KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

NAMAKKAL- TRICHY MAIN ROAD, THOTTIAM

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

EX-06
Rev: 0

TERMINALEXAMINATION-I
EC 2254 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

ANSWER KEY

IV-SEMESTER
PART A
1. What is an integrated circuit?
An integrated circuit(IC) is a miniature, low cost electronic circuit consisting of active
and passive components fabricated together on a single crystal of silicon. The active
components are transistors and diodes and passive components are resistors and
capacitors.
2. Name the different methods used in fabrication of integrated resistors.
Diffused Resistor
Epitaxial Resistor
Pinched Resistor
Thin Film Resistor
3. What is current mirror?
A current mirror is a circuit designed to copy a current through one active device by
controlling the current in another active device of a circuit, keeping the output current
constant regardless of loading
4. Define CMRR of an OP-AMP.
The relative sensitivity of an op-amp to a difference signal as compared to a common
mode signal is called the common mode rejection ratio. It is expressed in decibels.
CMRR= Ad/Ac.
5. State the limitations of discrete circuits.
As IC is small in size, it is unable to dissipate large amount of power. Increase in
current may produce enough heat which may destroy the device.
At present, coils, inductors and transformers cannot be produced in IC form.
6. Mention two important features of an instrumentation amplifier.
High gain accuracy, high CMRR, high gain stability with low temperature coefficient, low dc offset, low output impedance
7. How does precision rectifier differ from the conventional rectifier?
In ordinary rectifier the cut in voltage is 0.6 V of the diode. The circuit acts like ideal
diode and can be placed in the feedback of an op-amp. Here the cut in voltage is
divided in to open loop gain(Vr).The output vo follows as both positive half cycle and
negative half cycle and capable of rectifying input signal order of milli volt.
8. Compare the performance of inverting and non inverting operational amplifier
configurations.
INVERTING
AMPLIFIER NON-INVERTING
AMPLIFIER
GAIN (AV) = -R2 / R1

GAIN (AV) = 1+(R2 / R1)

9. Why is frequency compensation required in operational amplifier?

The compensating network is connected externally to the op amp for modifying the
response suiting the requirement. The compensating network alters the response so
that -20 Db/decade of roll-off rate is achieved over a broad range of frequency.
10. Draw and write equation of an integrator using an op-amp.

PART-B
11. a. Describe in detail the processing steps involved in the fabrication of monolithic IC.
MANUFACTURING PROCESSES OF MONOLITHIC ICs
Silicon wafer preparation
Epitaxial growth
Oxidation
Photolithography
Diffusion
Metallization
Circuit probing
Scribing and separating into chips
Mounting and packaging
Encapsulation

EPITAXIAL GROWTH

11.(b) Draw the circuit diagram of the output stage of the IC 741 OP AMP and explain its
operation with clearly indicating the protection mechanisms indicated.

12.(a) With a neat circuit diagram and with necessary equations, explain the concept of
Widlar Current source and Wilson current source used in op-amp circuit.

12.(b)(i) Draw the circuit of an Op-amp differential amplifier and give the expression for
CMRR.

(ii) Define Slew Rate. Explain the cause of slew rate and derive an expression for Slew rate
for an op-amp voltage follower.
For 741 IC, the maximum internal capacitor charging current is limited to about 15A. So the
slew rate of 741 IC is
SR = dVc/dt |max = Imax/C .
For a sine wave input, the effect of slew rate can be calculated as consider volt follower ->
The input is large amp, high frequency sine wave .
If Vs = Vm Sinwt then output V0 = Vm sinwt . The rate of change of output is given by
dV0/dt = Vm w coswt.

The max rate of change of output across when coswt =1

(i.e) SR =

dV0/dt |max = wVm.

SR = 2fVm V/s = 2fVm v/ms.

13.(a) With the help of circuits and necessary equations, explain how log and antilog
Computations are performed using IC 741.

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ANTILOG AMPLIFIER

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13.(b) With neat circuit diagrams and mathematical expressions, explain the operation of the
following op-amp applications:
(i) Scale changer (ii) Voltage follower (iii) Non-Inverting adder (iv) Integrator.

SCALE CHANGER/INVERTER

Non-Inverting adder

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INTEGRATOR

14.(a) With relevant circuits, explain the circuit of a Voltage to current converters if the load
is (i)Floating (ii) Grounded

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14.(b) (i) Explain the steps involved in the design of a band pass filter using OPAMP.

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14.b(ii) Write a note on Schmitt trigger.

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SCHMITT TRIGGER

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15.(a)(i)Explain the positive clipper circuit using an op-amp and diode with neat diagrams.

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15.a.(ii)Explain the operation of Instrumentation amplifier.

The important features of an instrumentation amplifier are
1. high gain accuracy
2. high CMRR
3. high gain stability with low temperature coefficient
4. low output impedance
5.low dc offset

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15. (b) Discuss the DC and AC characteristics of op-amp.

AC Characteristics:
For small signal sinusoidal (AC) application one has to know the ac
characteristics such as frequency response and slew-rate.
Frequency Response:

Slew Rate:
Another important frequency related parameter of an op-amp is the slew rate. (Slew rate is
the maximum rate of change of output voltage with respect to time. Specified in V/s).
Reason for Slew rate:
There is usually a capacitor within 0, outside an op-amp oscillation. It is this capacitor which
prevents the o/p voltage from fast changing input. The rate at which the volt across the
capacitor
increases is given by
I -> Maximum amount furnished by the op-amp to
dVc/dt = I/C --------(1)
capacitor C. Op-amp should have the either a higher current or small compensating
capacitors.
For 741 IC, the maximum internal capacitor charging current is limited to about 15A. So the
slew rate of 741 IC is
SR = dVc/dt |max = Imax/C .
For a sine wave input, the effect of slew rate can be calculated as consider volt follower ->
The input is large amp, high frequency sine wave .
If Vs = Vm Sinwt then output V0 = Vm sinwt . The rate of change of output is
given by dV0/dt = Vm w coswt.

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The max rate of change of output across when coswt =1

(i.e) SR =
dV0/dt |max = wVm.
SR = 2fVm V/s = 2fVm v/ms.
Thus the maximum frequency fmax at which we can obtain an undistorted output volt of peak
value Vm is given by
fmax (Hz) = Slew rate/6.28 * Vm .
called the full power response. It is maximum frequency of a large amplitude sine wave with
which op-amp can have without distortion.
DC Characteristics of op-amp:
Current is taken from the source into the op-amp inputs respond differently to current
and voltage due to mismatch in transistor.
DC output voltages are,
1. Input bias current
2. Input offset current
3. Input offset voltage
4. Thermal drift

Input bias current:

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Input offset current

The difference between the bias currents at the input terminals of the op- amp is called
as input offset current. The input terminals conduct a small value of dc current to bias the
input transistors. Since the input transistors cannot be made identical, there exists a difference
in bias currents
Input offset voltage
A small voltage applied to the input terminals to make the output voltage as zero
when the two input terminals are grounded is called input offset voltage
Input bias current
Input bias current IB as the average value of the base currents entering into
terminal of an op-amp
IB=IB+ + IBThermal drift
Bias current, offset current and offset voltage change with temperature. A circuit
carefully nulled at 25oc may not remain so when the temperature rises to 35 oc. This is called
drift.

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