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Hypothesis Testing
with Two Samples
8.1
H0: 1 2
Ha: 1 > 2
H0: 1 2
Ha: 1 < 2
x x x x 1 2
1
and
x x
1
2
2
x2 x2 1 2 .
n1 n2
1
Sampling distribution
for x1 x 2
x x
1
1 2
2
x x
1
x1 x 2
x1 x 2 1 2
12 22
where x x
.
x x
n1 n2
When the samples are large, you can use s1 and s2 in place
of 1 and 2. If the samples are not large, you can still use
1
In Words
In Symbols
Identify .
Use Table 4 in
Appendix B.
Continued.
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e
In Words
In Symbols
x1 x 2 1 2
If z is in the
rejection region,
reject H0.
Otherwise, fail to
reject H0.
x x
1
H0: 1 2
= 0.10
-2
-1
z0 = 1.28
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e
Continued.
10
H0: 1 2
Ha: 1 > 2 (Claim)
z0 = 1.28
-3
-2
-1
2
2
12 22
4.8
5.4
1.0644.
n1 n2 49 44
Reject H0.
2.161
z
1.0644
x x
There is enough evidence at the 10% level to support the
teachers claim that her students score better on the ACT.
1
11
8.2
13
x1 x 2 1 2 .
x x
1
n1 1 s12 n2 1 s22
n1 n2 2
Continued.
14
x x 1 1
n1 n2
1
Variances equal
and d.f.= n1 + n2 2.
If the population variances are not equal, then the standard
error is
x x
1
s12 s22
n1 n2
15
Normal or t-Distribution?
Are both sample sizes
at least 30?
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
n1 n2
and d.f =
n1 + n2 2.
s12 s22
n1 n2
16
In Words
In Symbols
Identify .
d.f. = n1+ n2 2 or
d.f. = smaller of n1 1
or n2 1.
Use Table 5 in
Appendix B.
Continued.
17
In Words
In Symbols
x1 x 2 1 2
x x
1
If t is in the rejection
region, reject H0.
Otherwise, fail to
reject H0.
18
H0: 1 = 2
Ha: 1 2
=
(Claim) 0.005
d.f. = n1 + n2 2
= 17 + 18 2 = 33
=
0.005
-3
-2
-1
t0 = 2.576
t0 = 2.576
Continued.
19
H0: 1 = 2
Ha: 1 2 (Claim)
-3
-2
-1
t0 = 2.576
t0 = 2.576
1 1
2
n1 n2
n1 1 s12 n2 1 s22
17 1 78002 18 1 73752
n1 n2 2
17 18 2
1 1
n1 n2
1 1
17 18
7584.0355(0.3382)
2564.92
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e
Continued.
20
H0: 1 = 2
Ha: 1 2 (Claim)
-3
-2
-1
t0 = 2.576
t0 = 2.576
x x
1
2564.92
0.273
21
8.3
Independent Samples
Dependent Samples
23
24
d = x1 x2
d
d
.
25
t 0
t0
26
n
d
d
sd
n
The standard deviation of the differences between the
paired data entries in the dependent samples
n(d 2 ) d
sd
n(n 1)
27
28
In Words
In Symbols
Identify .
d.f. = n 1
Use Table 5 in
Appendix B.
Continued.
29
In Words
In Symbols
d d
n
2
2
n
(
d
)
d
)
sd
n(n 1)
d d
sd n
30
In Words
8. Make a decision to reject or fail
to reject the null hypothesis.
In Symbols
If t is in the
rejection region,
reject H0.
Otherwise, fail to
reject H0.
31
Score (before)
85 96 70
76
81 78
Score (after)
88 85 89
86
92 89
H0: d 0
Ha: d > 0 (Claim)
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e
Continued.
32
d.f. = 6 1 = 5
= 0.05
d
d2
-3
-2
-1
t0 = 2.015
1
2
3
4
5
6
85 96 70 76 81 78
88 85 89 86 92 89
3 11 19 10 11 11 d 43
9 121 361 100 121 121 d 2 833
d d 643 7.167
n
2
2
6(833) 1849
n
(
d
)
d
)
104.967 10.245
sd
6(5)
n(n 1)
Continued.
33
-2
-1
sd n 10.245 6
t0 = 2.015
34
8.4
n1p1 5, n1q1 5,
n2p2 5, and n2q2 5.
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e
36
p p pq 1 1 , where q 1 p.
n1 n21
1
37
x1 x 2
and q 1 p.
n1 n2
Note:
n1 p, n1q , n2 p, and n2q
must be at least 5.
38
In Words
In Symbols
Identify .
Use Table 4 in
Appendix B.
x1 x 2
p
n1 n2
Continued.
39
In Words
6. Find the standardized test statistic.
In Symbols
z
( p1 p2 ) ( p1 p2 )
pq 1 1
n1 n2
If z is in the
rejection region,
reject H0.
Otherwise, fail to
reject H0.
40
H 0: p1 p2
Ha: p1 < p2 (Claim)
= 0.01
-3
-2 -1
z0 = 2.33
Continued.
41
H 0: p 1 p 2
Ha: p1 < p2 (Claim)
-3
-2 -1
z0 = 2.33
x1 x 2 n1 p1 n2 p2
q 1 p 1 0.304 0.696
Because 1245(0.304), 1245(0.696), 1065(0.304), and 1065(0.696)
are all at least 5, we can use a two-sample z-test.
Continued.
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e
42
H 0: p 1 p 2
Ha: p1 < p2 (Claim)
z
-3
-2 -1
z0 = 2.33
( p1 p2 ) ( p1 p2 )
(0.29 0.32) 0
1.56
1
1
(0.304)(0.696)
pq 1 1
1245
1065
n
n
1
2
43