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Programmable Logic Controller

ETS-3543C (PLC)

Instructor: Magno R. guillen, PhD.

mguillen@mdc.edu
mguil004@fiu.edu

ETS 3543C

PLC
WHAT DO YOU EXPECT?

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ETS 3543C

NUMERIC SYSTENS
PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC
PLC CONCEPTS
ELECTROMECHANICAL IPUT DEVICE
ELECTRONIC/MECHANICAL TIMERS
ELECTRONIC/MECHANICAL COUNTERS
SEQUENCING DEVICES
OPERATION/FUNCTION OF ANALOG
SENSORS/ACTUATORS

PLC INTRODUCTION
PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER (PLC)
is an industrial computer control system that
continuously monitors the state of input
devices and makes decisions based upon a
custom program to control the state of
output devices.

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PLC

PLC Operation
Four Steps In The PLC Operations
1.) Input Scan Detects the state of all input
2.) Program Scan Executes the user created
program logic
3.) Output Scan Energizes or de-energize all
output devices.
4.) Housekeeping. This step includes
communications with programming terminals,
internal diagnostics, etc...

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PLC Operation

ACRONYMS

ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange

BCD Binary Coded Decimal
CSA Canadian Standards Association
DIO Distributed I/O EIA Electronic Industries Association
EMI ElectroMagnetic Interference
HMI Human Machine Interface
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
I/O Input(s) and/or Output(s)
ISO International Standards Organization
LL Ladder Logic
LSB Least Significant Bit
MMI Man Machine Interface
MODICON MOdular DIgital CONtoller
MSB Most Significant Bit
PID Proportional Integral Derivative (feedback control)
RF Radio Frequency
RIO Remote I/O
RTU Remote Terminal Unit
SCADA Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition
TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol

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I/O

PLC

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PLC

PLC

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IEC 61131 Languages

Ladder Diagrams (LD)Not the ladder logic languages
provided by PLC vendors like Allen Bradley.
Function Block Diagrams (FBD)
Structured Text (ST)
Instruction List (IL)
Sequential Function Charts (SFC)
Note:
IEC 61131 is an IEC standard for programmable controllers. It was known as IEC 1131 before the
change in numbering system by IEC.
AB ladder logic is covered in the first 12 chapters and FBD, ST, and SFC are covered in the last 5.
Allen Bradley does not support the Instruction List language.
1-13

Ladder Logic
Traditional ladder logic is
graphical programming
language. Initially
programmed with simple
contacts that simulated
the opening and closing of
relays,

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Ladder Diagram
Ladder Logic
programming has
been expanded
to include such
functions as
counters, timers,
shift registers,
and math
operations.

Function Block Diagram

A graphical language for depicting signal and data
flows through re-usable function blocks. FBD is
very useful for expressing the interconnection of
control system algorithms and logic.

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Structured Text
ST is a high level text
language that encourages
structured programming.
It has a language structure
(syntax) that strongly
resembles PASCAL and
supports a wide range of
standard functions and
operators. For example;

Instruction List
IL is a low level
assembler like
language that is based
on similar instructions
list languages found in
a wide range of todays
PLCs.

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Sequential Function Chart

SFC is s method of programming
complex control systems at a more
highly structured level. It is an
overview of the control system, in
which the basic building blocks are
entire program files.
Each program file is created using
one of the other types of
programming languages.
The SFC approach coordinates
large, complicated programming
tasks into smaller, more
manageable tasks.

Number system

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Number Systems
Decimal-Binary-Octal-BCD-Hexadecimal

Everyday tasks employ the decimal or base 10

number system.
Base 10 is used in manufacturing automation to
input or display parameter values.
Four other number systems are used: binary, octal,
binary coded decimal (BCD), and hexadecimal.
Binary and hexadecimal are used most often in PLC
automation.
3A-21

Number System Basics 1 of 2

Weight Value-Digit Value-Position Weight

Number systems have a base or radix with position and weight values.

In the decimal system the base is 10 (0 through 9 digit values).

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Number System Basics 2 of 2

Weight Value-Digit Value-Position Weight

Position values increase from right to left starting

with zero to the left of the decimal point.
The value of a decimal number is determined by
adding the product of the digits and their position
weight values.
The following formula converts a number from any
base to base 10.
Number10 = position digits x BasePosition value of the digit

3A-23

Binary Number System

Comparison with Decimal and Octal

(a) Comparison of number systems

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Binary Number System

Base 2 Binary SystemTwo Digits 0 and 1
PLCs perform logic and calculations using binary electronic
circuits.
The binary system uses just two digits to represent the value
of every number in a control system. For example:

1810 = 0100102
0100102 is pronounced one zero zero one zero base two and
not ten thousand ten. Leading zeros are dropped.
The 1810 means 18 in the base 10 number system and the 2 in
0100102 indicates a binary or base 2 number.
3A-25

Binary to Decimal Conversion

Conversion ProcessBinary to Decimal

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Binary to Decimal Conversion

Conversion DescriptionBinary to Decimal
The digit value in position 0 in Figure 3-3 is a 1, and each digit
value contributes to the final sum.
The digit value of 1 in position 0 contributes a 1 to the sum of
products; the digit value of 1 in position 1 produces a 2 in the
sum of products; etc.
Digit values of 0 contribute 0 to the final sum, and digit values
of 1 contribute their position weight to the sum.
A review of the conversion process indicates that the values in
the sum of products column results from multiplying the digit
value by the digit weight.
3A-27

Decimal to Binary Conversion

Conversion ProcessDecimal to Binary

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Decimal to Binary Conversion

Conversion DescriptionDecimal to Binary
Conversion from decimal to binary uses a series of divisions by
2.
The remainder of the first division (1 in the Figure 3-4) is the
least significant bit (LSB) value of the binary equivalent
number.
The remainder of the last division (1 in the Figure 3-4) is the
most significant bit (MSB) value.
The result of each division (i.e., 42 in the first division) is used
for the next division.
The processes indicates that 8510 is equal to 10101012.
3A-29

Octal Number System

Comparison with Binary and Decimal

(a) Comparison of number systems

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Octal Number System

Base 8 Octal SystemEight Digits 0 to 7
Some PLC data is presented in the Octal values so a
conversion is necessary.
The octal system uses digits 0 to 7 represent the value of a
number. For example:

1510 = 178
178 is pronounced seventeen octal or one seven base
eight.
As a result of not using digits 8 or 9, the digits in the zero
position value increases from 0 to 7, then start to repeat after
7.
3A-31

ConversionOctal and Binary

Conversion Process Between Octal and Binary

(a) Octal to binary and binary to octal conversion

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ConversionOctal and Binary

Conversion DescriptionOctal and Binary
Octal to binaryeach octal digit, 0 through 7, is replaced with
its three-bit binary equivalent.
The three-bit binary groups are appended together to form
the binary equivalent for the octal value.
Binary to OctalThe binary number is partitioned into groups
of three bits, starting at the least significant bit end of the
binary value.
Leading zeros are added if necessary to obtain the final group
of three. Then each partition of three-bit binary numbers is
converted to its equivalent 0 through 7 octal value.

3A-33

Octal to Decimal Conversion

Conversion ProcessOctal to Decimal

(a) Octal to decimal conversion

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Octal to Decimal Conversion

Conversion DescriptionOctal to Decimal
Conversion from octal to decimal uses the following formula:
Number10 = position digits x 8Position value of the digit
Decimal value is the summation of all position digits times the
radix (8) raised to the power of the position value.
The conversion of 158 to decimal is:
Number10 = 1 x 81 + 5 x 80 = 1 x 8 + 5 x 1 = 8 + 5 = 1310
Conversion from base 10 to base 8 can be performed by first
converting from decimal to binary and then converting the
binary value into octal.

3A-35

Hexadecimal Number System

Due to the large number of digits, the binary number system
is hard to use when the number value represented is large.
The hexadecimal system has fewer digits with large numbers
and conversion to binary is easy.
The hexadecimal system uses the base 16. These 16 digits are
represented by the numbers 0 through 9 and the letters A, B,
C, D, E, and F.
Hexadecimal features:
Hex numbers are very compact.
Easy conversion from hex to binary and binary to hex.

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Comparison of Numbering Systems

Note that a lower
case b is appended
to the binary
number, a lower case
q is appended to
the octal number
and a lower case h
is appended to the
hexadecimal
number.

3A-37

Binary to Hex Conversion

Conversion from a binary number to hex number:
1. Break the binary number into 4-bit sections from the LSB
to the MSB.
2. Convert each 4-bit binary number to its hex equivalent.
Convert 10010011001011 into the hex equivalent.
10010011001011
(Binary number)
0010 0100 1100 1101 (Binary in 4-digit sections)
2
4
C
D
(Hex number equivalent)
Note that there are only 2 digits in the most significant
section, and leading zeros are added to make the 4-digit
group.
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Hex to Binary Conversion

Conversion from a hex number to binary number:

1. Convert each hex number to its 4-bit binary equivalent.
2. Combine the 4-bit sections by removing the spaces.

Convert AFB2 into the binary equivalent:

A
F
B
2
(Hex number)
1010 1111 1011 0010 (Binary equivalent)
101011110110010
(Binary digits combined)

3A-39

Hex to Decimal Conversion 1 of 2

Conversion from hex to a decimal number is

accomplished by the following four steps:
1. Multiply each hex digit by its weighted value.
2. Convert the hex digits to their decimal
equivalent.
3. Convert the hex weighted values to decimals
and complete the multiplication.
4. Add all the values.

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Hex to Decimal Conversion 2 of 2

Example: Convert AFB2h to decimal
A x 163 + F x 162 + B x 161 + 2 x 160

(Weighted values)

10 x 163 + 15 x 162 + 11 x 161 + 2 x 160 (Decimal Equivalents)

10 x 4096 + 15 x 256 + 11 x 16 + 2 x 1 (Conversion)
40,960 + 3,840 + 176 + 2 = 44,978 (Multiplications & result)

3A-41

Decimal to Hex Conversion

Repeated Division Method

Divide the decimal number by 16, and convert

the remainder to a hex number, and place it in
the least significant digit of the final hex
number.
Continued by dividing the quotient by 16 and
placing the remainder in the next most
significant digit in the hex equivalent.
The conversion is complete when the quotient
is 0.
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Repeated Division Method

3A-43

Bits, Bytes, and Words

A single binary digit is a bit, and eight bits are a byte, pronounced like
the word bite.
Two bytes or 16-bits is a word, and two words or 32 bits represents a
double word.

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PLC Memory
PLC memory is organized using either bytes, single words, or
double words.
The memory has three binary interfaces:
Data bus carries parameter values and PLC instructions.
Control bus provides the logical control for movement of
instruction and data.
Address bus carries the binary address number for all the
binary values stored in memory.

3A-45

PLC Memory
Blocks of Consecutive Bytes or Words
Memory layout
is 1k x 16-bit
words, where 1K
memory is
actually 1024
locations. Each
of the 1024 16bit words has a
10-bit address.

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In class work

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