Chapter 3: Water and Life

Concept 3.1: WATER BOND

Polar Covalent Bonds O is more electronegative
polar molecule: unequal distribution of overall charge
H & O are held together by polar covalent bond
2 water molecules are together by Hydrogen Bond fragile 1/20 strong as covalent bond
form/break a lot
Concept 3.2: 4 EMERGENT PROPERTIES OF H2O
Cohesion
hydrogen bonds hold substance together
ex. transport of water and mineral up a plant against gravity
Adhesion: clinging of one substance to another
ex. water clings on to plants cell wall when traveling up against gravity
Surface Tension: a measure of how difficult it is to stretch of break the surface of a liquid
water has greatest surface tension
water and air in ordered arrangement hydrogen bonds created a film on top
Moderation of Temperature by water
water moderates air temp. by absorbing warm heat from air and releasing stored cold
heat into the air
Heat and Temperature
kinetic energy: energy of motion
heat: form of energy a measure of the matters TOTAL KINETIC ENERGY (depends on
matters volume)
temperature: heat intensity that represents the AVERAGE KINETIC ENERGY (doesnt
depend on matters volume)
heat passes warm to cold till same temperature
calorie amount of heat it takes to raise/release 1 g of water by 1 C
joules1 cal=4.18 J
Waters high specific heat (unusually high)
specific heat: amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of water to change
temp by 1 C
specific heat of water 1 cal/g C
alcohol has lower specific heat..also iron pot will heat up faster than the water in it
water will change its temp less when it absorbs or loses heat
heat absorbed break Hydrogen bonds
heat released form Hydrogen
bonds
Evaporative Cooling
molecules of liquid stay together due to attraction
vaporization/evaporation: liquid to gas
Heat of Vaporization: quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted
from liquid to gas
emergent property because of hydrogen bonds breaking
Evaporative cooling: hottest molecules going to be gas
Floating of Ice on liquid water
water expands when it solidifies due to hydrogen bonding (molecules moving too slow to
break H bonds)
4C and above water expands as it warms and contract as it cools
0C crystalline lattice lock (each H bonded to 4 partners)
H bonds keep molecules are arms length far apart makes ice 10% less dense, 10% fewer
molecules than H2O

 4 C waters greatest density

Water: The Solvent of Life
Solution: homogenous mixture or 2 or more substances (ex. sugar in water)
Solvent: dissolving agent of a solution
Solute: the stuff that is dissolved
Aqueous solution: water is the solvent.
water is NOT the universal solvent (ex. doesnt dissolve our cells)water IS the solvent of
LIFE
hydration shell: sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion
hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances
hydrophilic: affinity for waterwater loving
colloid: stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid (ex. large cells that dont dissolve in
water)
hydrophobic: repel water..water fearning
nonionic and nonpolar (ex. cell membranes)
Solute Concentration in Aqueous Solutions
molecular mass: sum of all the atoms in a molecule
always use molesbecause weighing our small numbers is not practical
substances can have difference mass but same # of molecules (6.02e23)
to make 1 mol of sucrose dissolved in water324 g of sucrose + 1 L of water = 1 M of
sucrose solution
Molarity: moles of solute per liter of solution
Concept 3.3: Acids and Bases
H atom in bond between 2 water molecules shift from 1 h2o to the other.leaves electron
behind...transfers H+
h2o that gained a H+ is hydronium ion (H3O+) .h2o that lost H+ is hydroxide ion (OH-)
H+ ion never exists alone associated with water or hydronium ion
H+ and OH- are very reactive changes affect protein and other molecules
Acids and bases
acids dissolve in waterdonate H+.removes OH- forming water
bases reduce H+ concentration by accepting H+ ions or dissociating (NaOH Na + OH)
both making water
neutral solution: H concentration and OH concentration is equal
in reversible reaction fixed ratios (weak base= ammonia) (weak acid= carbonic acid)
pH scale
at 25C[H+][OH-]= 10-14
pH= -log[H+]
pH declines as H+ concentration increases
each pH unit represent 10 fold difference in H+ ions and OH-ions
pH 3 to pH 6 means 1000 times difference
Buffers
pH of human blood= 7.4
stabilizes pH
accepts H ions when in excess and donates H ions to the solution when they have been
depleted
buffer solution = weak acid + corresponding base
CO2+H2O=H2CO3 HCO3+H
when H riseHCO3 removes H ions forming H2CO3
Acidification
25% of CO2 produced by human activity is absorbed by the ocean
CO2 dissolves in seawater forms carbonic acid lowers pH ocean acidification
acid precipitation= rain,snow, fog with pH lower than 5.2