Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Principle of Autonomy
Implications:
X has a right to determine what will be done to him.
Y has a duty not to constrain Xs autonomous choices and actions.
Violations:
Ex. Not telling a patient the risks involved in an intervention recommended and therefore
preventing him for properly weighing risks and benefits
Actions performed that constrain a persons capacity to act according to his decision.
Non-Violations:
A person expresses his autonomous wish to waive consent or delegate authority to others.
Ex. A patient explicitly tell his physician to do whatever you think is best, and not expect to
be asked permission for every procedure done.
Competence to give consent is absent or reduced and the procedure is necessary to save a
persons life.
By reason of paternalism (those who know best decide), the health professional can
decide that the amount of benefit offered by the procedure outweighs the loss resulting
from failure to respect autonomy.
Ex.A child in a life/death emergency situation, cannot give consent for surgery. The doctor may
decide surgery is necessary to save the life of the child and proceed without consent.
Respecting a persons autonomy competes with other moral principles or autonomy vs.
non-maleficence.
When theres danger that respecting a persons autonomy may harm or impose unfair
burden on another then the principle of autonomy is overruled by the principle of nonmaleficence.
Ex. If a patient autonomously chooses not to be confined for homicidal tendencies and
endangers the lives of others the doctor may use undue influence to force him to be
confined.
Principle of Justice
Justice, also termed fairness, means to give to each one what he deserves or what is his due.
Implications:
Each individual should receive what his due by right such as:
a. life
b. information needed for decision making
c. confidentiality of private information
Benefits should be justly distributed among individuals such as:
a. minimum health care
b. equal opportunities for scarce
resources
Each individual should share in the burden of health and science such as:
a. caring for his own health
b. caring for the health of others
c. participating in health/science
progress
Violations:
Non-Violations:
Ex. Patient asks not to be told of the risks involved in a recommended treatment.
The patient loses his right to what is due.
Ex. Because smokers refuse to care for their health, they might be considered
responsible for their chronic ling disease and lose their right to at least, free health
care.
Give each patient what is due: available care he needs, information and confidentiality.
Work toward just health care policies such as the delivery of minimum health care to all
according to their needs.
Avoid giving undue burden to individuals: abusing the poor by using them as learning
materials