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977
H110
0989
Head
Pressure Head
Elevation Head
Velocity Head
The magnitude of the Hpump, therefore, depends on the flow rate through
the pump and the curvature of the pump curve.
Head Losses Due
To Piping Friction
(HLpf)
When water flows through a section of pipe the friction between the fluid
and the inside surface of the piping creates a pressure drop (head loss).
This head loss is related to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
There are two methods which can be utilized to determine the actual head
loss in a section of pipe. The first method involves calculating a
dimensionless number called the Reynolds Number (Nr). This number is
applied to a Moody Chart from which another term called the pipe
friction factor (Ff) is determined. After Ff is determined, the HLpf for a
length of pipe can be calculated as follows:
HLpf = Ff (L 100)
Where: HLpf = Piping Friction Loss (feet)
Ff = Piping Friction Factor (from Moody Chart)
L
= Length Of Section Of Pipe (feet)
4 H110 Engineering Bulletin
Head Losses In
Control Valves
(HLCV)
How is This
Information
Utilized?
Equation 1
Hv(1)
He(1)
Hp(2)
Hv(2)
He(2)
* HLcv
Since the pressure and elevation are known at point "A", it is possible to
determine the system pressure (head) at any other point within the system.
In Figure 6 the reading of the pressure gage located at point "B" can be
determined as follows:
First calculate components of Equation 1. Figures 1 through 3 illustrate
how to make the calculations.
For Point # A:
Point # B:
Hp(A) = 50 feet
Hp(B) = ?
He(A) = 0 feet
He(B) = 50 feet
And:
Hpump
HLpf(A-B)
HLcv
Effect of
Reduced
System Flow
Rates
System
Resistance
Curves
If the system resistance curve is overlaid onto a pump curve, the point
where the two curves intersect will determine the operating point of the
pump. In Figure 8 the intersection of system resistance curve #1 and the
pump curve is the design operating point of the pump. The intersection of
system resistance curve #2 and the pump curve represents the operating
point of the pump at 1/2 of the design flow rate. Notice that the pump is
developing more head at a lower flow rate.
The components of the system resistance curve shown in Figure 9 are
slightly different from those utilized in the system curves shown in
Figure 8. In Figure 9 the system curve represents only HLpf as a function
of system flow. It does not consider HLcv. Since the piping system
(excluding the control valve) is a fixed system, the system curve shown in
Figure 9 will not change.
Note that at 1/2 of the design system flow rate the head loss within the
piping is 1/4 of the value associated with the design flow rate. Based on
the previous discussion concerning the relationship between Ff and
changes in the system flow rate, this should have been expected.
11
Relationships
Derived From
Equation 1
Hcv
Once again Hp, Hv, and He have no effect on the actuator force
required to modulate the plug within a 2-way control valve. To
determine the worst case shut-off condition, Hpump should be set equal
to the shut-off head of the pump and HLpf should equal 0. These
conditions will occur at extremely low system flow rates in systems
without pressure control. This equation is not applicable to 3-way
control valves. The head against which a 3-way control valve must
close off will vary significantly based on the piping configuration.
13
He
Hp(ps)
Hpump
Hp(ps)
He(cv)
6.
Where: Hcv
Hpump
Hp(ps)
He(cv)
Notes
15
Notes
Controls Group
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P.O. Box 423
Milwaukee, WI 53201
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