
Mycelium
REPRODUCTION
GERMINATION
Key
Haploid (n)
Heterokaryotic
(unfused nuclei from
different parents)
Heterokaryotic
stage
PLASMOGAMY
(fusion of cytoplasm)
Diploid (2n)
KARYOGAMY
(fusion of nuclei)
Spore-producing
structures
2.5 m
Zygote
Spores
ASEXUAL
Mycelium
REPRODUCTION
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
GERMINATION
Key
Haploid (n)
Heterokaryotic
(unfused nuclei from
different parents)
Heterokaryotic
stage
PLASMOGAMY
(fusion of cytoplasm)
Diploid (2n)
KARYOGAMY
(fusion of nuclei)
Spore-producing
structures
Zygote
Spores
ASEXUAL
Mycelium
REPRODUCTION
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
MEIOSIS
GERMINATION
GERMINATION
Spores
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Arbuscular
mycorrhizal
fungi
Sac
fungi
Club
fungi
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
Zygote
fungi
Zygomycota
Parent
cell
Chytridiomycota
Chytrids
Glomeromycota
Bud
Hyphae
25 m
Fungal diversity
Molecular analyses have helped clarify
evolutionary relationships among fungal
groups, although areas of uncertainty remain
Chytrids
Chytrids (phylum Chytridiomycota) are found
in freshwater and terrestrial habitats
Fungal hypha
Flagellum
Flagellum
4 m
Zygomycetes
The zygomycetes (phylum Zygomycota)
exhibit great diversity of life histories
They include fast-growing molds, parasites,
and commensal symbionts
The zygomycetes are named for their sexually
produced zygosporangia
Zygosporangia, which are resistant to freezing
and drying, can survive unfavorable
conditions
Bui Tan Anh College of Natural Sciences
Glomeromycetes
The glomeromycetes (phylum
Glomeromycota) were once considered
zygomycetes
They are now classified in a separate clade
Glomeromycetes form arbuscular mycorrhizae
Ascomycetes
Ascomycetes (phylum Ascomycota) live in
marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats
The phylum is defined by production of sexual
spores in saclike asci, usually contained in
fruiting bodies called ascocarps
Ascomycetes are commonly called sac fungi
Ascomycetes vary in size and complexity from
unicellular yeasts to elaborate cup fungi and
morels
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Morchella esculenta,
the tasty morel
Aspergillus
Peziza badia
Neurospora crassa
Puffballs
Basidiomycetes
Basidomycetes (phylum Basidiomycota)
include mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi,
mutualists, and plant parasites
The phylum is defined by a clublike structure
called a basidium, a transient diploid stage in
the life cycle
Puffballs emitting
spores
Sheft fungi
10
Amanita
Tremella
Coprinus
Roles of Fungi
Fungi play key roles in nutrient cycling, ecological
interactions, and human welfare
Fungi interact with other organisms in many
ways
Trametes
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11
Fungi as Decomposers
Fungus-Animal Symbioses
Fungi as Mutualists
Fungi form mutualistic relationships with
plants, algae, cyanobacteria, and animals
All of these relationships have profound
ecological effects
Fungus-Plant Mutualisms
Lichens
12
13
Fungi as Pathogens
Ascocarp of fungus
Fungal
hyphae Algal
layer
Soredia
Algal cell
Fungal hyphae
14
Penicillium
Staphylococcus
Penicillium
Zone of
inhibited
growth
15