Professional Documents
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38-1
© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.
This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.
SIMPLE SOLUTIONS TO STABILITY PROBLEMS
IN THE DESIGN OFFICE
by R. Shankar Nair
INTRODUCTION
38-2
© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.
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lateral buckling (of either a single story, by shear racking, or
an entire tall building, as a flexural cantilever) can be
estimated using the following equation:
38-3
© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Procedure for Design
38-4
© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.
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4. Apply magnification factor to the following effects of
lateral loading: Axial forces in columns; moments and axial
forces in shearwalls.
5. For each story of the building (or for each of a few
representative stories) compute the critical load for shear
racking buckling, from the following:
38-5
© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.
This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.
strength reduction factors should not be included in the
calculation of and values that are to be used only for
evaluating serviceability conditions.
Sidesway Effects of Vertical Loading.- In Steps 4 and 7 of the
design procedure, magnification factors are applied to the
effects of lateral loading. In buildings in which vertical
loading causes significant sidesway, and should also be
applied to the sidesway effects of vertical loading.
38-6
© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.
This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.
tilt due to floor movements is 0.002 to 0.003. Since column
out-of-plumbness caused by load-induced floor movement is not
likely to be in opposite directions in adjacent stories, the
maximum difference in tilt between adjacent stories due to floor
movement may be taken as 0.002.
It can be concluded that connections between columns and floor
diaphragms should be designed to transmit a horizontal force of
0.006 times the axial force in the column below the floor. [This
is in addition to any horizontal force applied directly to the
column.]
Types of Connections
38-7
© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.
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A simple and conservative approach is to check the connection for
a horizontal force of 0.006 times the total vertical force in the
story below the floor under consideration, excluding forces in
components of the lateral load-resisting system. [This
horizontal force is in addition to forces that result directly
from external loading.]
The horizontal force of 0.006 times vertical force can be applied
in any direction. If torsion is a concern, horizontal forces of
0.006 times column force could be applied in different directions
at different column locations, in such a way as to create the
greatest torsional loading on the connection to the lateral
load-resisting system.
The forces suggested for designing or checking the floor
diaphragm connections are not additive over successive floors.
They are conservative estimates of the maximum force that can
occur at a particular floor. It is not necessary to check the
lateral load-resisting system for the summation of these forces
over two or more floors.
38-8
© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.
This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.
If the additional members indicated in Figure 7 are not provided,
the even-number floors cannot be considered to be laterally
restrained by the overall lateral load-resisting system. The
simplest approach, in this case, is to design all columns as
though they were laterally unsupported at the unrestrained
floors. This procedure might be excessively conservative,
especially if some of the columns are much more slender than
others.
A more reasonable technique is to combine the stiffnesses of all
columns into a single imaginary column extending between
laterally restrained floors (two stories in the present example),
and to check this combined column for the sum of the loads in all
columns. Individual columns also should be checked; they may be
assumed to be supported laterally at every floor.
The general design approach, when some floors in a multistory
building are bypassed by the overall lateral load-resisting
system, is to treat the structure between laterally restrained
floors as an imaginary single column of appropriate stiffness,
supported laterally at top and bottom. If there are no
beam-column moment connections, the stiffness of the imaginary
column is simply the sum of the individual column stiffnesses.
If the framing is more complicated, the subassembly between
laterally restrained floors can be analyzed separately (under
unit lateral loads at appropriate locations) to determine the
characteristics of an equivalent single column.
TRUSS BRACING
38-9
© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.
This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.
AISC's Code of Standard Practice specifies that compression
members must be straight to within 1/1000 between points of
lateral support. However, there do not appear to be standards
for the skew of the straight line between lateral support points
( in Figure 8). In the absence of a specific standard
tolerance, this writer assumes a maximum skew of 0.003 and an
algebraic difference in skew between adjacent panels of 0.006 due
to imperfections in fabrication and erection.
The maximum likely skew due to deformation of the lateral bracing
system depends on the type of bracing. A panel of diagonal
bracing with a 45" diagonal angle is shown in Figure 9. If the
forces on this bracing system cause a strain of 0.00103 (which
corresponds to a stress of 30 ksi) in the diagonal and negligible
strain in the chord, the resulting skew of the chord would be
0.00207. This result is not very sensitive to the angle of the
diagonal. For angles of 22.5° to 67.5° the maximum chord skew
caused by a strain of 0.00103 in the diagonal is 0.00293. These
skew calculations are valid both for bracing systems with
diagonals that support tension and compression and for those in
which diagonals carry only tension, provided that the strain in
the cross strut is small.
From these simple calculations, the maximum chord skew due to
bracing deformation can be assumed to be 0.003 for trusses with
diagonal bracing consisting of bolted or welded steel members.
This is in addition to the chord skew caused by construction
imperfections, which is also assumed to be 0.003, as discussed
earlier. Thus, the maximum total skew in any panel can be taken
to be 0.006 and the maximum difference in skew between adjacent
panels can be assumed (very conservatively) to be 0.012.
It can be concluded that the lateral bracing system should be
designed for a transverse shear at any location of 0.006 times
the axial force in the compression chord at that location. The
connection of the chord to the bracing system should be designed
for a transverse force of 0.012 times the compression in the
chord (average of adjacent panels). These shears and connection
loads are the requirements for restraining the compression chord
against lateral buckling. The bracing system must be designed
for externally-applied lateral loading (if present) in addition
to the chord-restraining effects.
The shears and connection loads suggested for design of the
bracing system are the maximum values at each location. These
maximum values do not occur simultaneously at different locations
and are not additive or cumulative. Application of the suggested
connection design loads as external forces would result in
grossly overconservative bracing design.
If two or more parallel trusses are braced by a single bracing
system, the total force in all chords should be used to determine
the design loads on the bracing. Struts connecting remote
trusses to the bracing system should be designed for the sum of
the single-point restraining forces (0.012P) from all the trusses
38-10
© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.
This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.
restrained by the strut. If there is a possibility of
significant length change in the strut, the bracing design
factors of 0.006 and 0.012 should be increased to account for the
greater possible skew of the truss chords.
The suggested forces and shears for design of bracing to provide
lateral restraint to truss chords (0.012 and 0.006 of chord
compression) are for diagonally braced systems with the following
characteristics: diagonal angles of 22° to 68°; diagonal member
axial stress no greater than 30 ksi due to chord-restraining
effects plus externally-applied lateral loading; negligible axial
strain in bracing system cross struts; negligible axial strain in
truss chord due to lateral effects; lateral skew of unloaded
truss chord not greater than 0.003. For trusses and bracing
systems having different characteristics, different design
factors can be derived by modifying the simple calculations that
were used to arrive at the 0.006 and 0.012 factors.
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
38-11
© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Figure 1.- Bending and Buckling of Flexural Cantilever
38-12
© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Figure 4.- Restraining Force on Out-of-Plumb Column
at Floor
38-13
© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Figure 6.- Braced Frame; Even-Numbered Floors
Laterally Unrestrained
38-14
© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Figure 8.- Restraining Forces on Out-of-Straight Truss
Compression Chord From Bracing System
38-15
© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved.
This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.