Excavator

FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

FortheAMDCPUmicroarchitecture,seeExcavator
(microarchitecture).
Excavatorsareheavyconstructionequipmentconsistingofa
boom,stick,bucketandcabonarotatingplatformknownasthe
"house".[1]Thehousesitsatopanundercarriagewithtracksor
wheels.Acableoperatedexcavatoruseswinchesandsteelropes
toaccomplishthemovements.[2]Theyareanaturalprogression
fromthesteamshovelsandoftencalledpowershovels.All
movementandfunctionsofahydraulicexcavatorare
accomplishedthroughtheuseofhydraulicfluid,withhydraulic
cylindersandhydraulicmotors.[3]Duetothelinearactuationof
hydrauliccylinders,theirmodeofoperationisfundamentally
differentfromcableoperatedexcavators.

Atypicalmodernexcavator:
aCAT325C,fittedwithquick
couplerandtiltingbucket.

Contents
1Terminology
2Usage
3Configurations
4Excavatorattachments
5Notablemanufacturers
6Seealso
7References
8Externallinks
Principleofexcavatoroperation. [4]

Terminology
Excavatorsarealsocalleddiggers,JCBs(aproprietaryname,inanexampleofagenerictrademark),
mechanicalshovels,or360degreeexcavators(sometimesabbreviatedsimplyto360).Tracked
excavatorsaresometimescalled"trackhoes"byanalogytothebackhoe.[5]IntheUK,wheeled
excavatorsaresometimesknownas"rubberducks."[6]

Usage
Excavatorsareusedinmanyways:
Diggingoftrenches,holes,foundations
Materialhandling
Brushcuttingwithhydraulicattachments
Forestrywork
Forestrymulching
Demolition
Generalgrading/landscaping

Mining,especially,butnotonlyopenpitmining
Riverdredging
Drivingpiles,inconjunctionwithapiledriver
Drillingshaftsforfootingsandrockblasting,byuseofanaugerorhydraulicdrillattachment
Snowremovalwithsnowplowandsnowblowerattachments

Anoldexcavator
undertheNorthwest
(nowTerex)nameat
thePageantofSteam
grounds

Excavatordemolishing
ahouse.Notethe
hydraulicthumb

LinkBeltexcavator
trenching

CAT5230incoal
miningoperation

AL&TKomatsu
ANewHollandE215
excavatorseeninIndia inHamburg,Germany.

Configurations
Modern,hydraulicexcavatorscomeinawidevarietyofsizes.Thesmalleronesarecalledminior
compactexcavators.[7]Forexample,Caterpillar'ssmallestminiexcavatorweighs2,060pounds(930kg)
andhas13hptheirlargestmodelisthelargestexcavatoravailable(arecordpreviouslyheldbythe
Orenstein&KoppelRH400)theCAT6090,itweighsinexcessof2,160,510pounds(979,990kg),has
4500hpandhasabucketsizeofaround52.0mdependingonbucketfitted.
Enginesinhydraulicexcavatorsusuallyjustdrivehydraulicpumpsthereareusually3pumps:thetwo
mainpumpsareforsupplyingoilathighpressure(upto5000psi)forthearms,swingmotor,track
motors,andaccessories,andthethirdisalowerpressure(700psi)pumpforPilotControl,thiscircuit
usedforthecontrolofthespoolvalves,thisallowsforareducedeffortrequiredwhenoperatingthe
controls.
Thetwomainsectionsofanexcavatoraretheundercarriageandthehouse.Theundercarriageincludes
theblade(iffitted),tracks,trackframe,andfinaldrives,whichhaveahydraulicmotorandgearing
providingthedrivetotheindividualtracks,andthehouseincludestheoperatorcab,counterweight,

engine,fuelandhydraulicoiltanks.Thehouseattachestotheundercarriagebywayofacenterpin.
Highpressureoilissuppliedtothetracks'hydraulicmotorsthroughahydraulicswivelattheaxisofthe
pin,allowingthemachinetoslew360unhindered.[8]
Themainboomattachestothehouse,andcanbeoneofseveraldifferentconfigurations:
Mostaremonobooms:thesehavenomovementapartfromstraightupanddown.
Someothershaveaknuckleboomwhichcanalsomoveleftandrightinlinewiththemachine.
Anotheroptionisahingeatthebaseoftheboomallowingittohydraulicallypivotupto180
independenttothehousehowever,thisisgenerallyavailableonlytocompactexcavators.
Therearealsotriplearticulatedbooms(TAB).
Attachedtotheendoftheboomisthestick(ordipperarm).Thestickprovidesthediggingforceneeded
topullthebucketthroughtheground.Thesticklengthisoptionaldependingwhetherreach(longer
stick)orbreakoutpower(shorterstick)isrequired.
Ontheendofthestickisusuallyabucket.Awide,largecapacity(mud)bucketwithastraightcutting
edgeisusedforcleanupandlevellingorwherethematerialtobedugissoft,andteetharenotrequired.
Ageneralpurpose(GP)bucketisgenerallysmaller,stronger,andhashardenedsidecuttersandteeth
usedtobreakthroughhardgroundandrocks.Bucketshavenumerousshapesandsizesforvarious
applications.Therearealsomanyotherattachmentswhichareavailabletobeattachedtotheexcavator
forboring,ripping,crushing,cutting,lifting,etc.
Beforethe1990s,allexcavatorshadalongorconventionalcounterweightthathungofftherearofthe
machinetoprovidemorediggingforceandliftingcapacity.Thisbecameanuisancewhenworkingin
confinedareas.In1993Yanmarlaunchedtheworld'sfirstZeroTailSwingexcavator,[9]whichallows
thecounterweighttostayinsidethewidthofthetracksasitslews,thusbeingsaferandmoreuser
friendlywhenusedinaconfinedspace.Thistypeofmachineisnowwidelyusedthroughouttheworld.
Therearetwomaintypesof"Control"configurationgenerallyuseinexcavatorstocontroltheboomand
bucket,bothofwhichspreadthefourmaindiggingcontrolsbetweentwoxyjoysticks.Thisallowsa
skilledoperatortocontrolallfourfunctionssimultaneously.ThemostpopularconfigurationintheUSis
theSAEcontrolsconfigurationwhileinotherpartsoftheworld,theISOcontrolconfigurationismore
common.SomemanufacturerssuchasTakeuchihaveswitchesthatallowtheoperatortoselectwhich
controlconfigurationtouse.

Excavatorattachments
Hydraulicexcavatorcapabilitieshaveexpandedfarbeyond
excavationtaskswithbuckets.Withtheadventofhydraulic
poweredattachmentssuchasabreaker,agrappleoranauger,the
excavatorisfrequentlyusedinmanyapplicationsotherthan
excavation.Manyexcavatorsfeatureaquickcouplerfor
simplifiedattachmentmounting,increasingthemachine's
utilizationonthejobsite.Excavatorsareusuallyemployed
togetherwithloadersandbulldozers.Mostwheeled,compactand
somemediumsized(11to18tonne)excavatorshaveabackfill
(ordozer)blade.Thisisahorizontalbulldozerlikeblade
attachedtotheundercarriageandisusedforlevellingand
pushingremovedmaterialbackintoahole.

Unimogbackhoeloaderwith
excavatorattachment

Notablemanufacturers
BobcatCompany
BucyrusInternational
CaseCE
CaterpillarInc.
CNHGlobal
DoosanInfracore(formerlyDaewooHeavyIndustries&Machinery)includingSolarbrand
ENMTP
HitachiConstructionMachinery
Hydrema
HyundaiHeavyIndustries
JohnDeere
J.C.Bamford(JCB)
KangaLoaders
KomatsuLimited
LBX(LinkBelt)Excavators
ThyssenKrupp
Kobelco
Kubota
Liebherr
LiuGong
L&T
MitsubishiHeavyIndustries
NewHolland
Orenstein&Koppel(O&K)
Poclain
SamsungGroup
SandvikMiningandConstruction
Sany
STKinetics
TerexCorporation
VolvoConstructionEquipment
WackerNeuson
XCMG
Yanmar

Seealso
Typesofexcavator
Compactexcavator
Draglineexcavator
Longreachexcavator
Amphibiousexcavator
Powershovel
Steamshovel
Suctionexcavator
WalkingExcavator
Bucketwheelexcavator
Other

Bulldozer
Civilengineering
Heavyequipment
Loader(equipment)
Miningsimulation
Tractor
SkidSteerLoader
MiniLoader

References
1. "UsePowerfulExcavatorBuildingTamiamiTrail"(http://news.google.com/newspapers?
nid=2456&dat=19160915&id=NdxWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IUMNAAAAIBAJ&pg=3734,2088410).TheWeekly
MiamiMetropolis.September15,1916.Retrieved29December2013.
2. "FirstWindFarmInNhToBeginOperation"(http://news.google.com/newspapers?
nid=2457&dat=20060109&id=SsA8AAAAIBAJ&sjid=Ey4MAAAAIBAJ&pg=1480,1690624).BangorDaily
News.Jan9,2006.Retrieved29December2013.
3. "IndustrialExpe..LassoGivesMorePowerToTheHyMacElbow"(http://news.google.com/newspapers?
nid=2507&dat=19620609&id=QOA9AAAAIBAJ&sjid=QkgMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3615,1603500).The
GlasgowHerald.June9,1962.Retrieved29December2013.
4. Simionescu,P.A.(2014).ComputerAidedGraphingandSimulationToolsforAutoCADusers(1sted.).
BocaRaton,FL:CRCPress.ISBN9781482252903.
5. F,Kevin."TypesofExcavatorsandTheirUses"(http://www.brighthubengineering.com/building
constructiondesign/44424typesofexcavatorsandtheiruses/).Retrieved29December2013.
6. "KomatsuPW1307"(http://www.heservices.co.uk/plant/komatsupw130.php).H.E.Services.Retrieved
13April2010.
7. "TipstoHelpYouOperateYourMiniExcavator"(http://natparts.com/tipstohelpyouoperateyourmini
excavator/).Retrieved29December2013.
8. Howitworks:ThetrackmotorspoolinanExcavator(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oUVE2PIV5_k)
9. http://www.yanmar.com/construction/products/excavators/

Externallinks
HydraulicCrawlerExcavatorsProductReviews,Specsand
WikimediaCommonshas
BuyingFiles
mediarelatedtoExcavators.
(http://www.constructionequipment.com/crawler
excavators)
Lookupexcavatorin
NIOSHPublication:PreventingInjuriesWhenWorking
Wiktionary,thefree
WithHydraulicExcavatorsandBackhoeLoaders
dictionary.
(http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/wpsolutions/2004
107/default.html)
ExcavatorsUsedasCranes(http://www.adapttraining.co.uk/pdfs/cpa.pdf)
SafetyAlert:ExcavatorsUsedasCranes(http://www.operc.com/SafetyAlert/ALT_017_A4.pdf)
"BigShovelsandWhy"PopularMechanics,March1930,pp466470
(http://books.google.com/books?
id=cOIDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA466&dq=Popular+Science+1930+plane+%22Popular+Mechanics
%22&hl=en&ei=WhNjTqPcEcnm0QGisoX1CQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&s
qi=2&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q&f=true)
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Excavator&oldid=676973297"
Categories: Trackedvehicles Excavators

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