Even05 PDF

C H A P T E R 5
Logarithmic, Exponential,
and Other Transcendental Functions
Section 5.1
The Natural Logarithmic Function: Differentiation . . . . 493
Section 5.2
The Natural Logarithmic Function: Integration . . . . . . 498
Section 5.3
Inverse Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
Section 5.4
Exponential Functions: Differentiation and Integration . . 509
Section 5.5
Bases Other than e and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
Section 5.6
Differential Equations: Growth and Decay . . . . . . . . . 522
Section 5.7
Differential Equations: Separation of Variables
Section 5.8
Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Differentiation . . . . . 535
Section 5.9
Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Integration
. . . . . . 527
. . . . . . . 539
Section 5.10 Hyperbolic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543

Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548
Problem Solving
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554
C H A P T E R 5
Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions
Section 5.1
The Natural Logarithmic Function: Differentiation
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises

2. (a)
(b)
3
0.2
2
1
4
x
1
The graphs are identical.
4. (a) ln 8.3 2.1163
8.3
(b)
6. (a) ln 0.6 0.5108
0.6
1
dt 2.1163
t
(b)
8. f x ln x
1
dt 0.5108
t
10. f x ln x
Reflection in the x-axis
Reflection in the y-axis and the x-axis
Matches (d)
Matches (c)

14. f x ln x
12. f x 2 ln x
16. gx 2 ln x
Domain: x 0
Domain: x > 0
y
Domain: x > 0
y
y
3
2
1
1
x
1
2
2
18. (a) ln 0.25 ln 14 ln 1 2 ln 2 1.3862
20. ln23 ln 232 32 ln 2
(b) ln 24 3 ln 2 ln 3 3.1779
3 12 1 2 ln 2 ln 3 0.8283
(c) ln
3
1
(d) ln 72
ln 1 3 ln 2 2 ln 3 4.2765
22. ln xyz ln x ln y ln z
1
24. lna 1 lna 112 2 lna 1
26. ln 3e2 ln 3 2 ln e 2 ln 3
28. ln
1
ln 1 ln e 1
e
493
494
Chapter 5
30. 3 ln x 2 ln y 4 ln z ln x3 ln y 2 ln z4
ln
x 3y 2
z4
32. 2 ln x lnx 1 lnx 1

2 ln
34.
x
x
ln 2
x 1x 1
x 1
3
3
x2 1
lnx2 1 lnx 1 lnx 1
ln
ln
2
2 x 1x 1
36.
xx
1
1
2
2
38. lim ln6 x
40. lim ln
x 5
x 6
x
x 4
f=g
1
5
1
42. y ln x32
y
3
ln x
2
44. y ln x12
3
2x
y
46. hx ln2x2 1
50.
48.
1
lnx2 4
2
1
dy
x
ln x 1 ln x
dx
x
52. f x ln
dy 1 2x
x

2
dx 2 x2 4
x 4
ln t
t
54. ht
58. y ln
y
xx 11 31 lnx 1 lnx 1
fx
56.
t1t ln t 1 ln t
ht

t2
t2
1
1
1
1 2
2

3 x1 x1
3 x2 1 3x2 1
y x ln x
1
4x
4x 2
2x2 1
2x 1
y lnx2 4
1
2x
1
At 1, 0, y 2 .
3
At 1, 0, y 2.
hx
1
ln x
2
x 2x 3 ln 2x lnx 3
1
1
3

x
x 3 xx 3
y lnln x
1
dy 1x

dx ln x x ln x
60. f x ln x 4 x2

fx
1
x
1
4 x2
x 4 x2
1
4 x2
ln 5 1.6094
Section 5.1
62.
x2 4 1
2 x2 4
ln
2x2
4
x
y

x2 4
2x2
dy 2x2 xx2 4 4xx2 4 1

1

dx
4x 4
4 2 x2 4
1
1
ln 2 x2 4 ln x
4
4
x x 4 4x1
2
Note that:
1
1

2 x2 4 2 x2 4
Hence,
2 x2 4 2 x2 4

x2
2 x2 4
x2 4
1
1 2 x2 4
x
1
dy

3
2
dx 2xx 4
x
4
x2
4x
x2 4
1 12 2 x2 4 x2 4

1

3
2
x
4x
2xx 4
x2 4
x2 4
1
x2 4

3
2
x
4x
x3
4xx 4
64. y ln csc x
y
66.
csc x cot x
cot x
csc x
dy sec x tan x sec2 x

dx
sec x tan x
68.
y ln1 sin2 x
y ln sec x tan x
1
ln1 sin2 x
2
sec xsec x tan x

sec x
sec x tan x
ln x
70. gx
t 2 3dt
dy
1 2 sin x cos x sin x cos x

dx
2 1 sin2 x
1 sin2 x
gx ln x2 3
d
ln x2 3
ln x
dx
x
(Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus)
72. (a)
y 4 x2 ln
12 x 1,
0, 4
1
1
dy
2x
dx
12x 1 2
2x
When x 0,
1
x2
dy
1
.
dx
2
1
Tangent line: y 4 x 0
2
1
y x4
2
(b)
74.
lnxy 5x 30
ln x ln y 5x 30
1 1 dy

50
x
y dx
1 dy
1
5
y dx
x
y 5xy
y
dy
5y
dx
x
x
495
496
Chapter 5
y xln x 4x
76.
y x
1x ln x 4 3 ln x
x y xy x x ln x 4x x3 ln x 0
78. y x ln x
Domain: x > 0
y 1
y
1
0 when x 1.
x
(1, 1)
1
6
1
1
> 0
x2
Relative minimum: 1, 1

80. y
ln x
x
(e, e1)
3
2
3 23
,2e
Domain: x > 0
y
(e
)
6
x1x ln x 1 ln x

0 when x e.
x2
x2
x21x 1 ln x2x 2ln x 3

y

0 when x e32.
x4
x3
Relative maximum: e, e1
3
Point of inflection: e32, 2 e32
x
82. y x2 ln .
4
y x2
Domain x > 0
x
x
1
2x ln x 1 2 ln
0 when
x
4
4
x
x
1
1 2 ln ln x 4e12
4
4
2
y 1 2 ln
f x x ln x,
84.
x
1
x
2x
3 2 ln
4
x
4
fx 1 ln x,
1
f x ,
x
Point of inflection: 4e32, 24e3

4
(4e3/2, 24e3)
(4e1/2, 8e1)
f 1 1
P2x f 1 f1x 1

x 1
P1x 1,
1
x 1 2,
2
P11 0
1
f 1x 12
2
P21 0
P11 1
P2x 1 x 1 x,
P2 x x,
f 1 1
P1x f 1 f1x 1 x 1,
y 0 when x 4e32
Relative minimum: 4e12, 8e1
f 1 0
P21 1
P2 1 1
The values of f, P1, P2, and their first derivatives agree at

x 1. The values of the second derivatives of f and P2
agree at x 1.
3
f
P1
P2
2
4
1
Section 5.1
86. Find x such that ln x 3 x.
88.
f x x ln x 3 0
fx 1
xn1
f xn
4 ln xn
xn
xn
fxn
1 xn
xn
f xn
0.3069
y x 1x 2x 3

ln y
1
x
1
lnx 1 lnx 2 lnx 3
1 dy
1
1
1
1

y dx
2 x1 x2 x3

3
2.2046
2.2079
0.0049
0.0000
497
1
3x2 12x 11
2 x 1x 2x 3
dy 3x2 12x 11

dx
2y
3x2 12x 11
2x 1x 2x 3
Approximate root: x 2.208
xx
y
90.
1
1
92.
dy

dx
x
x2
2
1
2x
1 x4 1
x 1x 2
x 1x 2
ln y lnx 1 lnx 2 lnx 1 lnx 2
1
ln y lnx2 1 lnx2 1
2
1 dy 1 2x
2x

y dx 2 x2 1 x2 1
y
1
1 dy
1
1
1

y dx
x1 x2 x1 x2
dy
2
4
6x2 12
y 2
2
y 2
dx
x 1 x 4
x 1x2 4
x2 1122x
2
x 112x2 1x2 1
x 1x 2
6x2 2

x 1x 2 x 1x 1x 2x 2
2x
2
x 132x2 112
6x2 2
x 12x 22
94. The base of the natural logarithmic function is e.

96. gx ln f x, f x > 0
gx
fx
f x
(a) Yes. If the graph of g is increasing, then gx > 0.

Since f x > 0, you know that fx gxf x and
thus, fx > 0. Therefore, the graph of f is increasing.
98. t
(a)
(b) No. Let f x x2 1 (positive and concave up). gx

lnx2 1 is not concave up.
5.315
, 1000 < x
6.7968 ln x
(d)
50
dt
1
5.3156.7968 ln x2
dx
x
4000
1000
0
(b) t1167.41 20 years

T 1167.412012 $280,178.40
(c) t1068.45 30 years
T 1068.453012 $384,642.00
5.315
x6.7968 ln x2
When x 1167.41, dtdx 0.0645. When x 1068.45,

dtdx 0.1585.
(e) There are two obvious benefits to paying a higher monthly
payment:
1. The term is lower
2. The total amount paid is lower.
498
Chapter 5
100. (a)

(b) T p
350
34.96 3.955

p
p
(c)
30
T10 4.75 deglbin2

0
T70 0.97 deglbin2
100
100
0
lim Tp 0
p
102. y 10 ln
(a)
10
100 x2
100 x
10 ln 10 100 x2 ln x 100 x2

(c) lim
20
x10
dy
0
dx
10
0
(b)
dy
x
1
x
10

dx
x
100 x2 10 100 x2
100 x2

10
10
100 x2 10 100 x2
100 x2 10 100 x2
10x 100x x
1
10
x
100 x2
10
x

2
2
x
100 x 10 100 x
x
10

x
10 100 x2
2
x 10 100 x2 10 100 x
x
x
x2
When x 5, dydx 3. When x 9, dydx 199.

104. y ln x
y
106. False
is a constant.
1
> 0 for x > 0.
x
Since ln x is increasing on its entire domain 0, , it is a

strictly monotonic function and therefore, is one-to-one.
Section 5.2
2.
6.
d
ln 0
dx
The Natural Logarithmic Function: Integration
10
1
dx 10
dx 10 ln x C
x
x

1
1
1
dx
3 dx
3x 2
3 3x 2
1
ln 3x 2 C
3
4. u x 5, du dx
1
dx ln x 5 C
x5
8. u 3 x3, du 3x2 dx
x2
1
1
dx
3x2 dx
3 x3
3 3 x3
1
ln 3 x3 C
3
Section 5.2
499
10. u 9 x2, du 2x dx
12.
x
9 x2
x3
1
9 x2122x dx 9 x2 C
2
dx
1
xx 2
3x2 6x
dx
dx u x3 3x2 4
2
3
3x 4
3 x 3x2 4
14.
1
ln x3 3x2 4 C
3
2x2 7x 3
dx
x2
2x 11
19
dx
x2
16.
x3 6x 20
dx
x5
x2 11x 19 ln x 2 C
18.
x3 3x2 4x 9
dx
x2 3
3 x
3x
3 ln 1 x13 C
x2 5x 19
x dx
1
ln ln x C
3
xx 2
dx
x 13

x2 2x 1 1
dx
x 13
x 12
dx
x 13
1
dx
x1
1
dx
x 13
ln x 1
26. u 1 3x, du
1
dx
1 3x
3
2
dx dx u 1 du
23x
3
12
u 1 du
u3
2
3
1
1
du
u
2
u ln u C
3

2
1 3x ln1 3x C
3
2
2
3x ln1 3x C1
3
3
115
dx
x5
x3 5x2

19x 115 ln x 5 C
3
2
1
1 1
dx
x lnx3
3 ln x
24.
1
1
1
dx 3
dx
1 x13
1 x13 3x23
x23
20.
x2 1
lnx2 3 C
2
2
1
dx
3x23
22. u 1 x13, du
x
dx
x2 3
1
dx
x 13
1
C
2x 12
500
Chapter 5
28. u x13 1, du
3 x

x 1
3
dx
1
dx dx 3u 12 du
3x23
u1
3u 12 du
u
u1 2
u 2u 1 du
u
3
3
u2 3u 3
u3
3
3
x
13
3
C
3u2
3u ln u
2
13 3x13 12

3x13 1 ln x13 1
3
2
tan 5 d
C
3 ln x13 1
30.
1
du
u
3x23
3x13 x C1
2
1 5 sin 5
d
5 cos 5
32.
sec
1
ln cos 5 C
5
34. u cot t, du csc2 t dt
csc2
2 ln sec
36.
x
x
tan C
2
2
sec t tan t dt lnsec t tan t lncos t C
t
dt ln cot t C
cot t
x
x 1
dx 2 sec
dx
2
2 2
ln
sec t tan t
C
cos t
ln sec tsec t tan t C
38. y
2x
dx
x2 9
40. r

0, 4: 4 ln0 9 C
y lnx2 9 4 ln 9
ln x2 9 C
sec2 t
dt
tan t 1
ln tan t 1 C
C 4 ln 9
, 4: 4 ln0 1 C C 4

r ln tan t 1 4
10
(0, 4)
9
8
( , 4)
2
42.
dy ln x

, 1, 2
dx
x
(a)
(b)
y
ln x
ln x2
dx
C
x
2
y1 2 2
1
x
4
1
2
Hence, y
ln 12
C C 2
2
ln x2
2.
2
Section 5.2
44.

1
1
1
dx ln x 2
1 x 2
46. u ln x, du
ln 3 ln 1 ln 3
48.
x1
dx
x1
1 dx
1
dx
x ln x
e2

1 1
dx ln ln x
ln x x
ln 2
2
dx
x1
0 1 2 ln 2
x 2 ln x 1
0.2
50.
1
dx
x
0.2
csc 2 cot 2 2 d
0.1
csc2 2 2 csc 2 cot 2 cot2 2 d
0.1
0.2
2 csc2 2 2 csc 2 cot 2 1 d
0.1
cot 2 csc 2

52. ln sin x C ln

ln
0.2
0.1
0.0024
1
C ln csc x C
csc x
54. ln csc x cot x C ln
56.
csc x cot xcsc x cot x

csc2 x cot2 x
C ln
C
csc x cot x
csc x cot x
1
C ln csc x cot x C
csc x cot x
1 x
2
dx 1 x 6 1 x 4 ln 1 x C1
1 x
4x x 4 ln 1 x C where C C1 5.
58.
60.
tan2 2x
1
dx ln sec 2x tan 2x sin 2x C
sec 2x
2
4
sin2 x cos2 x
dx ln sec x tan x 2 sin x
cos x
4

2
ln
2 1
2 1
4
4
2 1.066
Note: In Exercises 62 and 64, you can use the Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus or integrate the function.
62. F x
tan t dt
Fx tan x
x2
64. F x
1
dt
t
2x 2
Fx 2
x
x
501
502
Chapter 5
66.
68. A
x4
dx
x
x 4 ln x
2
1
1
4
dx
x
4
1
4 4 ln 4 1
x
1
3 4 ln 4 8.5452
1
2
A3
Matches (a)
9
0
0
70.
10
ln cos0.3x
3
10
10
ln cos1.2 1
ln cos0.3 11.7686
3
3
2x tan0.3x dx x2
16
1

72. Substitution: u x2 4 and Power Rule
74. Substitution: u tan x and Log Rule
76. Answers will vary.
78. Average value
1
42
2
4x 1
dx
x2
1
1
2 dx
x
x
1
x
1
1
ln 2
4
2
1
1
ln 4 1.8863
4
2
2 ln x
2 ln 4
2 ln 2
82. t
84.
10
ln 2
300
250
80. Average value
300
250
St
k
dt k ln t C k ln t C since t > 1.
t

S2 k ln 2 C 200
S4 k ln 4 C 300
Solving this system yields k 100ln 2 and C 100. Thus,
St
100 ln t
ln t
100 100
1 .
ln 2
ln 2
x
dx
6
3
ln2 3 ln1 0

3
ln2 3

4.1504 units of time
dS k

dt
t
sec
10
10
4
ln 200 ln 150
ln
ln 2
ln 2
3
12 6
ln sec 6x tan 6x
1
dT
T 100
10
lnT 100
ln 2
4
2
1
20
2
0
Section 5.3
86. k 1: f1x x 1
k 0.5: f0.5x
k 0.1: f0.1x
x 1
0.5
2 x 1
f1
8
6
1
x 1
10 10
0.1
10
x
0.1
x
88. False
Section 5.3
(b)
10
f
4
3x
3x
34
x
4
4
2
x
3 3 4x
g f x g3 4x
x
4
f x 1 x3
(b)
2
g
2
16
12
16 16 x x
g f x g16 x2 16 16 x2
x
8
x2 x
f x
1
, x 0
1x
gx
1x
, 0 < x 1
x
20
20
f gx f 16 x 16 16 x2
16
(b)
gx 16 x
1
g f x g

1x
3 x3 x
1 x3
1 x x
2
1
x3
f x 16 x2, x 0
f gx f
f 3
1 1 x x
3 1

3 1 x 1
f gx f

3 1 x 3
g f x g1
3 1 x
gx
8. (a)
3x
4
f gx f
6. (a)
Inverse Functions
f x 3 4x
90. False; the integrand has a nonremovable discontinuity at

x 0.
d
1
ln x
dx
x
4. (a)
0.5
k0
gx
503
10
lim fk x ln x
2. (a)
Inverse Functions
(b)
1
1x
x

1
1x
1x
1
1
x
1x
1
1
x
x
1
12
f
x
1
1x
x
1
504
Chapter 5
10. Matches (b)
12. Matches (d)

x2
4
Not one-to-one; does not have an
inverse
16. F x
14. f x 5x 3
One-to-one; has an inverse
y
18. gt
x2
1
t 2 1
Not one-to-one; does not have an

inverse
y
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
20. f x 5xx 1
22. hx x 4 x 4
One-to-one; has an inverse
Not one-to-one; does not have an inverse
12
6
0
24. f x cos
3x
2
3
3x
2 4
fx sin 0 when x 0, , , . . .
2
2
3 3
f is not strictly monotonic on , . Therefore, f does not have an inverse.
28. f x lnx 3, x > 3
26. f x x3 6x2 12x

fx 3x2 12x 12 3x 22 0 for all x.
fx
f is increasing on , . Therefore, f is strictly

monotonic and has an inverse.
f x 3x y
30.
32.
f is increasing on 3, . Therefore, f is strictly monotonic

and has an inverse.
f x x3 1 y
y
3
3 y 1
x
x
y
3
3 x 1
f1x
x
1
> 0 for x > 3.
x3
y
3 x

f x x2 y, 0 x
34.
x y
y x
1
f
x x
1
x
x
3
f 1
5
4
3
2
y
3
2
f
x
f 1
2 3 4 5
f 1
5 4 3
4
5
x
1
Section 5.3
f x x2 4 y, x 2
36.
Inverse Functions
505
5 2x 1 y
f x 3
38.
y5 243
486
x5 243
y
486
x y2 4
x
y x2 4
f 1x x2 4, x 0
f 1x
x5 243
486
The graphs of f and f 1

are reflections of each
other across the line y x.
f 1
1
x
1
f x x3
5 y
40.
f x
42.
x y5
3
x2
y
x
x
2
y1
y
2
x1
f 1x
2
x1
y x5
3
44.
f 1x
f 1x x5
3
2
f 1
f
3
8
6
4
(4, 0)
f
The graphs of f and f 1 are

reflections of each other across
the line y x.
(2, 2)
4
2
(0, 6)
x
8

reflections of each other across
the line y x.
46. f x k2 x x3 is one-to-one for all k 0. Since f 13 2, f 2 3 k2 2 23 12k k 14 .

x 2
1 1
f x
48. f x x 2 on 2,

x2
> 0 on 2,
f is increasing on 2, . Therefore, f is strictly

monotonic and has an inverse.
50. f x cot x on 0,

fx csc2 x < 0 on 0,
f is decreasing on 0, . Therefore, f is strictly monotonic
and has an inverse.
2
52. f x sec x on 0,
2
fx sec x tan x > 0 on 0,
f is increasing on 0,
2. Therefore, f is strictly monotonic and has an inverse.
506
54.
Chapter 5
3
y on 0, 10
x2
f x 2
f 1
2x2 3 x2y
x22 y 3
10
0
0

3
y
2x
3
2y
x
f 1x

reflections of each other
across the line y x.
2 3 x, x < 2
56. (a), (b)
58. (a), (b)
f 1
f
h 1
10
10
10
10
(c) Yes, f is one-to-one and has an inverse. The inverse

relation is an inverse function.
(c) h is not one-to-one and does not have an inverse.

The inverse relation is not an inverse function.
60. f x 3
62. f x ax b
Not one-to-one; does not have an inverse
f is one-to-one; has an inverse

ax b y
x
yb
a
y
xb
a
f 1x
64. f x 16 x4 is one-to-one for x 0.

16
x4
x3y
x4
xy3
yx
yx3
4 16 x y

f 1
x
fx
16 x, x 16
70. Yes, the area function is increasing and hence one-to-one.
The inverse function gives the radius r corresponding to
the area A.
1 5
1
x 2x3; f 3 243 54 11 a.
27
27
1
5x4 6x2
27
f 111
x x 3, x 0
1
4

68. No, there could be two times t1 t2 for which

ht1 ht2.
72. f x
66. f x x 3 is one-to-one for x 3.
y
16 y
4 16

xb
,a 0
a
1
1
27
1

f f 111 f3 534 632 17
Section 5.3
Inverse Functions
f x cos 2x, f 0 1 a
74.
fx 2 sin 2x
f 11
1
1
1
1
which is undefined.

f f 11 f0 2 sin 0 0
f x x 4, f 8 2 a
76.
fx
f 12
1
2x 4
1
1
1
1

4
f f 12 f8 1
28 4 1
4
78. (a) Domain f Domain f 1 ,
(d)
f x 3 4x, 1, 1
(b) Range f Range f 1 ,
fx 4
(c)
f1 4
f
f
5 4 3 2 1
2
3
4
5
2 3
80. (a) Domain f 0, , Domain f 1 0, 4

(b) Range f 0, 4, Range f 1 0,
(c)
y
4
1
4
f 11
1
4
f x
4
1 x2
fx
8x
, f1 2
x2 12
x
1
4 x x
2
f 1x
f 1
f
82.
(d)
f 1x
f 1x
3x
, 1, 1
4
f 1x
3
2
x2
4x
x
, f 12
1
2
x 2 lny2 3
12
dy
1
2y
y2 3 dx
dy 16 3 13
dy y2 3

. At 0, 4,

.
dx
4y
dx
16
16
In Exercises 84 and 86, use the following.
f x 18 x 3 and gx x3
3
f1x 8x 3 and g1x
x
84. g1
f 13 g1 f 13 g10 0
3 4
86. g1
g14 g1g14 g1
3
3
9

4
4
507
508
Chapter 5
In Exercises 88 and 90, use the following.

f x x 4 and gx 2x 5
f1x x 4 and g1x
x5
2
88. f 1
g1x f 1g1x
f 1
90. g
f x g f x
x 2 5
x5
4
2
x3
2
92. The graphs of f and f 1 are mirror images with respect

to the line y x.
gx 4
2x 4 5
2x 3
Note: g
f 1
94. Theorem 5.9: Let f be differentiable on an interval I.

If f has an inverse g, then g is differentiable at any x for
which fgx 0. Moreover,
gx
96. f is not one-to-one because different x-values yield the

same y-value.
34 53
Example: f 3 f
x3
2
f 1
g1
Hence, g
f 1x
1
, fgx 0
fgx
98. If f has an inverse, then f and f 1 are both one-to-one.

Let f11x y then x f 1 y and f x y.
Thus, f 11 f.
Not continuous at 2.
100. If f has an inverse and f x1 f x2, then f 1 f x1 f 1 f x2 x1 x2. Therefore, f is one-to-one. If f x is one-toone, then for every value b in the range, there corresponds exactly one value a in the domain. Define gx such that the
domain of g equals the range of f and gb a. By the reflexive property of inverses, g f 1.
102. True; if f has a y-intercept.
104. False
Let f x x or gx 1
x .
106. From Theorem 5.9, we have:

gx
1
fgx
gx
fgx0 f gxgx
fgx2
f gx 1
fgx
fgx2
f gx
fgx3
If f is increasing and concave down, then f > 0 and f < 0 which implies that g is increasing and concave up.
Section 5.4
Section 5.4
Exponential Functions: Differentiation and Integration
e2 0.1353. . .
2.
4.
ln 0.1353. . . 2
ln 0.5 0.6931. . .
6. eln 2x 12
2x 12
1
e0.6931. . . 2
x6
10. 6 3ex 8
8. 4ex 83
ex
3ex 14
83
4
ex

83
x ln
3.033
4
x ln
12. 200e4x 15
e4x
14
3
143 1.540
14. ln x2 10
x2 e10
15
3

200 40
x e5 148.4132

3
4x ln
40
x

40
1
ln
0.648
4
3
18. lnx 22 12
16. ln 4x 1
x 22 e12
4x e e
x
x 2 e6
e
0.680
4
x 2 e6 405.429
1
20. y 2 ex
22. y ex2
1
x
24. (a)
(b)
10
10
2
Horizontal asymptotes: y 0 and y 8
x
1
10
10
2
Horizontal asymptote: y 4
509
510
Chapter 5
28. y
26. y Ceax
C
1 eax
Horizontal asymptote: y 0
lim
Reflection in the y-axis
x
Matches (d)
lim
C
C
1 eax
x
C
0
1 eax
Horizontal asymptotes: y C and y 0

Matches (b)
30. f x ex3
gx ln
32. f x ex1
1
x
lim
x
34. In the same way,
gx 1 ln x
3 ln x
x3
36. 1 1
er for r > 0.
1 xr
1 1
1
1
1
1

2.71825396
2 6 24 120 720 5040
e 2.718281828
e > 11
1
1
1
1
1 1

2 6 24 120 720 5040
38. (a) y e2x
(b) y e2x
y 2e2x
y 2e2x
At 0, 1, y 2.
At 0, 1, y 2.
40. f x e1x
42.
fx e1x
y ex
44.
y x2ex
dy
x2ex 2xex
dx
dy
2
2xex
dx
xex 2 x
46. gt e3t
6
gt e3t 6t 3 3 3t2
t e
2
48.
y ln
11 ee
x
50.
ln1 ex ln1 ex
dy
ex
ex

x
dx 1 e
1 ex
52.
y
ex ex
2
dy ex ex

dx
2
2ex
1 e2x
y ln
ex
2
lnex ex ln 2
dy ex ex

dx ex ex
54.
e
y xex ex ex x 1
dy
ex ex x 1 xex
dx
e2x 1
e2x 1
Section 5.4
56. f x e3 ln x
58.
e3
x
fx
y ln ex x
dy
1
dx
62. gx x ex ln x
exy x2 y2 10
60.
x dxdy ye
xy
2x 2y
dy
0
dx
gx
1
ex
ex ln x
x
2x
dy xy
xe 2y yexy 2x
dx
g x
dy
yexy 2x
xy
dx
xe 2y
1
xex ex ex

ex ln x
32
4x
x2
x
ex2x 1
1

ex ln x
x2
4xx
y ex3 cos 2x 4 sin 2x
64.
y ex6 sin 2x 8 cos 2x ex3 cos 2x 4 sin 2x

ex10 sin 2x 5 cos 2x 5ex2 sin 2x cos 2x
y 5ex4 cos 2x 2 sin 2x 5ex2 sin 2x cos 2x 5ex5 cos 2x 25ex cos 2x
y 2y 25ex cos 2x 25ex2 sin 2x cos 2x 5ex3 cos 2x 4 sin 2x 5y
Therefore, y 2y 5y y 2y 5y 0.
66. f x
ex ex
2
fx
ex ex
> 0
2
fx
ex ex
0 when x 0.
2
(0, 0)
Point of inflection: 0, 0
68. gx
gx
g x
1
2
1
2
1
2
ex3 2
2
x 3ex3 2
2
2,
x 2x 4ex3 2
e 0.5
2
( (
(
4,
e 0.5
2
(
6
3, 0.399
1
1
e
, 4,
e

2, 0.242, 4, 0.242
2
2
2
12
12
70. f x xex
fx xex ex ex1 x 0 when x 1.

f x ex ex1 x exx 2 0 when x 2.
Relative maximum: 1, e1
Point of inflection: 2,
1
2
3,
Points of inflection: 2,
Relative maximum:
3,
0.8
2e2
(1, e 1)
2
(2, e2)
4
511
512
Chapter 5
72. f x 2 e3x4 2x
( 53 , 96.942)
( 70.798 )
100
fx e3x2 3e3x4 2x e3x10 6x 0 when x
5
3.
4
,
3
fx e3x6 3e3x10 6x e3x24 18x 0 when x 43 .

Relative maximum:
Point of inflection:
53 , 96.942
43 , 70.798
2.5
0
e
(b) Ax xf c x 10
f c f c x
74. (a)
0.5
c
cx
cx
ec
e
(d) c
cex c x
x
ex 1
cex c x
c
x
ex 1
10x2 x1ex
(c) Ax x
e
e 1
4
0
lim c 1
x 0
lim c 0
x
(2.118, 4.591)
0
0
The maximum area is 4.591 for x 2.118 and

f x 2.547.
76. Let x0, y0 be the desired point on y ex.
y ex
3
2
Slope of tangent line
y ex
1
ex
y
Slope of normal line
y ex0 ex0x x0

We want 0, 0 to satisfy the equation:
ex0 x0ex0
1 x0e2x0
x0e2x0 1 0
Solving by Newtons Method or using a computer, the solution is x0 0.4263.
0.4263, e0.4263
( 0.4263, e 0.4263 )
x
1
1
x
x
exe 1
1
10x2 x1ex
e
x
e 1
10cec 10c xecx
cecx c xec
Section 5.4
513
78. V 15,000e0.6286t , 0 t 10
(a)
(b)
20,000
10
0
0
dV
9429e0.6286t
dt
(c)
When t 1,
dV
5028.84.
dt
When t 5,
dV
406.89.
dt
20,000
10
0
0
80. 1.56e0.22t cos 4.9t 0.25 (3 inches equals one-fourth foot.) Using a graphing
utility or Newtons Method, we have t 7.79 seconds.
10
82. (a) V1 1686.79t 23,181.79

V2 109.52t2 3220.12t 28,110.36
(b) The slope represents the rate of decrease in value of

the car.
20,000
10
0
(c) V3 31,450.770.8592t 31,450.77e0.1518t
(d) Horizontal asymptote: lim V3t 0

t
As t , the value of the car approaches 0.

(e)
84.
dV3
4774.2e0.1518t
dt
For t 5,
dV3
2235 dollarsyear.
dt
For t 9,
dV3
1218 dollarsyear.
dt
f x ex 2, f 0 1

2
P1
fx xex 2, f0 0

2
fx
2
x2ex 2
2
ex 2
2
ex 2
x2
1, f0 1
P1x 1 0x 0 1, P10 1
P2
2
P1x 0, P10 0
P2x 1 0x 0
1
x2
x 02 1 , P20 1
2
2
P2x x, P20 0

P2x 1, P20 1
The values of f, P1, P2 and their first derivatives agree at x 0. The values of the second derivatives of
f and P2 agree at x 0.
514
Chapter 5

88. Let u x4, du 4x3 dx.
86. nth term is xnn! in polynomial:

y4 1 x
Conjecture: ex 1 x
90.
94.
e1 1 1
1
e
92.

2
xex 2 dx
2
x2ex 2 dx
ex 2x dx ex 2

2
2
1 e1
1
1
e2x
2e2x
dx
dx ln1 e2x C
1 e2x
2 1 e2x
2
e1
e
2ex 2ex
dx 2 ex ex2ex ex dx
ex ex2
e2x 2ex 1
dx
ex
ex 2 ex dx
ex 2x ex C
108.
lne2x1 dx
2x 1 dx
106.
1
e sec 2x sec 2x tan 2x dx e sec 2x C
2
u sec 2x, du 2 sec 2x tan 2x

1
sin x e2x dx cos x e2x C1
2
f0 1
1
1
C1 C1 1
2
2
fx cos x
f x
1 2x
e 1
2
cos x
1 2x
e 1 dx
2
1
sin x e2x x C2
4
f 0
1
1
C2 C2 0
4
4
f x x sin x
1 2x
e
4
2
C
ex ex
110. y
x2 x C
112. fx

2 x32 3x2
2 3
e
dx ex 2 C
3
2
3
102. Let u ex ex, du ex ex dx.
ex ex
dx lnex ex C
ex ex
C
96. Let u 1 e2x, du 2e2x dx.
100. Let u ex ex, du ex exdx.
104.
x
4x dx e
x2
, du x dx.
2
2
x2
x3
...
2! 3!
x
e1x
1
1 2
2 2
dx e1x 3 dx e1x C
x3
2
x
2
98. Let u
e3x dx e3x
x2
x3
x4

2! 3! 4!
ex ex 2 dx
e2x 2 e2x dx
1
1 2x
e 2x e2x C
2
2
Section 5.4
114. (a)
(b)
y
xe0.2x dx

4
0, 23
dy
2
xe0.2x ,
dx
2
1
0.4
e0.2x 0.4x dx
2
1 0.2x2
2
e
C 2.5e0.2x C
0.4
0, 23: 23 2.5e C 2.5 C C 1

0
y 2.5e0.2x 1
2
116.
ex dx ex
b
a
ea eb
118.
1
e2x 2 dx e2x 2x
2
2
0
1
1
e4 4 4.491
2
2
a
4
0
120. (a)
x ex dx, n 12
122.
0.30.3t dt
0
x
e
Midpoint Rule: 92.1898
1
2
e0.3x 1
1
2
e0.3x
1
2
Simpsons Rule: 92.7385

Graphing Utility: 92.7437
1
2
0.3t
Trapezoidal Rule: 93.8371
(b)
2xex dx, n 12
0.3x ln
Midpoint Rule: 1.1906

x
Trapezoidal Rule: 1.1827
1
ln 2
2
ln 2
2.31 minutes
0.3
Simpsons Rule: 1.1880

Graphing Utility: 1.18799
124.
425
240
118
71
36
6.052
5.481
4.771
4.263
3.584
ln R
515
(a) ln R 0.6155t 6.0609

R e0.6155t6.0609 428.78e0.6155t
(b)
450
5
0
(c)
Rt dt
428.78e0.6155t dt 637.2 liters
516
Chapter 5
126. The graphs of f x ln x and gx ex are mirror

images across the line y x.
ln
130.
128. (a) Log Rule: u ex 1

(b) Substitution: u x2
ea
ln ea ln eb a b
eb
ln eab a b
Therefore, ln
ea
ea
ln eab and since y ln x is one-to-one, we have b eab.
eb
e
Section 5.5
2. y
2
1
Bases Other than e and Applications
t8
4. y
At t0 16, y
8. loga
12
168
1
4
2
1
t5
6. log27 9 log27 2723 23
At t0 2, y
1
loga 1 loga a 1
a
10. (a)
25
0.7579
12. (a) log3 19 2
2723 9
log27 9
(b)
12
32 19
2
3
4912 7
(b)
1634 8
log49 7 12
3
log16 8
4
18. y 3x
16. y 2x
14. y 3x1
1
2
1
1
9
1
3
16
16
1
3
1
9
12
8
1
10
6
8
4
6
4
20. (a) log3
2
2
x
1
1
x
81
3x
1

81
x 4
(b) log6 36 x
6x 36
x2
x
1
22. (a) logb 27 3

b3 27
b3
(b) logb 125 3
b3 125
b5
Section 5.5
24. (a) log3 x log3x 2 1
(b) log10x 3 log10 x 1
log3
xx 2 1
xx 2
x2
log10
31
x3
1
x
x3
101
x
2x 3 0
x 1x 3 0
x 3 10x
x 1 OR x 3
3 9x
x 3 is the only solution since the domain of the

logarithmic function is the set of all positive real
numbers.
56x 8320
26.
x
35x1 86
28.
6x ln 5 ln 8320
x
5x1
ln 8320
0.935
6 ln 5
86
3
x 1ln 5 ln
863
ln
x1
863
ln 5
ln
x1
1 0.10
365
30.
365t
ln 5
3.085
t 3 102.6
0.10
365t ln 1
ln 2
365
1
365
863
32. log10t 3 2.6
2
t
t 3 102.6 401.107
ln 2
6.932
0.10
ln 1
365
34. log5 x 4 3.2

x 4 53.2
x 4 53.22 56.4
x 4 56.4 29,748.593
36. f t 3001.007512t 735.41
Zero: t 10
38. gx 1 2 log10

xx 3
Zeros: x 0.826, 3.826
5
10
(10, 0)
0
10
20
1
3
( 0.826, 0)
5
(3.826, 0)
517
518
Chapter 5
40. f x 3x
gx log3 x
2
1
1
9
1
3
f x
f
6
1
9
1
3
2
1
x
g x
42. gx 2x
g
x
46. f t
y x62x
44.
gx ln 2 2x
dy
x
2ln 662x 62x
dx
ft
62x
2xln 6 1
62x1 2x ln 6
48. g 52 sin 2
50.
1
g 52 2 cos 2 2 ln 5 52 sin 2
52. hx log3
54.
1
3x 2
ln 3 2xx 1
56. f t t 32 log2 t 1 t 32

ft
1 lnt 1
2 ln 2
y log10 2x log10 2 log10 x
y log10
x2 1
x
dy
2x
1

dx x2 1 ln 10 x ln 10
1
0
x 1 ln 3
1 1
1

ln 3 x
2x 1
32t 2t ln 3 1
t2
log10x2 1 log10 x
1
log3 x 1 log3 2
2
1
1

hx
x ln 3 2
t2 ln 3 32t 32t

t2
dy
1
1
0

dx
x ln 10 x ln 10
x x 1
2
log3 x
32t
t
58.
1
1
2x

ln 10 x2 1
x
x2 1
1
ln 10 xx2 1
y xx1
ln y x 1ln x
1
1
3
t32
t12 lnt 1
2 ln 2
t1 2

1 dy
1
x 1
ln x
y dx
x
dy
x1
y
ln x
dx
x
x x2 x 1 x ln x
60.
y 1 x1x
ln y

62.
1
ln1 x
x

64.
2

33 52 dx
2
27 25 dx
2 dx
2
2x
lnx 1
1 x1x
1

x
x1
x
5x
C
ln 5
5x dx
1
1
1 dy
1

ln1 x 2
y dx
x 1x
x
dy y
1
lnx 1

dx x x 1
x
0
2
4
Section 5.5
66.
2
3 x 7 3x dx
70. (a)
1
3x2
23 x 7
dx
2
68.
sin x
519
cos x dx, u sin x, du cos x dx
1 sin x
2
C
ln 2
1
2
73x C
2 ln 7
(b)
dy
esin x cos x
dx
y
4
2
sin x
, 2
sin x
cos x dx e
C
, 2: 2 esin C 1 C C 1
x
y esin x 1
10
2
72. logb x
ln x
log10 x

ln b log10 b
74. f x log10 x

(a) Domain: x > 0
(d) If f x < 0, then 0 < x < 1.
y log10 x
(e) f x 1 log10 x log10 10
(b)
log1010x
10y x
x
f 1
(c)
10x
x must have been increased by a factor of 10.
log10 1000 log10 103 3

log1010,000 log10
104
(f) log10
4
x log
x1
10 x1
log10 x2
3n n 2n
If 1000 x 10,000, then 3 f x 4.
Thus, x1x2 102n 100n .

76. f x ax
(a) f u v auv au av f u f v
78. Vt 20,000

(a)
(b) f 2x a2x ax 2

f x2
34
(b)
34
3
dV
20,000 ln
dt
4
(c)
V (x)
x
20,000
dV
When t 1:
4315.23
dt
16,000
12,000
8,000
When t 4:
4,000
t
2
V2 20,000
10
34 $11,250
2
dV
1820.49
dt
1000
12
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Horizontal asymptote: v 0
As the car ages, it is worth less
each year and depreciates less
each year, but the value of the
car will never reach $0.
520
Chapter 5
80. P $2500, r 6% 0.06, t 20
A 2500 1
0.06
n
20n
12
365
Continuous
8017.84
8155.09
8226.66
8275.51
8299.47
8300.29
A 2500e0.0620 8300.29
82. P $5000, r 7% 0.07, t 25
0.07
A 5000 1
n
12
365
Continuous
27,137.16
27,924.63
28,340.78
28,627.09
28,768.19
28,773.01
10
20
30
40
50
94,176.45
54,881.16
30,119.42
16,529.89
9071.80
4978.71
25n
A 5000e0.0725
84. 100,000 Pe0.06t P 100,000e0.06t
86. 100,000 P 1
0.07
365
365t
P 100,000 1
0.07
365
365t
10
20
30
40
50
93,240.01
49,661.86
24,663.01
12,248.11
6082.64
3020.75
88. Let P $100, 0 t 20.

A 100e0.03t
(a)
A = 100e0.06t
A = 100e
0.05t
(b)
A = 100e0.03t
A 100e0.05t
A20 271.83
400
A20 182.21
(b)
90. (a) lim
P
or 86%
0.860.25e0.25n
0.215e0.25n

0.25n
1 e

1 e0.25n
P3 0.069
20
0.86
0.86
1 e0.25n
P10 0.016
A 100e0.06t
(c)
A20 332.01
92. (a)
(d)
12,000
pt
38,000 t5 1 19et5

e
0
5
1 19et53
19et5 1
0
40
0
(b) Limiting size: 10,000 fish

(c)
pt
10,000
1 19et5
pt
et5
19
10,000
1 19et52 5

38,000et5
1 19et52
p1 113.5 fishmonth

p10 403.2 fishmonth
t
ln 19
5
t 5 ln 19 14.72
Section 5.5
94. (a) y1 6.0536x 97.5571
521
(c) The slope of 6.0536 is the annual rate of change in

the amount given to philanthropy.
y2 100.0751 17.8148 ln x
(d) For 1996, x 6 and y1 6.0536, y2 2.9691,
y3 99.45571.0506x
y3 6.6015, y4 3.2321.
y4 101.2875x0.1471
(b)
y3 is increasing at the greatest rate in 1996.
150
8
100
y3 seems best.
96. A
3 dx
ln 3
98.
26
23.666
ln 3
101
102
104
106
1 x1x
2.594
2.705
2.718
2.718
30
20
10
x
1
100.
600
630
661.50
694.58
729.30
y Ckt
When t 0, y 600 C 600.
y 600kt
630
661.50
694.58
729.30
1.05,
1.05,
1.05,
1.05
600
630
661.50
694.58
Let k 1.05.
y 6001.05t
102. True.
104. True.
f en1 f en ln en1 ln en

n1n
1
d y
Cex
dxn
y for n 1, 2, 3, . . .
106. True.
f x gxex 0
gx 0 since ex > 0 for all x.
522
Chapter 5
108. y x sin x
ln y ln xsin x sin x ln x
1
y
sin x
cos x ln x
y
x
y xsin x
At
sin x
cos x ln x
x
2 , 2 ,
y
2
sin2
sin2

cos
ln
2
2
2

2
0 1
2

1 x
2
2
Tangent line: y
yx
Section 5.6
2.
Differential Equations: Growth and Decay
dy
4x
dx
y
dy
4y
dx
4.
4 x dx 4x
x2
C
2
y
6.
dy
dx
4y
1
dy
4y
4 y exC1 Cex
9y2 4x32 C
y 4 Cex
y x1 y
xy y 100x
10.
y 100x x y x100 y
y
x
1y
y
dx
1y
dy

1y
x dx
x dx
x2
ln1 y
C1
2
1 y ex 2 C1
2
y eC1 ex 2 1
y
x
100 y
y
dx
100 y
1
dy
100 y
ln100 y
x dx
x dx
x2
C1
2
Cex 2 1
2
x dx
3y2 2 32
x C1
2
3
ln 4 y dy x C1
8.
3y
3yy x
3yy dx
dx
ln100 y
x2
C1
2
100 y ex 2 C1

2
y eC1 ex 2 100

2
y 100 Cex 2
2
Section 5.6
dP
k10 t
dt
12.
dP
dt
dt

dy
kxL y
dx
14.
1 dy
kx
L y dx
k10 t dt
k
dP 10 t2 C
2
k
P 10 t2 C
2
1 dy
dx
L y dx
kx dx
kx 2
1
dy
C1
Ly
2
lnL y
kx 2
C1
2
L y ekx 2 C1

2
y L eC1 ekx 2
2
y L Cekx 2
2
16. (a)
(b)
dy
xy,
dx
dy
x dx
y
(0, 12 )
x
0, 21
ln y
x2
C
2
y ex 2C C1ex 2
0, 21: 21 C e
1
18.
dy
3
t, 0, 10
dt
4

dy
20.
15
3
t dt
4
1
y t32 C
2
dy

y
10
ln y
3
dt
4
(0, 10)
5
3
t C1
4
5
5
10 Ce0 C 10
y 10e3t4
dN
kN
dt
24.
dP
kP
dt
P Cekt
(Theorem 5.16)
0, 250: C 250
(Theorem 5.16)
0, 5000: C 5000
1, 400: 400 250ek k ln
400
8
ln
250
5
When t 4, N 250e4ln85 250eln85
250
40
eC1 e34t Ce3t4
1
y t 32 10
2
N Cekt
1
1 2
y ex 2
2
2
y e34tC1
1
10 032 C C 10
2
22.
C1
dy 3
y, 0, 10
dt
4
(0, 10)
85
8192
5
1, 4750: 4750 5000ek k ln
19
20
When t 5, P 5000eln19205
5000
19
20
3868.905
523
524
Chapter 5
26. y Cekt, 0, 4,
5, 12
C4
3, 12, 4, 5
1
Ce3k
2
y 4ekt
5 Ce4k
1
4e5k
2
k
y Cekt,
28.
2Ce3k
ln18
0.4159
5
1 4k
Ce
5
10e3k e4k
y 4e0.4159t
10 ek
k ln 10 2.3026
y Ce2.3026t
5 Ce2.30264
C 0.0005
y 0.0005e2.3026t
30. y
dy
ky
dt
32.
dy 1 2
xy
dx 2
dy
> 0 when y > 0. Quadrants I and II.
dx
34. Since y Ce ln121620t , we have 1.5 Ce ln1216201000 C 2.30 which implies that the initial quantity is 2.30 grams.
When t 10,000, we have y 2.30e ln12162010,000 0.03 gram.
36. Since y Ce ln125730t, we have 2.0 Ce ln12573010,000 C 6.70 which implies that the initial quantity is 6.70
grams. When t 1000, we have y 6.70e ln1257301000 5.94 grams.
38. Since y Ce ln125730t, we have 3.2 Ce ln1257301000 C 3.61.
Initial quantity: 3.61 grams.
When t 10,000, we have y 1.08 grams.
40. Since y Ce ln1224,360t, we have 0.4 Ce ln1224,36010,000 C 0.53 which implies that the initial quantity is 0.53
gram. When t 1000, we have y 0.53e ln1224,3601000 0.52 gram.
42. Since
dy
ky, y Cekt or y y0ekt.
dx
1
y y0e5730k
2 0
k
ln 2
5730
0.15y0 y0eln 25730t

ln 0.15
t
ln 2t
5730
5730 ln 0.15
15,682.8 years.
ln 2
44. Since A 20,000e0.055t, the time to double is given by

40,000 20,000e0.055t and we have
2 e0.055t
ln 2 0.055t
t
ln 2
12.6 years.
0.055
Amount after 10 years:

A 20,000e0.05510 $34,665.06
Section 5.6
46. Since A 10,000ert and A 20,000 when t 5, we
have the following.
20,000 10,000e5r
48. Since A 2000ert and A 5436.56 when t 10, we

have the following.
5436.56 2000e10r
ln 2
0.1386 13.86%
5
r
Amount after 10 years: A 10,000e ln 2510 $40,000
r
ln5436.562000
0.10 10%
10
The time to double is given by

4000 2000e0.10t
t
0.06
12
50. 500,000 P 1
ln 2
6.93 years.
0.10
1240
0.09
12
52. 500,000 P 1
P 500,0001.005480 $45,631.04
1225
P 500,000 1
0.09
12
300
$53,143.92
(c) 2000 1000 1
54. (a) 2000 10001 0.6t

2 1.06t
2 1
ln 2 t ln1.06
t
ln 2
11.90 years
ln 1.06
(b) 2000 1000 1
2 1
0.06
12
0.06
12
12t
1
12
0.055
12
ln 2 12t ln 1
1
t
12
12t
0.055
365
0.055
365
ln 2 365t ln 1
t
12t
1
365
365t
365t
0.055
365
ln 2
12.60 years
0.055
ln 1
365
(d) 2000 1000e0.055t
0.055
12
ln 2
12.63 years
0.055
ln 1
12
ln 2
11.55 years
0.06
ln 2
12.95 years
ln 1.055
t
2 1
0.055
2 1
12
0.06
365
1
ln 2
t
11.55 years
0.06
365
ln 1
365
ln 2 t ln1.055
ln 2 365t ln 1
(c) 2000 1000 1
2 1.055t
(b) 2000 1000 1
365t
ln 2 0.06t
56. (a) 2000 10001 0.055t
t
365t
2 e0.06t
ln 2
11.58 years
0.06
ln 1
12
(d) 2000 1000e0.06t
0.06
ln 2 12t ln 1
12
t
12t
0.06
365
0.06
365
2 e0.055t
ln 2 0.055t
t
ln 2
12.60 years
0.055
525
526
Chapter 5
58. P Cekt Ce0.031t
60. P Cekt Ce0.004t
P1 11.6 Ce0.0311 C 11.9652
P1 3.6 Ce0.0041 C 3.5856
P 11.9652e0.031t
P 3.5856e0.004t
P10 16.31
or
P10 3.45
16,310,000 people in 2010
62. (a) N 100.15961.2455t
C 742,000
632,000 742,000e2k
Analytically,
400 100.15961.2455t
1.2455t
k
400
3.9936
100.1596
t
When t 4, y $538,372.
ln 3.9936
6.3 hours.
ln 1.2455
20 301 e30k
e0.0366t
ln13 ln 3

0.0366
30
30
e0.0366t
25 301 e0.0366t
(b)
30e30k 10
N 301
ln632742
0.0802
2
y 742,000e0.0802t
t ln 1.2455 ln 3.9936
k
3,450,000 people in 2010
y Cekt, 0, 742,000, 2, 632,000
64.
(b) N 400 when t 6.3 hours (graphing utility)
66. (a)
or
t
1
6
ln 6
49 days
0.0366
68. S 251 ekt

(a) 4 251 ek1 1 ek

4
21
21
ek
k ln
0.1744
25
25
25
(b) 25,000 units lim S 25

t
(c) When t 5, S 14.545 which is 14,545 units.
(d)
25
8
0
70. (a) R 979.39931.0694t 979.3993e0.0671t

I 0.1385t4 2.1770t3 9.9755t2 23.8513t 266.4923
(b)
2000
Rate of growth Rt 65.7e0.0671t

0
10
0
(c)
(d) Pt
500
I
R
10
0
10
0
Section 5.7
72.
93 10 log10
I
10log10 I 16
1016
6.7 log10 I I 106.7

I
80 10 log10 16 10log10 I 16
10
1
dy
y 80
k dt
When t 0, y 1500. Thus, C ln 1420.
10
106.7
10
Percentage decrease:
dy
ky 80
dt
lny 80 kt C.
8 log10 I I 108
6.7
Since
74.
8
100 95%
When t 1, y 1120. Thus,

k1 ln 1420 ln1120 80
k ln 1040 ln 1420 ln
Thus, y 1420eln104142 t 80.
When t 5, y 379.2.
76. True
78. True
Section 5.7
2. Differential equation: y
2xy
x2 y2
Solution: x 2 y 2 Cy
Check: 2x 2yy Cy
y
2x
2y C
y
2xy
2xy
2xy
2xy

2y 2 Cy 2y 2 x 2 y 2 y 2 x 2 x 2 y 2
4. Differential equation: y 2y 2y 0

Solution: y C1ex cos x C2ex sin x
y C1 C2ex sin x C1 C2ex cos x
Check:
y 2 C1ex sin x 2C2ex cos x

y 2y 2y 2C1ex sin x 2C2ex cos x
2 C1 C2ex sin x C1 C2ex cos x 2C1ex cos x C2ex sin x
2C1 2C1 2C2 2C2ex sin x 2C2 2C1 2C2 2C1ex cos x 0
2
6. y 3 e2x ex
y 23 2e2x ex
y 23 4e2x ex
2
2
Substituting, y 2y 3 4e2x ex 2 3 2e2x ex 2ex.
104
.
142
527
528
Chapter 5
In Exercises 8 12, the differential equation is y4 16y 0.

8.
y 3 cos 2x
y 5 ln x
10.
y4 48 cos 2x
y4 16y 48 cos 2x 48 cos 2x 0,
y4
Yes.
y4 16y
12.
30
x4
30
80 ln x 0,
x4
No.
y 3e2x 4 sin 2x
y4 48e2x 64 sin 2x
y4 16y 24e2x 64 sin 2x 163e2x 4 sin 2x 0,
Yes
In 1418, the differential equation is xy 2y x3ex.

14. y x 2ex, y x 2ex 2xex ex x2 2x
xy 2y x
ex
x2
2x 2
x2ex
x3ex,
16. y sin x, y cos x

xy 2y xcos x 2sin x x3ex,
Yes.
18. y x2ex 5x2, y x2ex 2xex 10x

xy 2y xx2ex 2xex 10x 2x2ex 5x2 x3ex,
Yes.
22. 2x 2 y 2 C passes through 3, 4
20. y A sin t
29 16 C C 2
d 2y
A 2 sin t
dt 2
Particular solution: 2x 2 y 2 2
Since d 2ydt 2 16y 0, we have

A 2 sin t 16A sin t 0.
Thus, 2 16 and 4.
24. Differential equation: yy x 0
General solution: x 2 y 2 C
Particular solutions: C 0, Point
C 1, C 4, Circles
26. Differential equation: 3x 2yy 0

General solution: 3x2 2y2 C
6x 4yy 0
23x 2yy 0
3x 2yy 0
Initial condition:
y1 3: 312 232 3 18 21 C
Particular solution: 3x2 2y2 21
y
2
1
No.
Section 5.7

Initial conditions: y2 0, y2
28. Differential equation: xy y 0

General solution: y C1 C2 ln x

0 C1 C2 ln 2

1
1
y C2
, y C2 2
x
x
1
1
xy y x C2 2 C2 0
x
x
1
2
y
C2
x
1 C2
C2 1, C1 ln 2

2
2
Particular solution: y ln 2 ln x ln
x
2
30. Differential equation: 9y 12y 4y 0

General solution: y e2x3C1 C2 x
2
2
2
y e2x3C1 C2x C2e2x3 e2x3 C1 C2 C2 x
3
3
3
y
2
2
2 2x3 2
2
2
2
e
C C2 C2 x e2x3 C2 e2x3 C1 2C2 C2 x
3
3 1
3
3
3
3
3
9y 12y 4y 9
23 e 23 C
2x3
2C2
2
2
2
C x 12e2x3 C1 C2 C2 x 4e2x3C1 C2 x 0
3 2
3
3
Initial conditions: y0 4, y3 0

0 e2C1 3C2
4 1C1 0 C1 4
0 e24 3C2 C2
4
3
4
Particular solution: y e2x3 4 x
3
32.
dy
x3 4x
dx
y
36.
34.
x4
2x2 C
4
x3 4x dx
dy
x cos x 2
dx
y
x cosx2 dx
1
sinx2 C
2
u x 2, du 2x dx
40.
dy
x 5 x. Let u 5 x, u2 5 x, dx 2u du
dx
y
y
38.
x 5 x dx

5 u2u2u du
10u2 2u4 du
10u3 2u5

C
3
5
10
2
5 x32 5 x52 C
3
5
dy
ex

dx 1 ex
ex
dx ln1 ex C
1 ex
dy
tan2 x sec2 x 1
dx
y
sec2 x 1 dx tan x x C
529
530
42.
Chapter 5
dy
5ex2
dx
y
dy x 2 2

dx
3y 2
44.
21 dx
5ex2 dx 52 ex2
3y 2 dy
10ex2 C
dr
0.05s
ds
46.
y3
48.
dr
dy

y
r 0.025s 2 C
x 2 2dx
x3
2x C
3
xy y
0.05s ds
50.
dx
x
dy
6 cos
x
dx
y dy
y2
dy
5x
dx
dy
4y
54.
5x
x2 9
y 5x2 912 C
56. x y y 0
dy
3ex
dx
4y dy
dx
3ex dx
2y2 3ex C
58. 2xy ln x2 0
y12 dy x12 dx
2x
dy
2 ln x
dx
2 32
2
y x32 C1
3
3
dy
ln x
dx
x
y
ln x2
C
2
y32 x32 C
Initial condition: y 1 4,
432 132 8 1 9 C
y1 2: 2 C
1
y ln x2 2
2
Particular solution: y32 x32 9
y 1 x2
60.
dy
x 1 y 2
dx
1 y212 y dy
1 x212 x dx
1 y212 1 x212 C
y0 1:
0 1 C C 1
1 y 2 1 x 2 1
62.
6 cos
x dx
y2
6
sin
x C1
2
ln y ln x ln C ln Cx
y Cx
52. x2 9
dr
er2s
ds
erdr
e2s ds
1
er e2s C
2
1
1
r0 0: 1 C C
2
2
1
1
er e2s
2
2
1
1
er e2s
2
2
r ln
r ln
12e
2s
1 e2s
1
ln
2
2
1 2e
2s
12
sin
x C
Section 5.7
64. dT kT 70 dt 0

dy 2y

dx 3x
66.
dT
k dt
T 70
lnT 70 k t C1
3
dy
y
2
dx
x
ln y3 ln x2 ln C
T 70 Cekt
y3 Cx2
Initial condition: T0 140;

140 70 70 Ce0 C
Initial condition: y8 2, 23 C82, C
Particular solution: T 70 70ekt, T 701 ekt
Particular solution: 8y3 x2, y
m
68.
dy y 0 y

dx x 0 x
dy

y
70.
1 23
x
2
f x, y x3 3x2y2 2y2

f tx, ty t3x3 3t4x2y2 2t2y2
dx
x
Not homogeneous
ln y ln x C1 ln x ln C ln Cx
y Cx
f x, y
72.
f t x, t y
xy
x2 y2
74.
f t x, t y tantx t y tant x y
tx ty
x2 t 2 y 2
t 2
f x, y tanx y
Not homogeneous
xy
t xy
t
x 2 y 2
t x 2 y 2
Homogeneous of degree 1
f x, y tan
76.
f t x, t y tan
y
x
ty
y
tan
tx
x
Homogeneous of degree 0
78. y
x3 y3
xy2
y
80.
x y 2 dy x3 y3 dx
y vx,
dy x dv v dx
xvx x dv v dx x3 vx3 dx

2
x4 v2 dv x3 v3 dx x3 dx v3 x3 dx
xv 2 dv dx
v 2 dv
vx
1
dx
x
v3
ln x C
3

yx 3 lnx C
3

y3 3x3 ln x Cx3
dv x 2 v 2 x 2

dx
2x 2 v
2v dx 2x dv
x2 y2
, y vx
2xy
1 v2
dx
v
2v
dx
dv
v2 1
x
lnv 2 1 ln x ln C ln
v2 1
C
x
y2
C
1
x2
x
y 2 x2 Cx
C
x
1
8
531
532
Chapter 5
82.
y
2x 3y
, y vx
x
dv 2x 3vx
vx

2 3v
dx
x
dv
2 2v
dx
ln 1 v ln
x2
x 2 v 2 dx x 2 x 2 vv dx x dv 0
dv
dx
2
1v
x
ln C ln
y 2 dx xx y dy 0, y vx
84.
x2C
1v
dx
dv
v
x
v ln v ln x ln C1 ln
C1
x
v ln
C1
xv
1vxC
2
1
y
x2C
x
C1
ev
vx
y
x2C 1
x
C1
eyx
y
y Cx3 x
y Ceyx
Initial condition: y1 1, 1 Ce1 C e
Particular solution: y e1yx
86. 2x 2 y 2 dx xy d y 0
88.
dy
x

dx
y
Let y vx, dy x dv v dx.
v 2x 2
2x 2 v 2
2
2v 2
2x 2
dx xv xx d v v d x 0
2x 2
dx
x3v
dv 0
d x x v d v
x2 C1 v 212
12
C
x2 y212
x
1
Cx2 y212
x
y1 0: 1 C1 0 C 1
1
x2 y2
x
1 x x2 y2
ln x2 ln1 v 212 ln C
2
2
1
ln1 v 2 C1
2
1
y2
C 1 2
x2
x
2
4
2
v
dx
dv
x
1 v2
2 ln x
y dy x dx
y 2 x 2

C1
2
2
y 2 x2 C
Section 5.7
dy
0.25x4 y
dx
90.
dy
0.25x dx
4y
dy

y4
0.25x dx

1
x dx
4
1
ln y 4 x 2 C1
8
y 4 eC1 18x Ce18x

2
y 4 Ce18x
dy
2 y, y0 4
dx
92.
94.
dy
0.2x2 y, y0 9
dx
10
96.
dy
ky, y Cekt
dt
Initial conditions: y0 20, y1 16
20 Ce C
0
98.
5
0
dy
kx 4
dx
The direction field satisfies dydx 0 along x 4:
Matches (b).
16 20ek
k ln
4
5
Particular solution: y 20et ln45

When 75% has been changed:
5 20et ln45
1
et ln45
4
t
100.
ln14
6.2 hr
ln45
dy
ky2
dx
The direction field satisfies dydx 0 along y 0, and

grows more positive as y increases. Matches (d).
102. From Exercise 101,

w 1200 Cekt, k 1
w 1200 Cet
w0 w0 1200 C C 1200 w0
w 1200 1200 w0et
533
534
Chapter 5
104. Let the radio receiver be located at x0, 0.

The tangent line to y x x2 joins 1, 1
and x0, 0.
Transmitter
(1, 1)
1
y=x
x2
Radio
(b) Now let the transmitter be located at 1, h.
(a) If x, y is the point of tangency on the y x x2,

then
1 2x
y 1 x x2 1
1 2x

x1
x1
x2 2x h 1 0
2x 2 0
2 4 8
x
2
1
x
1 3 3 5
10

1 x0 1 1 3
3 1 x0 6 3 3
(c)
3 2 h h 4
3
Then,
h0
h 3 2 h h 4

1 x0
1 1 2 h
4 3 6
1.155
6 3 3
2h 4 3 2 h
2 h
x0 1
2 h

h
2h 4 3 2 h
10
x0
0.25
y x x2
6 3 3
6 3 3 x0 6 3 3
x0
2 4 4h 1
1 2 h
y x x2 3 3 5
Then
y h x x2 h

x1
x1
x 2x 2 1 2x x x 2 h
x 2x2 1 2x x x2 1
x2
x 1
x0
h 2 h
1
2h 4 3 2 h
There is a vertical asymptote at h 14 , which is the

height of the mountain.
x2 2y2 C
106. Given family (hyperbolas):
2x 4yy 0
y
y
Orthogonal trajectory:
2yy 2C
x
2y
2y
x
y
2x
y
y dy 2x dx
y2
x 2 K1
2
k
x2
2x 2 y 2 K
4
y
ln y 2 ln x ln k

C
y2 1
y

y
2x y
2x
Orthogonal trajectory (ellipse):
dy
2

dx
y
x
y kx2
y 2 2Cx
108. Given family (parabolas):
Section 5.8
Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Differentiation
110. Given family (exponential functions): y Cex

y
Cex
y
Orthogonal trajectory (parabolas):
535
y
6
1
y
y dy dx
y2
x K1
2
y2 2x K
114. Two families of curves are mutually orthogonal if each
curve in the first family intersects each curve in the
second family at right angles.
112. The number of initial conditions matches the number of

constants in the general solution.
116. True
dy
x 2y 1
dx
118. True
x 2 y 2 2Cy
x 2 y 2 2Kx
dy K x

dx
y
x
dy

dx C y
x
Cy
Kx
Kx x2
2Kx 2x2
x2 y 2 2x2
y 2 x2

2
2
1
2
2
2
2
y
Cy y
2Cy 2y
x y 2y
x y2
Section 5.8
2. y arccos x
(a)
1
x
y
0.8
3.142
(b)
0.6
2.499
0.4
2.214
1.982
0.2
1.772
0
1.571
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.369
1.159
0.927
0.634
(d) Intercepts:
(c)
No symmetry
1
1
0
4.

1,
4
4

,
3,
3

,
6
3
6

0, 2 and 1, 0
6. arcsin 0 0
3, 3
536
Chapter 5
8. arccos 0
12. arccos

2
3
10. arc cot 3
56
18. (a) tan arccos
2
14. arcsin0.39 0.40
tan4 1
16. arctan3 1.25
(b) cos arcsin

2
5
6
5
12

13
13
13
5
12
53

20. (a) sec arctan
34
65
5 1111
(b) tan arcsin
11
34
5
22. y secarc tan 4x
24. y cosarccot x
1 + 16x 2
arctan 4x
y sec 1 16x2
y cos
26. y secarcsinx 1
arcsinx 1
x1
1
y sec
2x x2
30.
2x
arcsin
x2
xh
r
r 2 (x h)2
r 2 x h2
32. arctan2x 5 1
2x 5 tan1
f=g
2
1
x tan1 5 1.721
2
Asymptote: x 0
x

2
2
4 x2
x
cos
2
tan
x
x2 1
xh
r
y cos
arccos
28. y cos arcsin

1
x2 + 1
arccot x
4x
4 x2
xh
Section 5.8
537
34. arccos x arcsec x

x cosarcsec x
x
1
x
x
x2 1
x2 1
x 1
36. (a) arcsinx arcsin x, x 1.
(b) arccosx arccos x, x 1.
Let y arcsinx. Then,
Let y arccosx. Then,
x sin y x sin y x siny.
x cos y x cos y x cos y.
Thus, y arcsin x y arcsin x. Therefore,

arcsinx arcsin x.
38. f x arctan x

x tan y
2

2
Thus, y arccos x y arccos x.

Therefore, arccosx arccos x.
40. f x arccos
6 4 2
2t
fx
1 1 x21 x 2x11 x

2
52. y lnt2 4
y

1
x
x4 x2 4 arcsin
2
2
56.
1 1
1
x 4 x212 2x 4 x2 2
1 x22
2 2
1
x2
4
4 x2
4 x2
2 4 x2
4
x2
2x 4x2 1
hx 2x arctan x
fx 0
x 4x2 1
48. hx x2 arctan x
50. f x arcsin x arccos x
y
44. f x arcsec 2x
1 t 4
6 4
Range: 0,
46. f x arctan x
54. y
(4, 0)
Domain: 4, 4
42. f t arcsin t 2
fx
(4, )
x 4 cos y
x
f x is the graph of arctan x shifted 2 units upward.
ft
x
cos y
4
Domain: ,
Range: 0,
4x
2t
1

t2 4 2
x2
1 x2
1
t
arctan
2
2
1

t
1
2
12
1
2t 1
2t

2
t2 4 t2 4
t 4
y x arctan 2x
1
ln1 4x2
4
dy
2x
1
8x

arctan2x
arctan2x
dx 1 4x2
4 1 4x2
538
Chapter 5
58. y 25 arcsin
y 5

x
x25 x2
5
1
1 x22
60. y arctan
1
25 x2 x 25 x212 2x
2
y
1
1
1
x2 422x
2 1 x22 2
25
x2
25 x2

2
2
25 x
25 x
25 x2
2
x

x2 4 x2 42
2x2
25 x2
2x2 8 x
x2 42
62. f x arctan x, a 1

fx
1
1 x2
f
x
2x
1 x22
P1 (x)
4
4
x
2
P2 (x)
P1x f 1 f 1x 1
1
x 1
4
2
P2x f 1 f 1x 1
1
1
1
f
1x 12 x 1 x 12
2
4
2
4
64. f x arcsin x 2x
66. f x arcsin x 2 arctan x
1
1
fx
2 0 when 1 x2 or
2
2
1 x
x
f
x
f
1
x

2 2x2 4
3
1
1 x2
x4 6x2 3 0
x 0.681
Relative minimum:
3
2 , 0.68
3
23, 0.68

68. arctan 0 0. is not in the range of y arctan x.

x
3
3x
3 dx
d
2
dt
x 9 dt
If x 10,
70. The derivatives are algebraic. See Theorem 5.18.
74. cos
arccot
If x 3,
By the First Derivative Test, 0.681, 0.447 is a relative

maximum and 0.681, 0.447 is a relative minimum.
<0
Relative maximum:
72. (a) cot
2
0
1 x2
1 2x2 x4 41 x2
x
1 x232
f

1 x2 21 x2
23 > 0
(b)
fx
d
11.001 radhr.
dt
d
66.667 radhr.
dt
A lower altitude results in a greater rate of change of .
750
s
arccos
d d

dt
ds
750s
750
ds
1
750 ds

2
dt
s2
dt
1 750s
750
ds
ss2 7502 dt
Section 5.9
76. (a) Let y arcsin u. Then

(b) Let y arctan u. Then
sin y u
y
cos y y u
1 u2
sec2 y
u
u
dy

.
dx cos y 1 u2
u
y
dy
u
dx
dy
u
u .

dx sec2 y 1 u2
(c) Let y arcsec u. Then
(d) Let y arccos u. Then
sec y u
u2 1
cos y u
dy
sec y tan y
u
dx
1 + u2
tan y u
539
1 u2
sin y
dy
u
u

.
dx sec y tan y

u u2 1
dy
u
dx
u
u
dy

.
dx
sin y
1 u2
Note: The absolute value sign in the formula for

the derivative of arcsec u is necessary because the
inverse secant function has a positive slope at every
value in its domain.
(f) Let y arccsc u. Then

u
csc y u
(e) Let y arccot u. Then
csc y cot y
1 + u2
cot y u
dy
u
dx
u2 1
dy
u
u

dx csc y cot y
u u2 1
csc2 y
dy
u
dx
Note: The absolute value sign in the formula for the

derivative of arccsc u is necessary because the inverse
cosecant function has a negative slope at every value in
its domain.
u
u
dy

.
dx csc2 y
1 u2
78. f x sin x
gx arcsinsin x
(a) The range of y arcsin x is 2 y 2.
2
2
(b) Maximum: 2
Minimum: 2
82. False
80. False

The range of y arcsin x is , .
2 2
Section 5.9
1
6.
4
4
3
4
dx
dx arctan3x C
1 9x2
3 1 9x2
3
10.
1
1
x1
dx arctan
C
4 x 12
2
2
3
4x2
1
2.
2
arcsin2 0 arccos2 0 0
dx
2 1
4x2
dx
3
2
arcsin2x C
4.
8.
12.
1
x
2 dx arcsin
2
4 x
1
x
1
arctan
2 dx
3
3
3 9 x
x4 1
dx
x2 1
3
3

6

36
1
x2 1 dx x3 x C
3
540
Chapter 5
14. Let u t 2, du 2t dt.
t4
16. Let u x2, du 2x dx.
t
1
1
t2
1
dt
2t dt arctan C
2
2
2
16
2 4 t
8
4
1
1
1
dx
2x dx
2 x2x22 22
xx 4 4
18. Let u arccos x, du
12
1
dx.
1 x2
12
arccos x
dx
1 x2
22.
1
dx
3 x 22
2
24.
20. Let u 1 x2, du 2x dx.

0
12

2
arccos x
dx
1 x2
1
arccos2 x
2
3
2
x
1
dx
1 x2
2
32
0.925

32
1
1
x2
dx
arctan
32 x 22
3
3
cos x
dx arctansin x
1 sin2 x
1
x2
arcsec C
4
2

4
26.
2
1
3
1
2x dx
1 x2
12 ln1 x
3
ln 2
3
18
3
1
dx. u x, du
dx, dx 2u du
2x1 x
2x
3
2u du
du
3
3 arctan u C
2 u1 u2
1 u2
3 arctanx C
28.
1 x2
30.
x2
2x 2
1
dx
dx
x 12 4
2 x 12 4
4x 3
dx 2
2
34.
36.
x2
2
x2 4x
dx
dx 41 x2 3 arcsin x C
3
dx
x 12 4
dx
1
x2

arctan
2
3
3
2 x 2 9
2
2
4
1
arctan
3
3
2x 2
1
dx 7
dx ln x2 2x 2 7 arctanx 1 C
x2 2x 2
1 x 12
2
4 x2 4x 4
2
dx
4 x 22
2 arcsin
40.
1
1 x2
3
x1
1
lnx2 2x 5 arctan
C
2
2
2
dx

4x 13
2x 5
dx
x2 2x 2
dx 3
32.
2x
1 x2
1
dx
x 1x2 2x
dx
38. Let u x2 2x, du 2x 2 dx.
x1
x2 2x
x2
C
2
1
dx arcsecx 1 C
x 1x 12 1
dx
1
x2 2x122x 2 dx
2
x2 2x C
Section 5.9
42. Let u x2 4, du 2x dx.
x
9 8x2 x4
1
2x
1
x2 4
dx arcsin
C
2 25 x2 42
2
5
dx
44. Let u x 2, u2 2 x, 2u du dx
x 2
x1
dx
2u2
du
3
u2
2u
46. The term is
48. (a)
(b)
50. (a)
(b)
(c)
32
2u2 6 6
1
du 2 du 6 2
du
u2 3
u 3
u
6
arctan
C 2x 2 23 arctan
3
3
9
9 9
3
: x2 3x x2 3x x
4
4 4
2
9
4
(c)
x 3 2 C
ex dx cannot be evaluated using the basic integration rules.

xex dx
1 x2
e C, u x2
2
1 1x
1
e dx e1x C, u
x2
x
1
dx cannot be evaluated using the basic integration rules.
1 x4
x
1
2x
1
dx
dx arctanx2 C, u x2
1 x4
2 1 x22
2
x3
1
4x3
1
dx
dx ln1 x 4 C, u 1 x 4
4
1x
4 1 x4
4
52. (a)
54.
dy
2y
, y0 2

dx 16 x2
3
1.25
1.25
3
4
(b)
dy
x16 y2, 0, 2
dx
dy
16 y2
x dx
4y
x2 C
2
arcsin
42
C C 6
0, 2: arcsin
4y
x2 6
2
arcsin
y
x2
sin

4
2
6
y 4 sin
x2 6
541
542
Chapter 5
56. A
x
1
dx arcsin
2
4 x2
1
0

6
58.
arcsin x dx 0.571
60. Fx
1
2
1
2
x2
1
2
2
dt
t2 1
(a) Fx represents the average value of f x over the interval x, x 2. Maximum at x 1, since the graph is
greatest on 1, 1.
(b) Fx arctan t

Fx
62.
1
6x x2
x2
x
arctanx 2 arctan x
1
1
4x 1
1 x2 x2 4x 5

2
0 when x 1.
2
2
1 x 2
1x
x2 1x2 4x 5
x 1x2 4x 5
dx
(a) 6x x2 9 x2 6x 9 9 x 32
1
dx
6x x2
(c)
y2
dx
x3
arcsin
C
3
9 x 32
y1
1
(b) u x, u2 x, 2u du dx
1
6u2 u4
2u du
2
6 u2
du 2 arcsin
u6
C 2 arcsin 6
C
x
The antiderivatives differ by

a constant, 2.
Domain: 0, 6
64. Let f x arctan x

fx
x
1 x2
1
1 x2
2x2

> 0 for x > 0.
1 x2 1 x22 1 x2
y
5
x
Since f 0 0 and f is increasing for x > 0, arctan x
> 0 for x > 0. Thus,
1 x2
x
arctan x >
.
1 x2
Let gx x arctan x
gx 1
1
x2
> 0 for x > 0.
2
1x
1 x2
Since g0 0 and g is increasing for x > 0, x arctan x > 0 for x > 0. Thus, x > arctan x.
Therefore,
x
< arctan x < x.
1 x2
y3
4
3
2
y2
y1
2
x
8
10
Section 5.10
Section 5.10
Hyperbolic Functions
e0 e0
1
2
2. (a) cosh0
4. (a) sinh10 0
(b) tanh10 0
2
(b) sech1
0.648
e e1
6. (a) csch12 ln
(b) coth13
8.
1 2 5 0.481

1
4
ln
0.347
2
2
1 cosh 2x 1 e2x e2x2 e2x 2 e2x

ex ex

2
2
4
2
10. 2 sinh x cosh x 2
e
ex
2
e
cosh2 x
ex
e2x e2x
sinh 2x

2
2
xy2
12. 2 cosh
x 2 y coshx 2 y 2 e
e
2
exy2
2
xy2
exy2
2
ey ey ex
ex ex ey ey

4
2
2
cosh x cosh y
tanh x
14.

1
2
Putting these in order:
1
2
sech2 x 1 sech2 x
3
3
sech x
4
2
23
1

cosh x
3
32
1
2
coth x
12
sinh x tanh x cosh x
csch x
1
33
122 3 3

3
csch x 3
cosh x
23
3
sech x
3
tanh x
1
2
coth x 2
3
3
16. y coth3x
y 3
sinh x
18. gx lncosh x
3x
csch2
20. y x cosh x sinh x

y x sinh x cosh x cosh x x sinh x
gx
1
sinh x tanh x
cosh x
22. ht t coth t

ht 1 csch2 t coth2 t
543
544
Chapter 5
24. gx sech2 3x
28. y sechx 1
26. f x esinh x
gx 2 sech3x sech3x tanh3x3
y sechx 1 tanhx 1
fx cosh xesinh x
6 sech 3x tanh 3x
2
30. f x x sinhx 1 coshx 1
fx x coshx 1 sinhx 1 sinhx 1 x coshx 1

fx 0 for x 0. By the First Derivative
Test,0, cosh1 0, 1.543 is a relative minimum.
6
(0, 1.543)
2
32. hx 2 tanh x x
34.
y a cosh x
y a sinh x
y a cosh x
(0.88, 0.53)
3
Therefore, y y 0.
( 0.88, 0.53)
2
Relative maximum: 0.88, 0.53

Relative minimum: 0.88, 0.53
36. f x cosh x
f 1 cosh0 1
f x sinh x
f 1 sinh0 0
f x cosh x
f 1 cosh0 1
f
P2
P1
2
P1x f 0 f0x 0 1
2
0
1
P2x 1 2 x2
38. (a) y 18 25 cosh
x
, 25 x 25
25
(b) At x 25, y 18 25 cosh1 56.577.

At x 0, y 18 25 43.
80
x
(c) y sinh 25. At x 25, y sinh1 1.175
25
25
10
40. Let u x, du
1
dx.
2x
42. Let u cosh x, du sinh x dx.
cosh x
1
dx 2 cosh x
dx 2 sinhx C
x
2x
44. Let u 2x 1, du 2 dx.
sech22x 1 dx
1
sech22x 12 dx
2
1
tanh2x 1 C
2
sinh
dx
1 sinh2 x
sinh x
1
dx
C
cosh2 x
cosh x
sech x C
46. Let u sech x, du sech x tanh x dx.
sech3 x tanh x dx sech2 xsech x tanh x dx

1
sech3 x C
3
Section 5.10
48.
cosh2 x dx
1 cosh 2x
dx
2
50.
1
x
dx arcsin
2
5
25 x
4
0
1
sinh 2x
x
C
2
2
1
1
x sinh 2x C
2
4
52.
2
1
1 1 4x2
dx 2
2 dx 2 ln
C
2
2
2x
x1 4x
2x1 2x
56. y tanh1
54. Let u sinh x, du cosh x dx.
cosh x
9 sinh2 x
dx arcsin
arcsin
sinh3 x C
e
58. y sech1cos 2x, 0 < x <

y
e
6
x
y
C
2x

1
1
2

1 x22 2
4 x2

4
1
2 sin 2x
2
2 sin 2x

2 sec 2x,
cos 2x sin 2x
cos 2x
cos 2x1 cos2 2x
since sin 2x 0 for 0 < x < 4.

60. y csch1 x2
csch x
x 11 x 2
x
1x
y 2 csch1 x
1
62. y x tanh1 x ln1 x2 x tanh1 x

y x
1 1 x tanh
1
x
1
ln1 x2
2
64. See page 401, Theorem 5.22.
x
tanh1 x
1 x2
66. Equation of tangent line through P x0, y0:

y a sech1
a2 x02
x0
a2 x02
x x0
a
x0
When x 0,
a
P
y a sech1
x0
x
a2 x02 a2 x02 a sech1 0.
a
a
Hence, Q is the point 0, a sech1x0a.
x02 2
a
x
1
2x
1 1
3 x2
dx
dx
ln
C
4
2
2
9x
2 9 x
2 6
3 x2
1
3
ln
C
12 3 x2
x2

Distance from P to Q: d x02 a2
68.
(a, 0)
arcsin
4
5
545
546
Chapter 5
3
70. Let u x32, du x dx.
2
72.
x
1 x3
dx
2
2
1
3
2
x dx sinh1x32 C ln x32 1 x3 C
3 1 x322 2
3
3
dx

x 2x2 4x 8
dx
x 2x 22 4
2 x 22 4
1
C
ln
2
x2
74.
1
dx
x 12x2 4x 8
1
dx
x 12x 12 6
3 x 12 3
1
1
dx 1 ln
C
x1
2 x 1x 12 32
6
76. Let u 2x 1, du 2 dx.

y
78. y
1
dx
x 14x2 8x 1
1 2x
dx
4x x2
ln 4x x2
2
2x 1 3 2x 12
2
4 2x
1
dx 3
dx
4x x2
x 22 4
e2x
1
2
e2x
dx
e2x
2 lne
1
1
lne4 e4 ln 2
2
2
e
ln
dx
1
2e2x e2x dx
e2x e2x
2x
6
x2 4
6 ln x x2 4
2 2x
e
82. A
tanh 2x dx
3 4x2 8x 1
1
ln
C
2x 1
3
3 x 2 2
3 x4
ln
C ln 4x x2 ln
C
4 x 2 2
4
x
80. A
dx
e2x
2
0
5
3
6 ln 5 21 6 ln 3 5

6 ln
53 215 3.626

e4
1.654
2
84. (a) vt 32t
(b) st
vt dt
32t dt 16t2 C
s0 1602 C 400 C 400

st 16t2 400
CONTINUED
Section 5.10
547
84. CONTINUED
dv
32 kv2
dt
(c)
dv

kv2 32
t
dt
st
32 k v
1
ln
t C
232 32 k v
Since v0 0, C 0.
ln
32 k v
32 k v
32 k v
32 k v
v

k e2
32k t

e32k t e32k t
32 e
32
k
ex ex
tan y
sinh x.
2
k 32k
ln cosh 32k t C
s2t 0 when t 8.3 seconds
e32k t
32k t
When air resistance is not neglected, it takes

approximately 3.3 more seconds to reach the ground.
tanh 32k t
e +e
x
x
e e
y
2
Thus, y arctansinh x. Therefore,

arctansinh x arcsintanh x.
y sech1 x
sech y x
sech ytanh yy 1
1
1
1

sech ytanh y sech y1 sech2 y x1 x2
y sinh1 x
sinh y x
cosh yy 1
y
32
tanh 32k t dt
s1t 0 when t 5 seconds.
86. Let y arcsintanh x. Then,

ex ex
and
ex ex
k
s1t 16t2 400.
e
32k t 1
e
32
s2t 400 100 ln cosh0.32 t

32k t
k
When k 0.01,
32 e232k t 1
90.
400 400 1k ln cosh 32k t.
y
k
When t 0,
s0 C
e232k t
v k k e232k t 32e232k t 1
88.
32
1
ln cosh 32k t C.
k
232k t
32 k v e232k t 32 k v
sin y tanh x
k
tanh32k t
(e) Since tanhct dt 1c ln coshct (which can be

verified by differentiation), then
Let u k v, then du k dv.

1
32
The velocity is bounded by 32k.
dv
dt
32 kv2
k
(d) lim
1
1
1

cosh y sinh2 y 1 x2 1

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C H A P T E R 5

The Natural Logarithmic Function: Differentiation . . . . 493

The Natural Logarithmic Function: Integration . . . . . . 498

Inverse Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503

Exponential Functions: Differentiation and Integration . . 509

Bases Other than e and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . 516

Differential Equations: Growth and Decay . . . . . . . . . 522

Differential Equations: Separation of Variables

Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Differentiation . . . . . 535

Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Integration

Section 5.10 Hyperbolic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543

The Natural Logarithmic Function: Differentiation

Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises

The graphs are identical.

4. (a) ln 8.3 2.1163

6. (a) ln 0.6 0.5108

10. f x ln x

Reflection in the x-axis

Reflection in the y-axis and the x-axis

18. (a) ln 0.25 ln 14 ln 1 2 ln 2 1.3862

20. ln23 ln 232 32 ln 2

Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions

32. 2 ln x lnx  1 lnx 1

38. lim ln6 x 

46. hx ln2x2  1

xx  11 31 lnx 1 lnx  1

60. f x ln x  4  x2 

The Natural Logarithmic Function: Differentiation

dy 2x2 xx2  4  4xx2  4 1

1  12 2 x2  4 x2  4

dy sec x tan x  sec2 x

sec xsec x  tan x

gx ln x2  3

(Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus)

Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions

Relative minimum: 1, 1

x21x 1 ln x2x 2ln x 3

Point of inflection: 4e32, 24e3

P2x f 1  f1x 1 

P1x f 1  f1x 1 x 1,

The values of f, P1, P2, and their first derivatives agree at

The Natural Logarithmic Function: Differentiation

y x 1x 2x 3

Approximate root: x 2.208

ln y lnx  1  lnx  2 lnx 1 lnx 2

94. The base of the natural logarithmic function is e.

(a) Yes. If the graph of g is increasing, then gx > 0.

(b) No. Let f x x2  1 (positive and concave up). gx

(b) t1167.41 20 years

When x 1167.41, dtdx 0.0645. When x 1068.45,

Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions

T10 4.75 deglbin2

T70 0.97 deglbin2

10 ln 10 100  x2  ln x  100  x2

When x 5, dydx  3. When x 9, dydx  199.

Since ln x is increasing on its entire domain 0, , it is a

The Natural Logarithmic Function: Integration

The Natural Logarithmic Function: Integration

10. u 9  x2, du 2x dx

Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions

 13 3x13  12

34. u cot t, du csc2 t dt

10. f x ln x

20. ln23 ln 232 32 ln 2

32. 2 ln x lnx 1 lnx 1

38. lim ln6 x

46. hx ln2x2 1

xx 11 31 lnx 1 lnx 1

60. f x ln x 4 x2

dy 2x2 xx2 4 4xx2 4 1

1 12 2 x2 4 x2 4

dy sec x tan x sec2 x

sec xsec x tan x

gx ln x2 3

Relative minimum: 1, 1

x21x 1 ln x2x 2ln x 3

Point of inflection: 4e32, 24e3

P2x f 1 f1x 1

P1x f 1 f1x 1 x 1,

y x 1x 2x 3

ln y lnx 1 lnx 2 lnx 1 lnx 2

(a) Yes. If the graph of g is increasing, then gx > 0.

(b) No. Let f x x2 1 (positive and concave up). gx

(b) t1167.41 20 years

When x 1167.41, dtdx 0.0645. When x 1068.45,

T10 4.75 deglbin2

T70 0.97 deglbin2

10 ln 10 100 x2 ln x 100 x2

When x 5, dydx 3. When x 9, dydx 199.

Since ln x is increasing on its entire domain 0, , it is a

10. u 9 x2, du 2x dx

13 3x13 12

34. u cot t, du csc2 t dt

sec t tan t dt lnsec t tan t lncos t C

, 4: 4 ln0 1 C C 4

csc2 2 2 csc 2 cot 2 cot2 2 d

2 csc2 2 2 csc 2 cot 2 1 d

54. ln csc x cot x C ln

csc x cot xcsc x cot x

g f x g16 x2 16 16 x2

f gx f 16 x 16 16 x2

20. f x 5xx 1

f is increasing on , . Therefore, f is strictly

f is increasing on 3, . Therefore, f is strictly monotonic

48. f x x 2 on 2,

f is increasing on 2, . Therefore, f is strictly

50. f x cot x on 0,

fx sec x tan x > 0 on 0,

78. (a) Domain f Domain f 1 ,

(b) Range f Range f 1 ,

80. (a) Domain f 0, , Domain f 1 0, 4

32. f x ex1

At 0, 1, y 2.

40. f x e1x