December 3, 2009

Science B Period

Chemical Reactions Lab Report

Purpose

The purpose of this experiment was to learn about precipitate reactions and how
they are formed. We also practiced following oral directions, note-taking skills, and
recording quality observations.

Materials

• Aqueous Solutions of:

○ .1M Fe(NO3)2
○ .1M CoCl2
○ .1M AgNO3
○ .1M Pb(NO3)2
○ 3M NaOH
○ 3M HCl
• Beakers
• Disposal Pipettes (labeled for each solution)
• Water
• Small test tubes
• Large test tubes
• Small blue test tube rack
• Large white test tube rack
• Test tube cleaner
• Amber dropper bottles
• Instruction sheets
• Student goggles and aprons

Safety

Many safety precautions needed to be taken during this lab due to the use of
chemicals that could be toxic and/or irritating. Some of the precautions were the
wearing of goggles at all times, the wearing of aprons at all times, the tying back of long
hair, and the rolling-up of sleeves. Jackets were not allowed to be worn during this lab
and if contact with any of the chemicals was made you had to thoroughly wash the area
of infection.

Procedures

1. Clean out 7 small test tubes thoroughly with water. Set them on the small blue
test tube rack.
2. Chemical Reaction #1
a. Put ten drops of lead nitrate into a small test tube on the blue test tube
rack.
b. Put one drop of sodium hydroxide into the same test tube.
c. Record observations of the reaction.
3. Chemical Reaction #2
a. Put ten drops of silver nitrate into a clean test tube on the blue test tube
rack.
b. Put one drop of sodium hydroxide into that same test tube.
c. Record observations of the reaction.
4. Chemical Reaction #3
a. Put ten drops of silver nitrate into a clean test tube on the blue test tube
rack.
b. Put one drop of hydrochloric acid into that same test tube.
c. Record observations of the reaction.
5. Chemical Reaction #4
a. Put ten drops of silver nitrate into a clean test tube on the blue test tube
rack.
b. Put ten drops of potassium iodide into that same test tube.
c. Record observations of the reaction.
6. Go back and observe and record final observations for chemical reactions #1-3.
7. Chemical Reaction #5
a. Put ten drops of iron nitrate into a clean test tube on the blue test tube
rack.
b. Put two drops of sodium hydroxide into that same test tube.
c. Record observations of the reaction.
8. Chemical Reaction #6
a. Put ten drops of cobalt chloride into a clean test tube on the blue test tube
rack.
b. Put two drops of sodium hydroxide into that same test tube.
c. Record observations of the reaction.
9. Chemical Reaction #7
a. Put ten drops of lead nitrate into a clean test tube on the blue test tube
rack.
b. Put ten drops of potassium iodide into that same test tube.
c. Record observations of the reaction.
10. Go back and observe and record final observations for chemical reactions #4-7.
11. Dump all chemicals in receptacle provided by Mr. Wilcox.
12. Clean all materials thoroughly with water using the test tube cleaner brush to
clean the test tubes.
Observations

Observations For Chemical Reactions Laboratory

Reactant Reactant
A B Product A Product B
Observation Observation Observatio Observatio Observatio Observatio
s s n1 n2 n1 n2
Clear
Reactio
Clear, Clear, White, White grainy solution,
n1 translucent translucent cloudy solid solid translucent Cloudy
Clear Brown rusty Powdery Cloudy
Reactio
Leaves black Clear, color Split up and yellow color, Brownish
n2 residue translucent Grainy solid settled translucent cloudy
White milky
Reactio Clear Corrosive White cloudy solid Cloudy but
n3 Leaves black Clear, solid Sticks to still White and
residue translucent Milky sides translucent milky
Yellow-
Reactio Clear Cloudy, green Milky,
n4 Leaves black Clear, milky green powdery opaque,
residue translucent solid substance Milky green yellow liquid
Dull yellow Solid Solid
translucent throughout throughout
Reactio
solution Orange-red Sticky red- Orange-red Colorless
n5 Dark yellow color brown solid Grainy Clear Clear
at bottom Grainy Grainy specks Colorless Translucent
Pink Speckled Blue-green
Reactio
Darker at Clear, blue-green Grainy Colorless, Pink
n6 bottom Translucent solid clumps translucent translucent
Grainy
Reactio Fine bright Settled Clear
n7 Clear, Clear, yellow yellow solution, Yellow tinge
translucent translucent powder powder translucent to solution
Graphs

Discussion Questions

1. Q. For each reaction:

 a. Write the balanced chemical equation
b. Include in the balanced chemical equation, the proper STATE
indication, i.e. (s), (l), (aq), (g), for each compound.
c. Write equation as a word equation.

A. The following are the chemical equations in order:

• Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) --> Pb(OH)2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
○ One molecule of lead nitrate and two molecules of sodium
hydroxide react to produce one molecule of lead hydroxide
and two molecules of sodium nitrate.
• AgNO3(aq) + NaOH(aq) --> AgOH(s) + NaNO3(aq)
○ One molecule of silver nitrate and one molecule of sodium
hydroxide react to produce silver hydroxide and one
molecule of sodium nitrate.
• AgNO3(aq) + HCl(aq) --> AgCl(s) + HNO3(aq)
○ One molecule of silver nitrate and one molecule of hydrogen
chloride react to produce one molecule of silver chloride and
one molecule of hydrogen nitrate.
• AgNO3(aq) + KI(aq) --> AgI(s) + KNO3(aq)
○ One molecule of silver nitrate and one molecule of
potassium iodide react to produce on molecule of silver
iodide and one molecule of potassium nitrate.
• Fe(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) --> Fe(OH)2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
○ One molecule of iron nitrate and two molecules of sodium
hydroxide react to produce one molecule of iron hydroxide
and two molecules of sodium nitrate.
• CoCl2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) --> Co(OH)2(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
○ One molecule of cobalt chloride and two molecules of
sodium hydroxide react to produce one molecule of cobalt
hydroxide and two molecules of sodium chloride.
• Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) --> PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
○ One molecule of lead nitrate and two molecules of
potassium iodide react to produce one molecule of lead
iodide and two molecules of potassium nitrate.

1. Q. How could you determining, just from looking at a chemical equation, if a

precipitate will be formed?

A. You can determine just from looking at a chemical equation if a precipitate will
be formed if the reactants side of the equation has at least two aqueous solutions
and the products side of the equation has a solid. That solid is a precipitate.

2. Q. Almost all reactions are endothermic or exothermic. For each of the chemical
reactions that you observed, indicate whether you think it was endothermic or
exothermic and state WHY you think so.

A. The chemical reactions we worked with in this lab were all exothermic. I think
this because when we did the dissolving salt in water minilab it was an
 endothermic reaction. When we were doing that it was a solid to a aqueous
solution. This was the opposite of the dissolving salt, it was a aqueous solution
to a solid so therefore the reactions in this lab were probably exothermic.

3. Q. Chemical reactions can be categorized into a couple different groups. Each of

the reactions observed during this laboratory are of the same type. Read the
article found on Edline called “Types of Chemical Reactions”. Then identify what
type of reaction those performed in this activity were. Then explain.

A. The types of reactions performed in this lab were double replacement

reactions because the two of the elements in the end of each compound
switched places to become different compounds. This is what happens in a
double replacement reaction. An example equation could be AgNO3 + HCl -->
AgCl + HNO3 where NO3 and Cl switch places during the reaction.

4. Q. Research each of the precipitates created during this laboratory and then
identify which one was once used in paint, but is no longer used for this purpose.
Then explain why it is no longer used.

A. Lead iodide was once used in paint, but it no longer is. It was used in paint to
speed drying and increase the durability. Lead iodide is no longer used in
household paint and civilian items because of the dangerous, poisonous lead
content. It is still used in paint used by the military and sometimes in painting
parking lot lines.

5. Q. Use this laboratory activity as an example to explain why it is important not to

assume anything is ‘just’ water when you are in a laboratory setting.

A. It is important not to assume anything is ‘just’ water when you are in a

laboratory setting because many of the chemicals that were toxic and used in this
experiment were clear, colorless, and translucent just like water. You have to be
careful if you do not know what chemical you are using because it could be
something extremely dangerous.

Conclusion

This laboratory had many purposes. One purpose was developing skills such as
following oral directions, note-taking, creating data tables, and recording quality
observations. Another objective was to learn about chemical reactions and how they
are formed. I learned many concepts in this chemical reactions laboratory, one of them
being that a precipitate is a solid formed by two aqueous (dissolved in water) solutions.
In a chemical equation if two aqueous solutions are on the reactant side and one solid is
on the product side, that solid is the precipitate. There are many real-world applications
of the information I studied in this lab. One application is how medicines are discovered
and created. Many medicines are created when scientists put two chemicals together,
not knowing what will happen, and form a new chemical with medicinal properties. The
knowledge of a type of reaction can help you recognize what you are working with
before you start a chemical reaction. Precipitates and other important concepts that
were dealt with in this lab can play a part in many applications in the real world.