302RCTN 2014fall

MEAM 302 Recitations
Boyang Qin (TA)
Instructor: Dr. Paulo E. Arratia
University of Pennsylvania
2014 Aug - Dec
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Table of Contents I
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2014-9-3 Lecture: continuum approach
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Scaling ideas.
Coriolis Forces and effects
Ro =
inerita
U 2 /L
U
=
=
coriolis
2U
L(2 sin )
the extend to which the restoring effect of corilolis forces restrict the
displacement of fluid
Fluid as a continuum
density of a point: = m/V , we need V not too small, not too
large. Too small: molecular fluctuation. Too large: no longer
faithful to a point.
When density of a point is defined, we can call it density field
(x, y , z, t).
yet, how small or large should we size V ? The answer lies in
Knudsen number.
Kn =
.
L
smallest length scale for water: 300nm pipe

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2014-9-4 Recitation: dimensionality, centrifugal

and DE
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2014-9-4 Recitation: dimensionality, centrifugal and DE
Dimensionality
Primary dimensions: length [L], time [t], temperature [T] , force [F] /
mass [M],
Secondary dimensions: derived physical properties, speed [L/t], area
[L2 ];
Note: Dimension 6= Unit !
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Dimensionality
mass [M],
[L2 ];
Problem 1
number.
Show that Rossby number is dimensionless, hence a true
Ro ,
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inertial
scale of (u u)
=
.
coriolis
scale of (2 u)
Dimensionality
mass [M],
[L2 ];
Problem 1
number.
Show that Rossby number is dimensionless, hence a true
Ro ,
inertial
scale of (u u)
=
.
coriolis
scale of (2 u)
In class, we see that Ro offer rule of thumb on when can Coriolis effect
be ignored/considered.
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What about Centrifugal force?
Link
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What about Centrifugal force?
Link
If frame A is stationary(universe), but frame B is rotating(earth) with

A B
,constant, then the conversion of the acceleration of particle P from
frame B to A is given by:
A P
a = B aP + 2 A B B vP + A B ( A B B rP )
|
{z
} |
{z
}
Coriolis Acc
Centrifugal Acc
Could centrifugal Acc affect gravity?

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Centrifugal force vs Gravity?

Problem 2 Your TA is afraid that the centripetal force from earths
rotation may affect our perceived gravity, i.e ~g . Is such worry necessary?
Come up with a dimensionless number (in light of the Rossby number) to
support your claim.
For us on earth? R = 6.4 106 m
For Jason-2 satellite: period= 6754 sec, r /R = 1.2.
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Last problem
Problem 3 Your TA fancies that in the future, buildings are so high
that they go into space, and tunnels are so deep that they go into the
center of the earth. Suppose there is a high-rise/ tunnel that extend from
r = 2R all the way to r = 0. Further, the inside is pumped vaccum for
unobvious reasons. Calculate the total travel time via free fall.
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Last problem
Problem 3 Your TA fancies that in the future, buildings are so high
that they go into space, and tunnels are so deep that they go into the
center of the earth. Suppose there is a high-rise/ tunnel that extend from
r = 2R all the way to r = 0. Further, the inside is pumped vaccum for
unobvious reasons. Calculate the total travel time via free fall.
Assumptions:
no fluid drag.
ignore centrifugal effect.
spherical earth.
homogenous distribution of earth mass.
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What how does ~g behave? Constant?

Outside the earth vs inside the earth?
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10
What how does ~g behave? Constant?

Outside the earth vs inside the earth?
1
0.8
g /g R
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
r /R
How to judges whether ~g constant is appropriate?
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10
Now the formulaic part

Conservation + Constitutive + Conditions
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11

Two regimes:
(
2
r 00 = gR (R/r ) ,
r 00 = gR (r /R) ,
r (0) = 2R, r 0 (0) = 0, r (t1 ) = R,

r (0) = R , r 0 (0) = r10 , r (t2 ) = 0,
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(R r 2R)
(0 r R)
11

Two regimes:
(
2
r 00 = gR (R/r ) ,
r 00 = gR (r /R) ,
r (0) = 2R, r 0 (0) = 0, r (t1 ) = R,

r (0) = R , r 0 (0) = r10 , r (t2 ) = 0,
(R r 2R)
(0 r R)
r /R
1.5
0.5
0
0
500
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1000
1500
t[s]
2000
2500
11
2014-9-11 Recitation: flow dimensionality, shear

stress constitutive equation, BC
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2014-9-11 Recitation: flow dimensionality, shear stress constitutive equation, BC
12
The coordinate system used can simplify flow field

Problem 1 Given Cartesian coordinate (x, y , z) and time t, is the
following flow 1,2 or 3 dimensional? Is it steady or unsteady?
u=

V (t)
i + yj + z k
x
4(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2
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13

u=

V (t)
i + yj + z k
x
4(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2
Now consider the spherical coords (r , , ), with the basis vectors:
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13

u=

V (t)
i + yj + z k
x
4(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2
Now consider the spherical coords (r , , ), with the basis vectors:

is:
Convince yourself that the above flow field in basis vectors, r, ,
u=
V (t)
r.
4r 2
Is this flow 1,2 or 3 dimensional in this coordinate? Whats the price?

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13
Problem 2 (Fox 8ed. 2.51) A block of edge size 0.1m, with mass m =
5 kg, slides down a smooth incline = 30 below the horizontal, on a
film of SAE 30 oil at 20 C ( =0.4 Pas) that is d =0.20 mm thick. If
the block is released from rest at t = 0, what is its initial acceleration?
Derive an expression for the speed of the block u(t). Find the speed after
0.1 s. If we want the mass to instead reach a speed of 0.3 m/s at this
time, find the viscosity of the oil we would have to use.
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14
Problem 2 (Fox 8ed. 2.51) A block of edge size 0.1m, with mass m =
5 kg, slides down a smooth incline = 30 below the horizontal, on a
film of SAE 30 oil at 20 C ( =0.4 Pas) that is d =0.20 mm thick. If
the block is released from rest at t = 0, what is its initial acceleration?
Derive an expression for the speed of the block u(t). Find the speed after
0.1 s. If we want the mass to instead reach a speed of 0.3 m/s at this
time, find the viscosity of the oil we would have to use.
u
Ublock
Ublock =
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= 1 e md/A
mg sin
A/d
14
But doesnt gravity act on the film as well?

Problem 3 Find the solution to the steady slanted film problem u(y ),
where the upper surface of the film is moving with constant speed U.
Also find the shear stress or force on the upper surface y = d. Compared
with that used in problem 2.
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15
But doesnt gravity act on the film as well?

Problem 3 Find the solution to the steady slanted film problem u(y ),
where the upper surface of the film is moving with constant speed U.
Also find the shear stress or force on the upper surface y = d. Compared
with that used in problem 2.
The velocity profile of the film:

1 gd 2 sin y 2 y
y
u(y ) =
+
+U .
2
d
d
d
The top surface of the film has:
(d) =
U
1
gd sin ,
d
2
Ufree film =
1 g sin 2
d
2
If block is sliding on such a film, the terminal speed is:

Ublock = Ublock + Ufree film .
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15
2014-9-17 Recitation: flow lines + multi-layered

flows
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2014-9-17 Recitation: flow lines + multi-layered flows
16
Pathline + Streamline + Streakline

Problem 1
Consider the cooked up flow field:

u=
1t t
i + j.
x
y
Whats the flow dimensionality? steady or unsteady?
Pathline vs. Streamline, Pathline vs Streaklines, whats the

difference?
When do they coincide?
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17

Problem 1

u=
1t t
i + j.
x
y

difference?
Pathline Find the particle path with 0 t 1 for a particle that

is located at x0 = (x0 , y0 ), in the first quadrant at t = 0.
Streamline Find the streamline with 0 s 1 for a particle that

is located at x0 = (x0 , y0 ) in the first quadrant at t = 0.
Plot both curves for x0 = (x0 , y0 ) = (1, 1) for the range specified
above.
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17

Problem 1

u=
1t t
i + j.
x
y

difference?
Pathline Find the particle path with 0 t 1 for a particle that

is located at x0 = (x0 , y0 ), in the first quadrant at t = 0.
Streamline Find the streamline with 0 s 1 for a particle that

is located at x0 = (x0 , y0 ) in the first quadrant at t = 0.
Plot both curves for x0 = (x0 , y0 ) = (1, 1) for the range specified
above.
Streakline Plot the t = 1 positions of all the particles that has

ever passed the location (1, 1) during 0 t 1.
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17
The three lines:

pathline
streamline
streakline
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18
Multilayer fluid on slope

Problem 2 Last thursday, your TA derived that the steady fluid film
flowing on a slope of angle with the horizontal is governed by:
d 2u
g sin
=
,
2
dy
which works even when the film is multi-layered, with multiple type of
immiscible fluids flowing in contact and in parallel to each other.
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19

d 2u
g sin
=
,
2
dy
1
Using the above, convince yourself of the governing formula for a

horizontally oriented multi-layered flow (this helps with your
homework).
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19

d 2u
g sin
=
,
2
dy
1

homework).
Does this formula work if the fluid is air?
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19

d 2u
g sin
=
,
2
dy
1

homework).
Does this formula work if the fluid is air?
Often, if the film is in contact with air, the so-called stress-free

boundary condition is used on the liquid-air interface. Ask yourself
why. In this problem, we analyze the appropriateness of this
assumption, in the context of 2-layered fluid flow between two sloped
plaques. Determine the speed at the interface in terms of 1 , 2 ,
compare to that obtained by assuming the stress-free condition.
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19
"
1 #

g sin d12
1 d2
U=
1 1+
,
2
2 d1
|
{z
}

U0
1 d2
#=
.
2 d1
pathline
streamline
streakline
x
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20
2014-9-25 Recitation: Pressure problem
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21
Manometer, pitot static tube

Problem 1
1
What is a manometer? What is the dimension of the desired

physical quantity? What about the read-out physical quantity?
What is the key assumption(s) when using theory of hydrostatics?

What does that assumption imply for a manometer whose height of
the water column is changing greatly?
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22
Manometer, pitot static tube

Problem 1
1
What is a manometer? What is the dimension of the desired

physical quantity? What about the read-out physical quantity?
What is the key assumption(s) when using theory of hydrostatics?

What does that assumption imply for a manometer whose height of
the water column is changing greatly?
An important device used on aircrafts is the pitot static tube .

Although it measures pressure difference, information of the speed of
the airplane can be obtained. It exploits the fact that there is a
1
apparent pressure change for a moving fluid p = V 2 , as
2
compared with the same fluid that is brought to rest frictionlessly.
Is the mechanism used here within the realm of hydrostatics?
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22
Hydrostatic pressure and force

Problem 2 Youre out in the industry trying to design a storage
container for mercury (room temp specific gravity = 13.6). Due to
spacing requirements, the container should be cylindrical in shape, with
radius R = 1m and height of H = 10m. The material is structural steel
(iron is one the few metals that does not amalgate with mercury) with
yield strength 250 MPa. How should you size the thickness of the
container t(z) to minimize material used without the container deforming
irreversibly?
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23
Hydrostatic pressure and force

Problem 2 Youre out in the industry trying to design a storage
container for mercury (room temp specific gravity = 13.6). Due to
spacing requirements, the container should be cylindrical in shape, with
radius R = 1m and height of H = 10m. The material is structural steel
(iron is one the few metals that does not amalgate with mercury) with
yield strength 250 MPa. How should you size the thickness of the
container t(z) to minimize material used without the container deforming
irreversibly?

R
h =
P,
h von = y ,
P = 0 gz.
t
t(z) =
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0 g
Rz = 1.67cm, at z=10m.
y
23
Balloon problem
Problem 3 How do you measure the pressure needed to pop a
balloon? Obviously this pressure depends on the balloons mechanical
properties. For the Z154970 Aldrich balloon (rubber, E = 5ksi,
UTS=2.32 ksi, = 0.49. When un-inflated, the balloon has t0 = 10mil
and R0 = 2.500 ), predict the measured quantity of your device.
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24
Balloon problem
Problem 3 How do you measure the pressure needed to pop a
balloon? Obviously this pressure depends on the balloons mechanical
properties. For the Z154970 Aldrich balloon (rubber, E = 5ksi,
UTS=2.32 ksi, = 0.49. When un-inflated, the balloon has t0 = 10mil
and R0 = 2.500 ), predict the measured quantity of your device.
Hoop stress equation:

R
h =
P.
2t
Axial loading volumetric change:
V
=
V0

12
t
1+
1.
t0
No volume change! Knowing one gives us the other. Hooks law:

11 (22 + 33 ) = E 11 .
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24
2014-10-2 Recitation: Pressure force calculation
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25
Review from static force and moments

Problem 1
1
What are the two governing equations in a manometer deflection
problem?
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26

Problem 1
1
problem?
2
Given some pressure distribution on a surface, how to get total force?
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26

Problem 1
1
problem?
2
What about the total moment, around a reference point?
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26

Problem 1
1
problem?
2
Does the location of the reference point matter?
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26

Problem 1
1
problem?
2
Does the location of the reference point matter?
How to calculate the equivalent force of that pressure distribution?
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26
Error in manometer due to cross section variation

Problem 2 The cross section of a manometer usually has same
diameter along the tube. But this is never the case since fabrication of
glass cylinders have inherent error. Suppose d1 /d2 = 1 + , what is the
error as a function of for using the assumption that the diameter is
uniform, or d1 = d2 .
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27
Aquarium with rounded bottom

Problem 3 Youre out in the field again solving challenging problems
for demanding customers. This time we have to size the thickness of a
stainless steel wall (AISI 302, yield strength ss = 520 MPa, specific
gravity = 7.8) for a fancy looking aquarium, with a round ground
viewing proportion with R = 2 m and an upper vertical portion of height
n R. Determine the optimal wall thickness t/R with height ratio n.
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28
Aquarium with rounded bottom

Physical root is
a b 2 4a c
b
0.4
= 1
= 2
= 4
t/R
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
1
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5
29
2014-10-16 Recitation: Post mid term
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30
Pressure on submerged surface...

Pressure force on
Given a planar
Z immersed planar surface
Z
1
surface of area A = dA and centroid yc = A
y dA, oriented in
some angle with the vertical in a static fluid, the pressure field is
p(y ) = ay + b (a planar distribution). Convince yourself this is true. For
a choosen origin(usually some hinge of the surface) about which
moments are calculated, the equivalent force system (F 0 , y 0 , M 0 ) of the
pressure force is given by:
F 0 = A p(yc ),
aIxx
y 0 = yc + 0 ,
F
M 0 = F 0 y 0 , (about origin),
a=
dp(y )
g sin .
dy
where Ixx is the second area moment

Z around the centroid in the direction
where pressure is uniform: Ixx = (y yc )2 dA.
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31
Mass and momentum balance

Problem 1
1
How is the average velocity defined on the cross section.
2
How do you calculate the flow rate across a surface.
How do you calcualte the momentum flow rate across a surface.
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32

Problem 2 Find the average velocity V (z) profile out of a garden
nozzle whose axis is the z-axis and whose diameter is
dL d0
d(z) = d0 +
z, z [0, L]. Ignore gravity.
L
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33

Problem 2 Find the average velocity V (z) profile out of a garden
nozzle whose axis is the z-axis and whose diameter is
dL d0
d(z) = d0 +
z, z [0, L]. Ignore gravity.
L
show that if the actual velocity is uniform in x, y , or exactly the same as
the average velocity, then momentum balance will be violated.
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33

Problem 3
Mass and momentum In pipe.
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34
2014-10-23 Mass and momentum
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35
Concept check
Problem 1 What are the assumptions that allows us to simplify the
full mass balance of a control volume in inertia frame,
Z
Z
~ dA
~ = 0,
V
dV +
t CV
CV
to:
X
(V~n ~n)An = 0,
all lets n
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36
Concept check
full mass balance of a control volume in inertia frame,
Z
Z
~ dA
~ = 0,
V
dV +
t CV
CV
to:
X
(V~n ~n)An = 0,
all lets n
Assumptions:
1
CV is steady(no accumulation of mass)
Constant fluid density
uniform inlet outlet velocity profile
velocity normal to surface
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36
Concept check
~ = (ui + v j + w k)
of a control
full vectorial momentum balance V
volume in inertial frame:
Z
Z
Z
Z
~ dV +
~ (V
~ d A)
~ =
~fB dV +
~fS dA.
V
V
t CV
CV
CV
CV
to a simple scalar balance in x:
"
# "
#

X
X
a
~
~
~ wall i.
(V i) V n An =
(
n i) pn An + F
all lets n
all lets n
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37
Concept check
~ = (ui + v j + w k)
of a control
full vectorial momentum balance V
volume in inertial frame:
Z
Z
Z
Z
~ dV +
~ (V
~ d A)
~ =
~fB dV +
~fS dA.
V
V
t CV
CV
CV
CV
to a simple scalar balance in x:
"
# "
#

X
X
a
~
~
~ wall i.
(V i) V n An =
(
n i) pn An + F
all lets n
all lets n
Assumptions:
1
Other directions y , z are trivially satisfied (no bearing on the
problem)
2
CV is steady (no accumulation of momentum)
3
Constant fluid density
4
Uniform inlet outlet velocity profile
5
Velocity normal to surface and in x direction.
6
inlet outlet surface normal is in x direction.
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37
Wall force from a four way black box

Problem 2 Your given a four way channel with 2 lets in the horizontal
direction and 2 in the vertical. The center is a mysterious black box.
(Look at TAs sketch). The four lets has known An , pn and known
~ n except for one, namely n = 4. Express the speed at let 4
velocities V
and the total force exerted by the wall, in terms of all the let conditions.
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38
Wall force from a four way black box

Problem 2 Your given a four way channel with 2 lets in the horizontal
direction and 2 in the vertical. The center is a mysterious black box.
(Look at TAs sketch). The four lets has known An , pn and known
~ n except for one, namely n = 4. Express the speed at let 4
velocities V
and the total force exerted by the wall, in terms of all the let conditions.
Question: what if one the lets is oriented at an angle?

What if pressure is given gage versus absolute.
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38
Momentum Balance in Pipe

Problem 3 For a steady laminar Poiseuille flow in a circular pipe, the
velocity profile and volume flow rate are:

r 2
, vr = v = 0,
Q = R 2 v0 /2.
vz (r ) = v0 1
R
Determine the pressure head needed over a length of pipe L.
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39


r 2
, vr = v = 0,
Q = R 2 v0 /2.
vz (r ) = v0 1
R
What is the momentum balance? Stress in cylindrical coordinates?

vr
vz
+
.
rz =
r
z
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39


r 2
, vr = v = 0,
Q = R 2 v0 /2.
vz (r ) = v0 1
R
What is the momentum balance? Stress in cylindrical coordinates?

vr
vz
+
.
rz =
r
z
Determine the resistance of the pipe of length L, for Poiseuille flow.
P
Resistance =
Q
8
R2
L
.
A
like a circuit? Show that two fully developed laminar pipe in series,
their resistance are additive.
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39

Problem 3
The laminar or layered flow becomes chaotic and statistical at some
high energy conditions (Re #), a pheonomen known as
Turbulence :
Link
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40

Problem 3 Empirically, the velocity profile can be approximated by
Power Law Profile :

h
r 2
r i1/n
vz (r ) = v0 1
, n&6
instead of
v0 1
R
R
turb profile: v = v 0 (1 r /R) 1/n, n > 6
1
r /R
0.5
laminar
turb. n = 7
turb. n = 14
0.5
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
v /v 0
What do you expect the resistance to be for turb, comparaed to laminar?

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41

Problem 3 However, this profile is not valid near wall, so what should
we do if we wish to calcualate the wall resistance to flow, or wall sink of
momentum?
f
P
=
Q
64
2V R
| {z }
Re #

8
R2
| {z }
lam. case
f is the moody empirical factor. Now you can design piping and pumping
for a power plant.
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42
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43
Working equations
Mass balance:
Z
dV +
CV
~ dA
~ = 0.
V
CV
Momentum balance, 3 directions:

Z
Z
Z
Z
~ (V
~ d A)
~ =
~fB dV +
~fS dA.
~ dV +
V
V
t CV
CV
CV
CV
Problem 1
surfaces?
What changes may occur if we use absolute pressure on
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44
Working equations
Mass balance:
~ dA
~ = 0.
V
dV +
CV
CV
Momentum balance, 3 directions:

Z
Z
Z
Z
~ (V
~ d A)
~ =
~fB dV +
~fS dA.
~ dV +
V
V
t CV
CV
CV
CV
Problem 1 What changes may occur if we use absolute pressure on
surfaces? x direction:
"
# "
#

X
X
g
~ i) V
~ n An =
~ g i.
(V
(
n i) pn An + F
wall
all lets n
all lets n
Theres pressure from walls too! If you use p a = p g + p atm for pressure,
~a = F
~g +F
~ atm includes p 0 . If you p g for pressure, then F
~g
then F
wall
wall
wall
wall
does not include the contribution from the atmosphere pressure from the
walls.
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44
The net force of any uniform pressure on a closed surface must vanish:
Z
~ = p atm
p atm d A
CV
~ = 0.
dA
CV
CV Scenario I:
,
CV Scenario II:
,
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45
Working equations
Energy balance:
Z
e dV +
CV
CV
2
V
~ dA
~
u + pv +
+ gz V
| {z } 2
h
s W
shear Wother .
= Q W
V2
where e = u +
+ gz.
2
Problem 2
1
2
What is the physical meaning of this eqn? LHS, RHS?

How is the work done by gravity accounted for?
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46
Pressure issue, control volume
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47
Hydrolic Jump
Problem 3 Shockwave occurs when the air speed exceeds the
travelling speed of sound wave c. It is known that water in shallow
conduits can jump when flow speed exceeds the travelling speed of
gravity waves ( surface waves). This is known as the hydraulic jump.
Link
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48
Hydrolic Jump
Problem 3 Shockwave occurs when the air speed exceeds the
travelling speed of sound wave c. It is known that water in shallow
conduits can jump when flow speed exceeds the travelling speed of
gravity waves ( surface waves). This is known as the hydraulic jump.
Link
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48
Hydrolic Jump
Problem 3 Compute the following of a hydraulic jump from
supercritical to subcritical flow, in terms of the inlet parameters, D1 , V1 ,
after stating your assumptions.
1
Outlet height D2 , flow speed V2 .
Change in temperature
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49
2014-11-6: Kinematics and Stress
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50
Origin of the Navier Stokes...

Problem 1 If we pretend, for a second, that we are experts in tensors
(total stress is of such nature), then the local balance of momentum is
compactly given by the Cauchy eqn:
Dv
= + g.
Dt
valid for liquid, elastic solids, deformable body.
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51

Dv
= + g.
Dt

If the fluid in question,has a total stress that looks like:

1
1
v + vT
= PI + 2 D ( v)I + 3 ( v)I
where D =
.
3
3
2
{z
}
|
we call it a Newtonian fluid . Then, the above Cauchy eqn is

reduced to the Navier Stokes eqn.
Question: how does the daunting total stress simplify for = 0? What
if we add incompressible flow condition?
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51

Dv
= + g.
Dt

If the fluid in question,has a total stress that looks like:

1
1
v + vT
= PI + 2 D ( v)I + 3 ( v)I
where D =
.
3
3
2
{z
}
|
we call it a Newtonian fluid . Then, the above Cauchy eqn is

reduced to the Navier Stokes eqn.
Question: how does the daunting total stress simplify for = 0? What
if we add incompressible flow condition?
= PI + 2D
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51
Navier Stokes
For such total stress, we get the Navier Stokes equation:
Dv
= + g
Dt
Qin
Dv
= 2 v P + g.
Dt
52
What does total and viscous stress look like?

Problem 2 Consider 2-D incompressible Newtonian cases, what does
the stress look like for pure shear and pure extensional flow?
= PI + ,
Qin
= 2D.
53
What does total and viscous stress look like?

Problem 2 Consider 2-D incompressible Newtonian cases, what does
the stress look like for pure shear and pure extensional flow?
= PI + ,
= 2D.
We get:

shear =

ext =

0
0

,

.
Since must be symmetric, any such 2-d flow can only have two free
component, namely the shear rate and the extensional rate component:

shear =
Qin
53
Force vs free vortex
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54
Thermodynamic pressure vs Dynamic pressure

We have seen that the pressure used in the NS eqn is theormodynamic
pressure P:
Dv
= P + 2 v + g.
Dt
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55
2014-11-13: Couette Flow
Qin
56
Appreciation of analytical solutions to the Navier Stokes

1
The Navier Stokes equation is a set of nonlinear, coupled, partial

differential equations.
Qin
57

1

The Naviers Sokes equation is believed to govern turbulence, the

most chanllenging problem in modern science and the coolest topic
in fluid mechanics.
Qin
57

1


in fluid mechanics.
The solutions of Navier Stokes equation is not unique: laminar and

turbulent solutions can exist for identical boundary conditions.
Qin
57

1


in fluid mechanics.

The Existence and smoothness problem of the Navier

Stokes, however, is one the seven Millenium Prize problems by the
Clay Mathematics Institute, with a prize money of $ 1,000,000.
Qin
57

1


in fluid mechanics.

The Existence and smoothness problem of the Navier

Stokes, however, is one the seven Millenium Prize problems by the
Clay Mathematics Institute, with a prize money of $ 1,000,000.
The Navier Stokes equation is very tough to solve, with numerical

methods almost the exclusive way, except in a handful of special
cases...
Qin
57
One canonical case: Couette Flow between cylinders

Consider the steady laminar flow between two concentric cylinders of
inner radius Ri and outer radius Ro . For convenience, let Ro Ri = be
the gap size. The outer one is rotating with angular velocity while the
inner one is stationary. Derive the velocity profile in the gap.
Assumptions:
Qin
58

Assumptions:
1
steady, laminar, incompressible flow, Newtonian fluid.
2
gravity perpendicular to plane.
3
the violation of the following assumptions is the hallmark of
instability and turbulence:
4
~v has no variation in z.
5
flow has pt symmetry around r = 0 no dependence on .
Hence v (r ), vz (r ) only, another consequence is vr 0.
6
pressure in z is equilibriated with gravity identically.
Qin
58

Assumptions:
1
2
3
4
5
6
Boundary conditions:
Qin
58

Assumptions:
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
Outer wall: v (Ro ) = Ro , vz (Ro ) = 0.
2
Inner wall: v (Ri ) = 0, vz (Ri ) = 0.
3
Globally: vr = 0.
Qin
58
Conservation of mass
The conservation of mass in cylindrical coordinates (r , , z) is:
+
t
1 rvr
1 v
vz
+
+
r r
r
z

= 0.
Show that the continuity is satisfied.
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59
Conservation of momentum
vz component, note that vr 0, v (r ):
h v
vz
v vz
vz i
+
+ vz
r
r z

1
vz
1 2 vz
2 vz
P
=
r
+ 2
+ gz
+
2
2
r r
r
r
z
z
+vr
Reduces to:
Qin
60
h v
vz
v vz
vz i
+
+ vz
r
r z

1
vz
1 2 vz
2 vz
P
=
r
+ 2
+ gz
+
2
2
r r
r
r
z
z
+vr
Reduces to:
0=

1
vz
r
.
r r
r
What does this equation mean for vz ?
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60
h v
vz
v vz
vz i
+
+ vz
r
r z

1
vz
1 2 vz
2 vz
P
=
r
+ 2
+ gz
+
2
2
r r
r
r
z
z
+vr
Reduces to:
0=

1
vz
r
.
r r
r
What does this equation mean for vz ?

Integrating:
vz (r ) = c1 ln r + c2
but from BC, 0 = c1 ln Ri + c2 and 0 = c1 ln Ro + c2 , hence c1 = c2 = 0.
So:
vz (r ) 0.
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60
vr component, note that vr 0, v (r ):
h v
vr
v vr
v2
vr i
+
+ vz
r r r
z

1 rvr
1 2 vr
2 vr
2 v
P
=
+ 2
+
+ gr
r r r
r 2
r 2
z 2
r
+vr
reduces to:
Qin
61
h v
vr
v vr
v2
vr i
+
+ vz
r r r
z

1 rvr
1 2 vr
2 vr
2 v
P
=
+ 2
+
+ gr
r r r
r 2
r 2
z 2
r
+vr
reduces to:
v2
P
=
,
r
r
What is the meaning of this equation?
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61
h v
vr
v vr
v2
vr i
+
+ vz
r r r
z

1 rvr
1 2 vr
2 vr
2 v
P
=
+ 2
+
+ gr
r r r
r 2
r 2
z 2
r
+vr
reduces to:
v2
P
=
,
r
r
What is the meaning of this equation?

The pressure gradient in the radial direction is providing the centripetal
force needed by any tangential velocity v !
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61
Lastly, v component, noting vr 0, v (r ):
h v
v
v v
vr v
v i
+vr
+
+
+ vz
t
r r r
z

1 2 v
2 vr
2 v
1 rv
1 P
+ 2
+
+
+ g
=
r r r
r 2
r 2
z 2
r
simplifies to a really simple equation:

d 1 d(rv )
0=
dr r dr
integrate to get:
v (r ) = c1 r + c2 r 1
To get 2 constants, we need 2 BCs:
(
v (Ri ) = c1 Ri + c2 Ri1 = 0
v (Ro ) = c1 Ro + c2 Ro1 = Ro
Qin
c1
c2
Ro2
Ro2 Ri2
Ro2
R 2 R 2 Ri2 .
o
i
62
Result
So after some rearrangment:
Qin
63
Result
Ro Ri
v (r ) = 2
Ro Ri2
Qin
Ri
r
Ri
r

Ro .
63
Result
Ro Ri
v (r ) = 2
Ro Ri2
Ri
r
Ri
r

Ro .
Question: what happens if Ro Ri ?
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63
Result
Ro Ri
v (r ) = 2
Ro Ri2
Ri
r
Ri
r

Ro .

Ro R i
(r Ri )(r + Ri )
v (r ) =
Ro ,
(Ro Ri )(Ro + Ri )
r Ri
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63
Result
Ro Ri
v (r ) = 2
Ro Ri2
Ri
r
Ri
r

Ro .

Ro R i
(r Ri )(r + Ri )
v (r ) =
Ro ,
(Ro Ri )(Ro + Ri )
r Ri
Taking the limit:
R R
i
v (r ) o
Qin
r Ri
Ro .
Ro Ri
63
Result
Ro Ri
v (r ) = 2
Ro Ri2
Ri
r
Ri
r

Ro .

Ro R i
(r Ri )(r + Ri )
v (r ) =
Ro ,
(Ro Ri )(Ro + Ri )
r Ri
Taking the limit:
R R
i
v (r ) o
r Ri
Ro .
Ro Ri
It becomes a linear profile in r ! Is this intuitive?
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63
Torque
Express the torque on the outer cylinder, needed to maintain such flow
profile v . Hint: What component of the tress tensor is needed?
Qin
64
Torque

v 1 vr
v
r = r
+
r = r
.
r r
r
r r
Qin
64
Torque

v 1 vr
v
r = r
+
r = r
.
r r
r
r r
Which reduces to:
r =
Qin
2Ri Ro Ro Ri
.
r 2 Ro2 Ri2
64
Torque

v 1 vr
v
r = r
+
r = r
.
r r
r
r r
Which reduces to:
r =
2Ri Ro Ro Ri
.
r 2 Ro2 Ri2
At the two cylinder surfaces:

r r =Ro =
2Ri2
,
Ro2 Ri2
outer wall,

r r =R =
2Ro2
,
Ro2 Ri2
inner wall.
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64
Torque

v 1 vr
v
r = r
+
r = r
.
r r
r
r r
Which reduces to:
r =
2Ri Ro Ro Ri
.
r 2 Ro2 Ri2
At the two cylinder surfaces:

r r =Ro =
2Ri2
,
Ro2 Ri2
outer wall,

r r =R =
2Ro2
,
Ro2 Ri2
inner wall.
As Ro Ri , does these torque agree with what you expect for a linear
profile? Is the shear stress uniform in the gap?
Qin
64
Torque
The total torque on the outer surface:
Z
T =
dF r
S
Qin
65
Torque
Z
T =
dF r
S
For a finite gap:

T = (r |Ro )(2Ro h) Ro =
Qin

2Ri2
2
(2Ro h) Ro .
Ro Ri2
65
Torque
Z
T =
dF r
S
For a finite gap:

T = (r |Ro )(2Ro h) Ro =

2Ri2
2
(2Ro h) Ro .
Ro Ri2
For a limiting gap:

R
T
2Rh R.
Ro Ri
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65
Torque
Z
T =
dF r
S
For a finite gap:

T = (r |Ro )(2Ro h) Ro =

2Ri2
2
(2Ro h) Ro .
Ro Ri2
For a limiting gap:

R
T
2Rh R.
Ro Ri
This device is widely used to measure viscosity of a fluid, can you see
why?
Qin
65
Torque
Z
T =
dF r
S
For a finite gap:

T = (r |Ro )(2Ro h) Ro =

2Ri2
2
(2Ro h) Ro .
Ro Ri2
For a limiting gap:

R
T
2Rh R.
Ro Ri
why?
How do you enhance the sensitivity of such device if youre to build
one?
Qin
65
Torque
Z
T =
dF r
S
For a finite gap:

T = (r |Ro )(2Ro h) Ro =

2Ri2
2
(2Ro h) Ro .
Ro Ri2
For a limiting gap:

R
T
2Rh R.
Ro Ri
why?
How do you enhance the sensitivity of such device if youre to build
one?
What if you have a shear thinning fluid, whose viscosity depends on
shear rate. What parameter is important to monitor carefully?
Qin
65
2014-11-18: Pre 2nd Midterm review session
Qin
66
Problem 1 Would Stokes law be expected to hold for very tiny

particles falling in air if the diameter of the particles is of the order of the
mean free path of the air molecules? Explain.
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67
Problem 1 Would Stokes law be expected to hold for very tiny

particles falling in air if the diameter of the particles is of the order of the
mean free path of the air molecules? Explain.
Sol: No, at that length scale, the Knudsen number, defined by
Kn = /D, is of order 1. The behavior of such particle will be governed
by statistical mechanics rather continuum mechanics, which is the
framework for Stokes Law.
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67
Problem 2 A liquid enters a fluid machine at section (1) and leaves at

sections (2) and (3) as shown below. The density of the fluid is constant
at 2 slugs/ft3 . All of the flow occurs in a horizontal plane and is
frictionless and adiabatic. For the above mentioned and additional
conditions shown in the Figure below, determine the amount of shaft
power involved. (40 Points) Hint: The shaft power is done by/on the
system. Unit Conversion: 1 slug = 1 lb s2 /ft ; 1 hp = 550 ft lb/s ; Patm
= 14.7 psi
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68
Assumptions:
i) steady state, constant density
ii) uniform profile at all inlet, outlets. Velocity normal to cross section.
iii) gravity out of plane
iv) no external heat flow, ignore temperature(or internal energy)
variation.
Qin
69
Assumptions:
i) steady state, constant density
ii) uniform profile at all inlet, outlets. Velocity normal to cross section.
iii) gravity out of plane
iv) no external heat flow, ignore temperature(or internal energy)
variation.
Conservation of mass:
Z
Z
~ dA
~ = 0,
dV +
V
t CV
CV
Simplifies to:
0 V1 A1 + V2 A2 + V3 A3 = 0,
A2 =
V1
V3
A1
A3 = 7.5in2 .
V2
V2
Conservation of momentum:
Can be used to get forces from wall (not asked to)
Qin
69
Conservation of energy:
Z
Z
2
V
~ dA
~
u + P +
e dV +
+ gz V
| {z } 2
t CV
CV
h
s W
shear Wother .
= Q W
becomes:

P1
V12
P2
V22
P3
V32
+
(V1 A1 ) +
+
(V2 A2 ) +
+
(V3 A3 )
2
s.
= W
or:

V12
V22
V32
s.
P1 +
V1 A1 + P2 +
V2 A2 + P3 +
V3 A3 = W
2
2
2
since area is given in in2 might as well convert V 2 /2 to units of psi.
Also, always use absolute pressure for energy eqn.
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70
V 2 /2 unit conversion:
1
2
2
1
slug ft
lbf s2 / ft ft
lb
=
1
=1 2 =
psi.
s
144
ft3 s
ft3
ft
So the resultant power will be in units of:

1psi
ft
lbf ft
1
in2 = 1
=
hp.
s
s
550
s = 32.0 hp, its positive, hence doing work to the

Plugging in numbers, W
outside.
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71
Problem 3 Consider the laminar flow of an incompressible, Newtonian

fluid in a vertical slit formed by two parallel walls as shown in the Figure
below. (The fluid is flowing in between the two solid walls.) The walls
are separated by a distance 2B. You may neglect end and entrance
effects. For a pressure driven flow and a slit of finite length L and width
W , where W B: (50 points)
a) Derive and determine the velocity distribution inside across the slit.
Sketch the velocity profile from x = B to x = B. (35 points)
b) What is the ratio of average to maximum velocity in the slit? (Derive
the equation.) (15 points)
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72
Assumptions:
i) steady state, laminar, incompressible, Newtonian. Cartesian
coordinates.
ii) Ignore end and entrance effects: fully developed, ~v has not variation
in z.
iii) No variation in y direction(dummy direction).
iv) The above two leads to: ~v (x) only
d~v
v) Symmetry about centerline x = 0. Hence
=0

dx x=0
vi) constant pressure gradient in z only.
vii) gravity has gz = g , gx = gy = 0.
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73
Assumptions:
i) steady state, laminar, incompressible, Newtonian. Cartesian
coordinates.
ii) Ignore end and entrance effects: fully developed, ~v has not variation
in z.
iii) No variation in y direction(dummy direction).
iv) The above two leads to: ~v (x) only
d~v
v) Symmetry about centerline x = 0. Hence
=0

dx x=0
vi) constant pressure gradient in z only.
vii) gravity has gz = g , gx = gy = 0.
Boundary Conditions
1) No slip: ~v (B) = ~v (B) = 0.
dvy
dvz
dvx
2) Symmetry:
=0=
=

.
dx x=0
dx x=0
dx x=0
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73
Conservation of mass incompressible ~v (x):

vx
vy
vz
+
+
=0
x
y
z
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74
Conservation of mass incompressible ~v (x):

vx
vy
vz
+
+
=0
x
y
z
Simplifies to:
dvx
= 0,
dx
vx (x) = c.
Using the boundary conditions, we arrive at:

vx (x) 0.
Qin
74
y momentum(dummy direction) ~v (x), vx = 0:

vy
vy
vy
vy
+ vx
+ vy
+ vz
t
x
y
z
Qin
2

vy
2 vy
2 vy
P
=
+ gy
+
+
2
2
2
x
y
z
y
75
y momentum(dummy direction) ~v (x), vx = 0:

vy
vy
vy
vy
+ vx
+ vy
+ vz
t
x
y
z
2

vy
2 vy
2 vy
P
=
+ gy
+
+
2
2
2
x
y
z
y
simplifies to
2
d vy
0.
0=
dx 2
vy = c1 x + c2 .
Again, using no slip BC, vy (B) = 0 = vy (B), we get:

vy (x) 0.
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75
z momentum (flow direction) vz (x), vx = 0 = vy :

vz
vz
vz
vz
+ vx
+ vy
+ vz
t
x
y
z
Qin
2

vz
2 vz
2 vz
P
=
+ gz
+
+
2
2
2
x
y
z
z
76

vz
vz
vz
vz
+ vx
+ vy
+ vz
t
x
y
z
simplifies to:
2
d vz
dP
0=
g ,
dx 2
dz
2

vz
2 vz
2 vz
P
=
+ gz
+
+
2
2
2
x
y
z
z
vz00 =

1 dP
def
+ g = A.
dz
Note the effect of pressure gradient and that of gravity are

indistinguishable.
Qin
76

vz
vz
vz
vz
+ vx
+ vy
+ vz
t
x
y
z
simplifies to:
2
d vz
dP
0=
g ,
dx 2
dz
2

vz
2 vz
2 vz
P
=
+ gz
+
+
2
2
2
x
y
z
z
vz00 =

1 dP
def
+ g = A.
dz

indistinguishable.
Integrate:
vz (x) =
A 2
x + c1 x + c2 ,
2
Qin
vz0 (x) = Ax + c1
76

vz
vz
vz
vz
+ vx
+ vy
+ vz
t
x
y
z
simplifies to:
2
d vz
dP
0=
g ,
dx 2
dz
2

vz
2 vz
2 vz
P
=
+ gz
+
+
2
2
2
x
y
z
z
vz00 =

1 dP
def
+ g = A.
dz

indistinguishable.
Integrate:
vz (x) =
A 2
x + c1 x + c2 ,
2
vz0 (x) = Ax + c1
To get 2 constants, we need 2 BCs, turns out no-slip alone aint enough:
(
(
c1 = 0
vz0 (0) = c1 = 0
2
A 2
vz (B) = 2 B + c2 = 0.
c2 = AB2 .
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76
Our profile:

x 2
A 2 AB 2
AB 2
vz (x) = x
=
1
,
2
2
2
B

1 dP
replacing A =
+ g :
dz
vz (x) =

x 2
B2
dP
g 1
.
2
dz
B
a concave down parabolic ending at zero at x = B.
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77
Our profile:

x 2
A 2 AB 2
AB 2
vz (x) = x
=
1
,
2
2
2
B

1 dP
replacing A =
+ g :
dz
vz (x) =

x 2
B2
dP
g 1
.
2
dz
B
a concave down parabolic ending at zero at x = B.

Max velocity is at centerline.
1
vz (0) = AB 2 .
2
Mean velocity let x = x/B [1, 1]
1
vz =
2B
1
vz (x)dx =
2
B
Qin
2
vz (
x )
x = AB 2 .
3
1
77

1 dP
g
stress with A =
dz
xz =
vz
= Ax,
x
Qin

xz (B) = AB =

dP
g B.
dz
78
2014-11-20: Post 2nd Midterm session
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79
Exam problems
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
Stokes equation
Re
Unsteady Energy: Assume:
a) Unsteady(transient)
b) ideal gas
c) short time, no heat conduction
d) no fancy shaft powers etc
e) ignore gravity
f) since we arent given area of inlet, we assume its large and therefore
V small, hence V 2 /2 can be ignored.
Z
Z
2
V
~ dA
~
u + P +
e dV +
+ gz V
| {z } 2
t CV
CV
h
s W
shear Wother .
= Q W
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80
Problem 4 Consider the steady laminar flow of an incompressible,

Newtonian fluid in an inclined cylindrical pipe as shown in the Figure
below. The goal is to pump fluid upward along the incline from point A
to point B. For the described flow: (50 points)
a) Derive an equation for the stress and velocity profiles in the inclined
pipe. (25 points)
b) Derive an expression for the average velocity in the inclined pipe (10
points).
c) Derive an expression for the flow rate Q as a function of the pressure
drop (5 points).
d) Oil at 20 C (density = 888 kg/m3 and viscosity = 0.800 kg/ms) is
flowing steadily through a 5-cm-diameter 40-m-long pipe (see Figure
below). The pressure at the pipe inlet and outlet are measured to be
745 and 97 kPa, respectively. Determine the flow rate of oil through
the pipe assuming that =15 , that is, the pipe is inclined 15
upward. (10 points)
HINT: For (a), (b) and (c), you may assume an infinitely long pipe if you
wish. Show all your steps in the derivation.
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81
Qin
82
Assumptions:
Qin
83
Assumptions:
1

3
4
flow has symmetry around r = 0 no dependence on . Hence

v (r ), vz (r ) only, another consequence is vr 0.
pressure in direction normal to pipe is equilibriated with gravity

identically.
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83
Assumptions:
1

3
4


identically.
5
Qin
83
Assumptions:
1

3
4


identically.
5
Outer wall: v (R) = r (R) = vz (Ro ) = 0.

vz
v
(0) =
= 0.
Centerline:
r
r
Globally: vr = 0.
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83
Conservation of mass
The conservation of mass in cylindrical coordinates (r , , z) is:
+
t
1 rvr
1 v
vz
+
+
r r
r
z

= 0.
Show that the continuity is satisfied.
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84
Lastly, v component, noting vr 0, v (r ):
h v
v v
vr v
v
v i
+vr
+
+
+ vz
t
r r r
z

1 rv
1 2 v
2 v
2 vr
1 P
=
+ 2
+
+ g
+ 2
r r r
r 2
r
z 2
r
using the assumption that pressure equilibriates with gravity in this
direction:

d 1 d(rv )
0=
dr r dr
integrate to get:
v (r ) = c1 r + c2 r 1
To get 2 constants, we need 2 BCs:
(

v0 (0) = c1 c2 r 2 r 0 = 0
v (R) = 0
Qin
(
c1
c2
=0
= 0.
v 0.
85
h v
vr
v vr
v2
vr i
+
+ vz
r r r
z

1 rvr
1 2 vr
2 vr
P
2 v
+ 2
=
+
+ gr
r r r
r 2
r 2
z 2
r
+vr
is satisfied as we assume pressure equilibriates gravity in the off axial

direction.
Qin
86
vz component, note that vr 0 v , v (r ):

h v
vz
v vz
vz i
z
+vr
+
+ vz
t
r
r z

1
vz
1 2 vz
2 vz
P
=
r
+ 2
+ gz
+
2
2
r r
r
r
z
z
Reduces to:

1
vz
P
0=
r
g cos
r r
r
z
or:

1 P
1 0 0
def
(rvz ) =
+ g cos = A.
r
z
Integrating:
1 2
Ar + c1 ln r + c2 .
4
(
= 12 A0 + c1 /0 = 0
c1 = 0
c2 = 41 AR 2 .
= 14 AR 2 + c2 = 0
vz (r ) =
(
vz0 (0)
vz (R)
Qin
87
hence:
vz (r ) =

r 2
r 2
AR 2
R 2 P
1
=
+ g cos 1
.
4
R
4 z
R
where
A=

1 0 0
1 P
(rvz ) =
+ g cos
r
z
shear stress:

vz
vr
1 P
rz =
+
=
+ g cos r .
r
z
2 z
P
note that in general
is negative, so rz will be in the negative
z
direction, but if gravity overwhelms the flow, the stress can be positive,
as expected.
Qin
88
Result
Mean flow:
1
v z (r ) =
R 2
Z
0
R2
1
vz 2rdr = AR 2 =
8
8

P
+ g cos .
z
Volume flow rate:

R 4
Q = R vz =
8
2

P
+ g cos .
z
Evaluating with = 888kg/m3 , = 0.8kg/ms. R = 0.025m, L = 40m,

P = 648kPa, = 15 :
Q = 0.0015m3 /s.
if the pipe is horizontal, i.e. no gravity, the value is 0.124m3 /s. Less that
2% difference.
Qin
89
2014-12-4: Stream function, dimensions,

Boundary layer
Qin
2014-12-4: Stream function, dimensions, Boundary layer
90
Dimensions analysis
Problem 1 The speed, V , of a free-surface gravity wave in deep water
is a function of wavelength, , depth, D, density, , and acceleration of
gravity, g . Use dimensional analysis to find the functional dependence of
V on these variables.
Qin
91
Dimensions analysis
L/t.
M/L
L/t
Can there be dependence on if we dont introduce new variables?
Qin
91
Dimensions analysis
L/t.
M/L
L/t

V
D
F
,
= 0.
Qin
91
Dimensions analysis
L/t.
M/L
L/t

V
D
F
,
= 0.
g
Later experiments revealed that surface tension, may be important in
some cases. How does this affect your analysis?
!
p
/
V
D
F
, ,
= 0.
g
g
Qin
91
Stream function
Applicability : 2 dimensional flow in 3-D space.
1
Cartesian planar flow in x, y , where ez is spatially uniform.
2
Cylindrical planar flow r , , where ez is spatially uniform.
3
Cylindrical axisymmetric flow in r , z, where e .
4
Spherical axisymmetric flow in r , , where is the pole angle.
in Arbitrary curvilinear orthogonal coordinates the
stream function for arbitrary such cooridnates x1 , x2 , x3 is given by:
def
v(x1 , x2 , t) = (x1 , x2 , t)
e3
h3
where h3 is some scaling factor:
Cartesian (x, y )
h3 = hz = 1
Cylindrical (r , )
h3 = hz = 1
Cylindrical (z, r )
h3 = h = r
Spherical (r , )
h3 = h = r sin
Qin
92
Continuity is always satisfied.

Proposition If v(x1 , x2 , t) = (x1 , x2 , t)
above, then:
e3
with h3 given as
h3
v =0
Qin
93
Continuity is always satisfied.

Proposition If v(x1 , x2 , t) = (x1 , x2 , t)
above, then:
e3
with h3 given as
h3
v =0
Pf: the divergence of the velocity is:

e3
v =
h3
observing (a b) = b ( a) a ( b), we get:

e3
e3
v =
( ) +
=0+0
h3
h3
where the first zero is for curling a gradient and the second is for curling
the 3rd dimension, which is held constant for 2-D geometry. Note that
curling e1 , e2 need not give zero.
Qin
93
Coordinate versions
Cartesian (x, y )
Cylindrical (r , )
Cylindrical (z, r )
Spherical (r , )
Qin
y
1
vr =
r
1
vz =
r r
1
vr = 2
r sin
vx =
v =
r
1
vr =
r z
1
v =
r sin r
vy =
94
Stream function for Stokes equation: creeping flow

The creep flow equation:
p = 2 v.
for an appropriate 2-d flow, can be equivalently recast as:
4 = 0,
Cartesian
Ec4
Es4
= 0,
Cylindrical
= 0,
Spherical
where:
4 = 2 (2 ),
Ec4 = Ec2 (Ec2 ),
Es4 = Es2 (Es2 ),
Qin
2
2
+
.
x 2
y 2
2
1
2
Ec2 = 2
+ 2.
r
r r
z

2
sin
1
2
Es = 2 + 2
.
r
r sin
2 =
95
Stream function vs Streamline

Problem 2
i) Show that for steady flow, the level curves of are the streamlines.
Qin
96

Problem 2
Pf:
1. by definition, the velocity v is everywhere perpendicular to the
gradient of the stream function .
2. This mean in the direction of v, is constant.
3. Thus, v travels on the level curves of , everywhere in the flow.
4. Hence the level curves are identical to the streamlines.
Qin
96

Problem 2
Pf:
1. by definition, the velocity v is everywhere perpendicular to the
gradient of the stream function .
2. This mean in the direction of v, is constant.
3. Thus, v travels on the level curves of , everywhere in the flow.
4. Hence the level curves are identical to the streamlines.
ii) Given stream function:
(x, y , t) = Ae ny sin(nx),
y 0.
where A, n are constants. Calculate the forumla for the

corresponding streamline.
Qin
96
ny = ln | sin nx|
2.5
2
ny
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
0.2
Qin
0.4
n x
2
0.6
0.8
97
BL over flat plate

Problem 3
i) What are the difference between the flow within the boundary layer
and that without?
ii) What is the so-called Blasius solution? What are the assumptions for
such analytical result?
iii) The wall stress from Blasius solution is:
w def
=
1
2
2 U
0.664
Cf =
Rex
Show that a simple sinudoidal approximation of the BL profile

remarkably yields error to less than 2%. Note that this model has a
boundary layer growth profile of:
4.8
=
.
x
Rex
Qin
98

302RCTN 2014fall

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MEAM 302 Recitations

Boyang Qin (TA)

Instructor: Dr. Paulo E. Arratia

2014 Aug - Dec

MEAM 302 Recitations

MEAM 302 Recitations

2014-9-3 Lecture: continuum approach

MEAM 302 Recitations

2014-9-3 Lecture: continuum approach

smallest length scale for water: 300nm pipe

2014-9-3 Lecture: continuum approach

2014-9-4 Recitation: dimensionality, centrifugal

MEAM 302 Recitations

2014-9-4 Recitation: dimensionality, centrifugal and DE

MEAM 302 Recitations

2014-9-4 Recitation: dimensionality, centrifugal and DE

Show that Rossby number is dimensionless, hence a true

MEAM 302 Recitations

2014-9-4 Recitation: dimensionality, centrifugal and DE

Show that Rossby number is dimensionless, hence a true

MEAM 302 Recitations

2014-9-4 Recitation: dimensionality, centrifugal and DE

What about Centrifugal force?

MEAM 302 Recitations

2014-9-4 Recitation: dimensionality, centrifugal and DE

What about Centrifugal force?

If frame A is stationary(universe), but frame B is rotating(earth) with

Could centrifugal Acc affect gravity?

2014-9-4 Recitation: dimensionality, centrifugal and DE

Centrifugal force vs Gravity?

MEAM 302 Recitations

2014-9-4 Recitation: dimensionality, centrifugal and DE

MEAM 302 Recitations

2014-9-4 Recitation: dimensionality, centrifugal and DE

MEAM 302 Recitations

2014-9-4 Recitation: dimensionality, centrifugal and DE

What how does ~g behave? Constant?

MEAM 302 Recitations

2014-9-4 Recitation: dimensionality, centrifugal and DE

What how does ~g behave? Constant?

How to judges whether ~g constant is appropriate?

MEAM 302 Recitations

2014-9-4 Recitation: dimensionality, centrifugal and DE

Now the formulaic part

MEAM 302 Recitations

2014-9-4 Recitation: dimensionality, centrifugal and DE

Now the formulaic part

MEAM 302 Recitations

r (0) = 2R, r 0 (0) = 0, r (t1 ) = R,

2014-9-4 Recitation: dimensionality, centrifugal and DE

Now the formulaic part

r (0) = 2R, r 0 (0) = 0, r (t1 ) = R,

2014-9-4 Recitation: dimensionality, centrifugal and DE

2014-9-11 Recitation: flow dimensionality, shear

MEAM 302 Recitations

2014-9-11 Recitation: flow dimensionality, shear stress constitutive equation, BC

The coordinate system used can simplify flow field

MEAM 302 Recitations

2014-9-11 Recitation: flow dimensionality, shear stress constitutive equation, BC

The coordinate system used can simplify flow field

Now consider the spherical coords (r , , ), with the basis vectors:

MEAM 302 Recitations

2014-9-11 Recitation: flow dimensionality, shear stress constitutive equation, BC