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Deformed shape
Von Mises
Tresca
- by Dharmit A. Thakore
First Edition
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To
My wife,
Our beloved son
&
Open Source Software
Contents
Foreword1
What motivated me to write this book
Study Cases
Case 3: 1D FE Analysis
13
16
20
21
Summary35
37
38
38
39
41
43
45
49
50
Summary51
1D FE Analysis
53
54
55
55
65
82
84
Result85
Conclusion86
End of Preview
87
Appendix A
Other sources of information
Appendix B
Efficient Application to generate .comm file in English
89
89
91
91
Foreword
Foreword
During my university life, I had taken Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) as
my elective subjects. As a young university student, I was fascinated by the power of computers and the help
that they provide to obtain results that are easy to understand for a complex simulation. Going from Drawing
boards, pencils and erasers to CAD with everything on the computer, having multiple revisions of the same
drawing and the powerful undo and redo functionality were one of the journeys that I will never forget.
At that time, our university was having education version of AutoCAD (I wont tell the version of AutoCAD
as that will reveal my age ) for drafting and Solid Edge for Finite Element Analysis. The only problem was
that outside university we were on our own. We even didnt have student versions of those software to use at
home.
In the coming chapters of this book, we will be using above philosophy to carry out Finite Element Analysis of
1D, 2D, 3D models of the objects and obtain Displacements, Forces and Stresses. Interpretation of results will
be left to the reader.
Study Cases
Study Cases
Real world examples are used in this book to describe each Study cases. Not only will this make it more interesting, it will give users a better understanding of how theory translates to practical analysis or what to do when
rubber meets the road.
To make this more interesting a small role play is introduced in this book (at the start of the chapters) in which
the main character Esha is a Fresh out of University Young Engineer who joined a Design firm and was given
responsibility to carry out FE Analysis of calculations that were traditionally performed by either hand calculations or the Rule of thumb method was used.
A supervisor John is appointed to mentor Esha. John is passionate about the use of Open Source software
and knows the power they possess. To break the ice, John shows Esha the use of Salome-Meca by giving a very
small example of a 1m cube with pressure of 1MPa applied on top face and in another example he shows stresses generated in a 30m tank when a hole is cut into it.
After showing how easy it is to conduct FE Analysis with Salome-Meca, John shows Esha what the fundamental steps to perform Stress Analysis are and how to replicate them in Salome-Meca and Code Aster.
John asks Esha to conduct FE Analysis of real world examples that will help her in building her capabilities and
confidence.
With every new example a new concepts will be discussed and explained in an easy to follow format.
Case 3: 1D FE Analysis
With this case, John will show how manually calculated results of a simple Pipe Guide which behaves as a cantilever beam are calculated by Salome Meca by the use of 1 Dimensional (1D) Analysis.
Here you will learn a new application, GMSH which will be used to generate the geometry and mesh it. John
will discuss what should be taken care of in 1D analysis as well as the use of Aster module, which has more
power than the Wizard.
Study Cases
Chapter 1
Getting to know Salome-Meca
Before starting straight on FE Analysis, John explained
that a bit of homework before hand will make sure that the
study goes smooth. It is always good to accumulate all the
required information viz. What are the geometric inputs, what
the material properties are and what is the Specific results that
are required off this analysis.
Even though John was showing Esha how to operate Salome-Meca,
he explained the input values, the geometry they were dealing with
and the specific results they were after. Esha was writing down the
information that she got from John verbally.
10
Description
Figure
In CAELinux main toolbar, Click Applications -> CAELinux -> Salome-Meca 2011.2
After Salome-Meca Application Loads it will look like figure below
11
Description
Figure
12
Description
Figure
Make sure that Box_1 is selected in the Geometry Tree on
the Left, then
In Salome-Meca main toolbar,
Click New Entity -> Group ->
Create
In the window that pops up,
select third Algorithm (Option
Button) for selecting Faces on
the Geometry.
Give it a name Fixed.
Rotate the model so that you
can see the bottom face.2
13
Description
Figure
Save your file at a proper destination and give it a meaningful name. Here John gave it a
name Case1.hdf
As John saved the file, Esha was intrigued by the ease with which simple geometries can be done in Salome-Meca. John explained that the next step is to Mesh this Geometry.
14
Description
In Salome-Meca main toolbar,
Click the down arrow where
it says Geometry and Select
Mesh.
Figure
15
Description
Figure
16
Description
Figure
It is this easy said John and then clicked on Save Button before going any further. Then John went on and
said that In the next section, we will discuss how to build information for a Linear Static FE analysis by using
Salome-Meca Wizard.
17
Description
In Salome-Meca main toolbar,
Click the down arrow where it
says Mesh and Select Aster.
Figure
18
Description
Figure
Next define the Material Properties to be used in the analysis. This is Step 5 in the FE
Analysis figure.
19
Description
Figure
20
Description
Figure
This concludes the Pre-Processing stage of FE Analysis said John while he clicked on the Save button. He
added, Salome-Meca wizards make it very easy to conduct a basic analysis. Esha noted that it only took them
10 minutes to reach to this stage and most of Johns time was taken up to explain her how to use the Wizard. If
John had to do this analysis by himself, he would have reached this stage in no time. John said, Next, we will
discuss how to run a Linear Static FE analysis by using Salome-Mecas Aster module.
21
Description
Figure
John said that If you cannot see Post-Pro branch in the Object Browser, it means that there is
something wrong with the analysis.
If an error occurs at this stage, it would be better if the user Re-iterate all the steps carefully and
conduct the analysis again.
John clicked on the save button and said, As we can see that a Post-Pro node has been added to the tree, Processing has completed and that results are ready for us to be evaluated. Depending on the Type of Analysis,
it can take a few minutes as it happened now or it can take several hours said John. Next we will see some of
the ways we can visualize the results in Post Processing Module of Salome-Meca.
22
Description
Figure
23
Description
Figure
RESU____DEPL means,
Result (RESU) of the Displacements (DEPL) of the nodes.
2
24
Description
Figure
25
Description
Figure
26
Description
Figure
Notice that at the bottom of the window a graph of Deflection with minimum and maximum
deflections is shown.
The maximum deflection here is 0.004734mm
27
Description
Figure
28
Description
Right Click on Def.Shape:1
and select Show Only and
only the Deformed shape will
be visible.
Figure
10
29
Description
Figure
RESU____SIEQ_NOEU is the
Result (RESU) of the Stress
(SI__) Equivalent (__EQ) or
Equivalent Stresses at Nodes
(NOEU).
11
30
12
Description
Figure
31
13
14
Description
Right Click on Scalar Map
and select Show Only and
only the Von Mises Stresses
will be visible.
Figure
32
Description
In a similar fashion of showing
multiple branches of Deflection, multiple branches of
Stresses can be shown. A Scalar Map of Tresca Stresses can
be added to the study as well.
Figure
Right Click on 0 , - subbranch. From the pop up window select Scalar Map
15
16
33
Description
Click the down arrow where
it says Post_Pro and Select
Aster.
Figure
34
Description
Figure
Click Save
Click Finish
35
Description
Figure
Well thats the complete FE Analysis of a Carbon Steel Cube. The analysis I just showed you is very helpful
to understand the steps required in Finite Element Analysis. It might not have any practical use though, said
John.
John saved the entire Analysis and closed Salome-Meca. Now I understand the fundamental steps of how to
perform FE Analysis in Salome-Meca but there are quite a few questions that come to my mind said Esha.
John was happy to see that Esha had questions to ask as he now knew that she was paying attention.
What if I want to carry out Self Weight analysis, or apply Force instead of Pressure? How do we do that in
Salome-Meca? asked Esha. That is what I am going to show you next but before I do that lets recap of what
we did right now said John.
36
37
Summary
Esha listed out the steps that they followed to perform the analysis out loud
1. We Started Salome-Meca and entered Geometry Module and
created a New Study
2. We created a Primitive Cube and named the top
and bottom face which will be used in FE
Analysis
3. We meshed the model as Tetrahedral
mesh in Mesh Module
4. Then we entered Aster Module and created a new Analysis by using Linear Static
Analysis Wizard
5. We entered required information, save the
.comm file and completed the Wizard
6. We Ran the analysis and as everything went well,
we were presented with Post-Pro Module Option
7. We entered Post-Pro Module and saw Deflected Shape
of the Model, Von Mises Stresses and Tresca Stresses.
Very good said John, but dont forget that even before you start
the analysis make sure you have all the input and output parameters
for your study that has been discussed with the client.
38
Chapter 2
Editing .comm file
John explained that the analysis he was going to show next was a very simple analysis and follows the same
steps that he had shown her previously. In this analysis they will manually edit the .comm file, remove the
pressure load and apply Gravity load to the entire 3D model.
39
40
Description
Figure
Click New Entity -> Primitives -> Box and enter the
values as shown in the figure
and leave its Name as Box_1.
Click on Apply and Close
41
Description
Figure
Save the file with a meaningful name. Next we will Mesh it, said John.
42
Description
Figure
43
Description
Figure
John clicked on the Save button and asked Esha Are you ready for the next Step?
You bet I am was the answer John got.
44
Description
Figure
Click on Aster Module and Make sure that Mesh_2 is still selected in the Object Browser and in
Salome-Meca main toolbar, Click Aster -> Wizards -> Linear Elastic, and a window will popup.
Select 3D as type of analysis. Click Next
Select Mesh_1 in the next step if not already selected. Click Next
Enter 2.1e5 for Youngs Modulus and 0.3 for Poissons Ratio. Click Next
For Geometric Boundary Condition select Fix and give it values 0, 0, 0
45
Description
Figure
This completes the steps to generate a study and save the .comm file as we did earlier for the cube said John.
Now we want to edit the .comm file, remove Pressure term and add Gravity load to it.
46
Description
Figure
47
Description
Figure
48
Description
Find the words MA=DEFI_
MATERIAU which defines
the Material that will be used
for the Analysis. These are
generally specified at the beginning of the file.
Figure
49
Description
Figure
So we are writing a code that says that we want to add Gravity Load to the study. The amount
of load to be applied is 9800 mm/square second (Remember our units are mm, second, tonne,
Newton, Mega Pascals etc.) and it should have a direction of Negative Z (-Z) which is shown by
a vector (0,0,-1) => (X=0, Y=0, Z=-1)
John saved the file Gravity.comm and said that the next step is to run this analysis.
50
Description
Figure
Open Salome-Meca again and check that Case2.hdf file is running. Make sure that Aster module is selected.
Right Click the linear-static branch in Object Browser and click on Run.
A new window will pop up and there will be numbers flying around the screen.
If everything goes well you will be able to see Post-Pro appear in Object Browser.
51
Description
Figure
Esha opened the RESU____DEPL branch and added the Deformed shape.
To make the deformation more prominent, she changed the Scale Factor to 100 as shown in
adjacent figure and Clicked OK.
For this Deformed shape, she enabled Show Only and changed the Representation to Surface
Then she opened RESU____SIEQ_NOEU branch and added Scalar Map with the Mode as
VMIS
For this VonMises stresses, she enabled Show Only and changed the Representation to Surface
John said that at this stage dont worry if the results of the analysis are not what you would get from the Manual
Calculations. The sole purpose of this Analysis was to show you how to manually edit the .comm file
After Esha stopped fiddling with the Post Processing Module, she told John that when he started showing her
how to do FE Analysis with Wizards in Salome-Meca, she was not sure if it could be flexible and powerful but
after the second example she has more confidence in what she is learning and hopes that all of her queries will
be solved.
John told Esha that they have barely scratched the surface of what lies ahead of them. Salome-Meca is very
52
53
Summary
Esha summarised her learning
1. How to manually edit the .comm file
to change default Linear Static Wizard
information.
2. How to add Gravity load
John said that now it was time for a coffee break as
they were doing this for more than an hour.
54
1D FE Analysis
Chapter 3
1D FE Analysis
After both John and Esha had a casual chat over coffee, when they returned to the computer John said, Now
that I have showed you what Salome-Meca looks like, next I will show you how to perform 1D Analysis.
John told that Salome-Meca is good for Geometry creation but CAELinux has other tools that can be used for
1D modelling, so for this FE Analysis he will show Geometry Modelling in GMSH. Then they will export the
geometry as a MED file, generate a .comm file by hand or by using Eficas, then use ASTER module of Salome-Meca to carry out the analysis and do Post Processing in Salome-Meca.
55
He explained Esha that we will reproduce this manual calculation result by FE Analysis. In this instance a simple 1 Dimensional linear static FE analysis with Beam elements will be performed.
56
1D FE Analysis
57
Description
Figure
58
1D FE Analysis
#
Description
Figure
59
Description
Click on Elementary entities
-> Add -> New -> Point.
Figure
60
1D FE Analysis
#
Description
Figure
61
Description
Figure
62
1D FE Analysis
#
Description
Figure
63
13
14
Description
Go back to Main Tool Bar in
GMSH, Click the Left Arrow
besides Geometry till the panel below does not change.
Figure
64
1D FE Analysis
Description
Figure
65
Description
Figure
66
1D FE Analysis
#
Description
Figure
This concludes creation of the Mesh for the FE Analysis, said John. Next we will create a .comm file that will
give instructions to Aster about the Analysis.
67
Description
Figure
Open Salome-Meca and in the
drop down menu where it says
Salome, select Eficas. As
you are starting Salome-Meca,
it asks if you want to create a
new file. Click New.4
Eficas has not been ported to
English yet so everything you
will be doing from now on
will have French language,
including Tool Tips.
In the Main Tool Bar, Click
on Eficas -> Eficas pour Code
Aster.
A new application Eficas
starts.
As said earlier, it is not in
English but the icons can be
understood.
From left to right, icons are
68
1D FE Analysis
#
Description
Figure
69
Description
Figure
After the file is saved, the Eficas window looks like that shown below. In the left column it
shows the file name Case3.comm in Red colour. This means that this file is not complete.
When the file will be complete, i.e. when it will have all parameters defined like Start, End,
Material definition, Mesh definition, Load and Boundary condition defined etc, it will become
Green. At this stage Eficas It is ready for Input from the user.
The second Column shows all the commands that are available in Code-Aster and these are
sorted Alphabetically. They can be sorted based on groups but in this instance we will stick to
Alphabetic sorting.
Information that needs to be entered in .comm file are called Concepts in Code_Aster and we
need to add following Concepts
1. DEBUT (This is the marker for file start)
2. Material Definition
70
1D FE Analysis
#
Description
Figure
From the second Column scroll down to reach DEBUT, Click it and then Click on Valider7
Button at the bottom.
6
When you do that, DEBUT gets added to the comm file and it has Green button which means
that no extra information is required to be entered.
Two Tabs Ajouter Mot-Clef (Add Keyword) and Nouvelle Commande (New Command) are
shown.
71
Description
Next we need to define Material to be used in the study.
Figure
72
1D FE Analysis
#
Description
Figure
10
11
73
12
Description
As we will need to apply
Boundary Conditions on the
Nodes, it is important that the
MED file has information for
the node group.
Figure
13
Click on DEFI_GROUP
and Double Click CREA_
GROUP_MA from Second
Column.
Click on NOM and give it
a name TOUT and Click
Valider.
Double Click on TOUT
and then Select OUI, which
means give name TOUT to
All Mesh elements.
74
1D FE Analysis
#
Description
Figure
14
Click on DEFI_GROUP
and Double Click CREA_
GROUP_NO from Second
Column.
Click on b_option and
Select TOUT_GROUP_MA
and Click OUI which means
convert All Mesh Groups to
Node Groups.
75
Description
Then we need to define the
type of Modelling.
Figure
76
1D FE Analysis
#
Description
Figure
16
77
Description
Figure
17
78
1D FE Analysis
#
Description
Figure
18
79
Description
Figure
19
80
1D FE Analysis
#
Description
Figure
20
Add MECA_STATIQUE
(Static Mechanical Analysis)
to the file and then add information as shown in adjacent
figure.
Note that we are adding two
EXCIT commands to cater for
two types of Boundary Conditions.
Give it a Name Result
81
Description
Figure
82
1D FE Analysis
#
Description
Next we define the type of
results to be calculated at the
Nodes.
Figure
23
83
Description
Figure
24
25
84
1D FE Analysis
#
Description
Figure
Click Aster -> Add study case.
A new window will pop up.
Give a Name Guide2kN
85
Description
Figure
Save this study and next we will have a look at the Results, said John.
Description
Figure
First John enabled Deformed Shape for DEFI, showing the Deflection of the Free end of Guide.
Open Branch Result__DEPL._ and Right Click on 0, -. From the Pop up menu Select Deformed Shape. Leave everything default and Click OK.
As can be seen from the figure below, the Maximum deflection of the Right side edge is 1.29017
and based on our Units, it is 1.29017mm
86
1D FE Analysis
#
Description
Figure
Then John enabled Stress in SIPO_NOEU. This has many results embedded in it, but the one we
are interested in is SMFY (Stress due to Bending Moment MY).
2
As the beam is longitudinal to Global X axis, and so fortunately for us, Local and Global X, Y
and Z direction for this beam are the same13.
As can be seen from the figure below, the Maximum stress generated at the Fixed point (left
side) is 180 and based on our Units, it is 180MPa.
Result
Esha quickly made a Table to show the difference between Hand Calculated values and that obtained by FE
87
John explained that the difference in Deflection is mainly due to rounding error.
Conclusion
John asked Esha what she had learnt in this Case Study. Esha summarised her learnings
1. How to do 1D Geometry Modelling in GMSH
2. How to Mesh 1D Geometry in GMSH
3. How to export mesh from GMSH that can be used in Salome-Meca
4. How to create .comm file in Efficas
5. How to run FE Analysis by using Aster without the Wizard
6. How to do Post Processing of 1D FE Analysis
John said, next we will take this 1D analysis to 2D Frame Analysis.
88
0.3%
0%
1D FE Analysis
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90
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91
Appendix A
Other sources of information
This section is provided here for motivated users who are hungry for more information on the two softwares
covered in this book. Links are provided to the Software home page and also to the User Forums. Links provided to the websites are correct at the time of writing this; if by any chance these links dont work, just use any
search engine to find relevant software.
1. Salome website http://www.salome-platform.org/
2. Code Aster website http://www.code-aster.org/V2/spip.php?rubrique2
3. CAELinux website http://www.caelinux.com/CMS/
4. Salome forum http://www.salome-platform.org/forum
5. Code_Aster forum http://www.code-aster.org/forum2/
6. CAELinux wiki http://www.caelinux.org/wiki/index.php/Main_Page
92
Appendix B
Appendix B
Efficient Application to generate .comm file in English
I am developing an application which can generate .comm file. The main language of sharing information will
be English. This application is not to replicate what Efficas is already doing, the main purpose is to be like
Salome-Meca Wizard but a bit more powerful and providing more options to the user.
Efficient is a powerful wizard to create a .comm file that can be used for Finite Element Analysis.
Features of Efficient are:
Fully in English
Easy to use Wizard Format
No need to remember Code Aster commands
No need to check if you have missed a comma , or a Bracket ( or ending Semi Colon ;
Can be used on Multi-Platform (Windows, Linux, Mac OSX)
Removes guesswork of what type of results are required
You can select the Units that you want (Unit Independent)
Types of Loads that can be applied : Gravity, Pressure, Force on Face and Force on Edge
Saves Boundary Condition and Loads separately in the .comm file
This application will be available to download from http://engineering.moonish.biz/blog/news/efficient-way-ofwriting-comm-file-for-code_aster/ for FREE.
93
94
Appendix B
Add the Material that will be used in the Analysis. You can edit and delete material as well.
Add the Boundary Condition. You can edit and delete boundary condition as well.
95
Once everything is defined, just Click Save .comm File and select the location where you want to save the file
and the software will do the rest.
96
Appendix B
by
Dharmit Thakore
CPEng, RPEQ, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Features:
Step by Step procedure to conduct Finite Element Analysis
Screen shots to help users visualise the procedure and understand efficiently
Real world examples used in the book to make users confident of their knowledge and the power of
Open Source software being used in real world
Each chapter introduces a new concept of conducting FE Analysis so that the user is not bombarded
with too much information in one Chapter.
97
2
Click Second button on the figure shown in Step 4 (looks like a mouse) which will help you to zoom, pan and
rotate the geometry.
If the mouse button is still selected, you wont be able to select the face.
6
Code Aster results can be exported as a Text file with particular result or in a MED file, here we will save the result
in MED file.
7
If you do not understand what the word means, try to translate from French to English and most of the time you
will be able to understand it.
8
In defining material there are other parameters that can be defined as well, viz. Density, Thermal Conductivity etc.,
but as this is an Elastic Static Analysis only two properties are required.
9
More than one material can be defined and added to the study. To define another material just add DEFI_MATERIAU again and give it a different name.
10
If you are having a model that has a 1D element, a sheet metal and a 3D model, you can define different types of
modelling for each different type of element here. Instead of TOUT = OUI in AFFE, you need to select each GROUP_MA
and give it a different MODELISATION.
11
Instead of specifying what we want, we can ask Code_Aster to add all results that it calculated in the MED file.
This will be shown in 3D case of Pipe Guide.
12
To start with, you can leave default of 128MB memory but soon, for bigger analysis, Code_Aster will complain of
having insufficient memory and stop running, so it is good to give around quarter or half of the total memory of the com-
98
Appendix B
puter.
13
Local Co-ordinates for Beams are really interesting and worth investing time in. Local x axis always
runs in the longitudinal direction of the beam. Local y axis is perpendicular to local x axis and if local x axis is
not parallel to Global Y axis, then local y axis it is parallel to Global Y axis and local z axis is perpendicular to
both.
99
100