Android (Operating System) - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

30/08/2015
Android(operatingsystem)Wikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Android(operatingsystem)
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Androidisamobileoperatingsystem(OS)basedon
theLinuxkernelandcurrentlydevelopedbyGoogle.
Withauserinterfacebasedondirectmanipulation,
Androidisdesignedprimarilyfortouchscreenmobile
devicessuchassmartphonesandtabletcomputers,
withspecializeduserinterfacesfortelevisions
(AndroidTV),cars(AndroidAuto),andwristwatches
(AndroidWear).TheOSusestouchinputsthatloosely
correspondtorealworldactions,likeswiping,tapping,
pinching,andreversepinchingtomanipulateonscreen
objects,andavirtualkeyboard.Despitebeing
primarilydesignedfortouchscreeninput,ithasalso
beenusedingameconsoles,digitalcameras,regular
PCs,andotherelectronics.Asof2015,Androidhas
thelargestinstalledbaseofalloperatingsystems.[11]
Android
AsofJuly2013,theGooglePlaystorehashadover
onemillionAndroidapplications("apps")published,
andover50billionapplicationsdownloaded.[12]An
AprilMay2013surveyofmobileapplication
developersfoundthat71%ofthemcreateapplications
forAndroid[13]another2015surveyfoundthat40%of
fulltimeprofessionaldevelopersseeAndroidasthe
"priority"targetplatform,whichismorethaniOS
(37%)orotherplatforms.[14]AtGoogleI/O2014,the
companyrevealedthattherewereoveronebillion
activemonthlyAndroidusers,upfrom538millionin
June2013.[15]
Android'ssourcecodeisreleasedbyGoogleunder
opensourcelicenses,althoughmostAndroiddevices
ultimatelyshipwithacombinationofopensourceand
proprietarysoftware,includingproprietarysoftware
developedandlicensedbyGoogle.[3]Initially
developedbyAndroid,Inc.,whichGoogleboughtin
2005,[16]Androidwasunveiledin2007,alongwiththe
foundingoftheOpenHandsetAllianceaconsortium
ofhardware,software,andtelecommunication
companiesdevotedtoadvancingopenstandardsfor
mobiledevices.[17]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)
Android5.0homescreen
Developer
Google
OpenHandsetAlliance
Writtenin
C(core), C++, Java(UI)[1]
OSfamily
Unixlike
Workingstate
Current
Sourcemodel
Opensource[2]andinmost
1/39
30/08/2015
Androidispopularwithtechnologycompanieswhich
requireareadymade,lowcostandcustomizable
operatingsystemforhightechdevices.[18]Android's
opennaturehasencouragedalargecommunityof
developersandenthusiaststousetheopensourcecode
asafoundationforcommunitydrivenprojects,which
addnewfeaturesforadvancedusers[19]orbring
Androidtodeviceswhichwereofficiallyreleased
runningotheroperatingsystems.Theoperating
system'ssuccesshasmadeitatargetforpatent
litigationaspartofthesocalled"smartphonewars"
betweentechnologycompanies.[20][21]
Contents
1History
2Features
2.1Interface
2.2Applications
2.3Memorymanagement
3Hardware
4Development
4.1Updateschedule
4.2Linuxkernel
4.3Softwarestack
4.4Opensourcecommunity
5Securityandprivacy
6Licensing
6.1Leverageovermanufacturers
7Reception
7.1Marketshare
7.2Adoptionontablets
7.3Platformusage
7.4Applicationpiracy
8Legalissues
9Useoutsideofsmartphonesandtablets
9.1Desktopsandlaptops
10Seealso
11Notes
12References
13Externallinks
deviceswithproprietary
components[3]
Initialrelease
September23,2008[4]
Latestrelease
5.1.1"Lollipop"/April21,
2015
Latestpreview
6.0"Marshmallow"
(developerpreview3)/
August17,2015
Marketingtarget
Smartphones,tablet
computers,TVs,carsand
wearabledevices
Availablein
70languages[a]
Packagemanager
GooglePlay,APK
Platforms
32and64bit:ARM
architectures, x86, [5] x8664,
MIPS[6]and MIPS64[b]
Kerneltype
Monolithic(modifiedLinux
kernel)
Userland
Bioniclibc, [7] mkshshell, [8]

nativecoreutilitieswithafew
from NetBSD[9]
Defaultuserinterface Graphical(Multitouch)
License
ApacheLicense2.0
GNUGPLv2fortheLinux
kernelmodifications[10]
Officialwebsite
www.android.com
(https://www.android.com/)
History
Seealso:Androidversionhistory
2/39
30/08/2015
Android,Inc.wasfoundedinPaloAlto,CaliforniainOctober2003byAndyRubin(cofounderof
Danger),[22]RichMiner(cofounderofWildfireCommunications,Inc.),[23]NickSears(onceVPatT
Mobile),[24]andChrisWhite(headeddesignandinterfacedevelopmentatWebTV[16])todevelop,in
Rubin'swords,"smartermobiledevicesthataremoreawareofitsowner'slocationandpreferences".[16]
Theearlyintentionsofthecompanyweretodevelopanadvancedoperatingsystemfordigitalcameras.
Though,whenitwasrealizedthatthemarketforthedeviceswasnotlargeenough,thecompanydiverted
itseffortstowardproducingasmartphoneoperatingsystemthatwouldrivalSymbianandMicrosoft
WindowsMobile.[25]Despitethepastaccomplishmentsofthefoundersandearlyemployees,AndroidInc.
operatedsecretly,revealingonlythatitwasworkingonsoftwareformobilephones.[16]Thatsameyear,
Rubinranoutofmoney.StevePerlman,aclosefriendofRubin,broughthim$10,000incashinan
envelopeandrefusedastakeinthecompany.[26]
InJuly2005,GoogleacquiredAndroidInc.foratleast$50million,whosekeyemployees,including
Rubin,MinerandWhite,stayedatthecompanyaftertheacquisition.[11][16]Notmuchwasknownabout
AndroidInc.atthetime,butmanyassumedthatGooglewasplanningtoenterthemobilephonemarket
withthismove.[16]AtGoogle,theteamledbyRubindevelopedamobiledeviceplatformpoweredbythe
Linuxkernel.Googlemarketedtheplatformtohandsetmakersandcarriersonthepromiseofprovidinga
flexible,upgradablesystem.Googlehadlinedupaseriesofhardwarecomponentandsoftwarepartnersand
signaledtocarriersthatitwasopentovariousdegreesofcooperationontheirpart.[27][28][29]
SpeculationaboutGoogle'sintentiontoenterthemobilecommunicationsmarketcontinuedtobuildthrough
December2006.[30]Anearlierprototypecodenamed"Sooner"hadacloserresemblancetoaBlackBerry
phone,withnotouchscreen,andaphysical,QWERTYkeyboard,butwaslaterreengineeredtosupporta
touchscreen,tocompetewithotherannounceddevicessuchasthe2006LGPradaand2007Apple
iPhone.[31][32]InSeptember2007,InformationWeekcoveredanEvalueservestudyreportingthatGoogle
hadfiledseveralpatentapplicationsintheareaofmobiletelephony.[33][34]
OnNovember5,2007,theOpenHandsetAlliance,aconsortiumof
technologycompaniesincludingGoogle,devicemanufacturerssuch
asHTC,SonyandSamsung,wirelesscarrierssuchasSprintNextel
andTMobile,andchipsetmakerssuchasQualcommandTexas
Instruments,unveileditself,withagoaltodevelopopenstandards
formobiledevices.[17]Thatday,Androidwasunveiledasitsfirst
product,amobiledeviceplatformbuiltontheLinuxkernelversion
2.6.25.[17][35]Thefirstcommerciallyavailablesmartphonerunning
AndroidwastheHTCDream,releasedonOctober22,2008.[36]
EricSchmidt,AndyRubinandHugo
Barraata2012pressconference,
announcingtheGoogle'sNexus7
tablet
In2010,GooglelauncheditsNexusseriesofdevicesalineof
smartphonesandtabletsrunningtheAndroidoperatingsystem,and
builtbymanufacturingpartners.HTCcollaboratedwithGoogletoreleasethefirstNexussmartphone,[37]
theNexusOne.Googlehassinceupdatedtheserieswithnewerdevices,suchastheNexus5phone(made
byLG)andtheNexus7tablet(madebyAsus).GooglereleasestheNexusphonesandtabletstoactastheir
flagshipAndroiddevices,demonstratingAndroid'slatestsoftwareandhardwarefeatures.UntilJanuary
3/39
30/08/2015
2015,GoogleofferedseveralGooglePlayEditiondevicesoverGooglePlay,asGooglecustomized
Androidphonesandtabletsthat,whilenotcarryingtheGoogleNexusbranding,runanunmodifiedversion
ofAndroid.
OnMarch13,2013,LarryPageannouncedinablogpostthatAndyRubinhadmovedfromtheAndroid
divisiontotakeonnewprojectsatGoogle.[38]HewasreplacedbySundarPichai,whoalsocontinueshis
roleastheheadofGoogle'sChromedivision,[39]whichdevelopsChromeOS.
Since2008,Androidhasseennumerousupdateswhichhaveincrementallyimprovedtheoperatingsystem,
addingnewfeaturesandfixingbugsinpreviousreleases.Eachmajorreleaseisnamedinalphabeticalorder
afteradessertorsugarytreatforexample,version1.5"Cupcake"wasfollowedby1.6"Donut".Version
4.4.4"KitKat"appearedasasecurityonlyupdateitwasreleasedonJune19,2014,shortlyafter4.4.3was
released.[40][41]Android5.0"Lollipop"wasreleasedonNovember14,2014,introducing"materialdesign"
asanewdesignlanguageandoneofitskeynewfeaturesitwasfollowedbytwobugfixreleases(5.0.1and
5.0.2).[42]
In2014,GooglelaunchedAndroidOne,astandardizedsmartphone,mainlytargetingcustomersinthe
developingworld.AndroidOnesmartphonesrunningthelatestversionofAndroid(e.g.thelatestAndroid
5.1)closetothestockversionoftheoperatingsystem.AsofMarch3,2015,thenewestversionofthe
Androidoperatingsystem,5.1,isavailableforselecteddevicesincludingtheAndroidOneseries,the
Nexus6phablet,andtheNexus9tablet.[43]
From2010to2013,HugoBarraservedasproductspokesperson,representingAndroidatbothpress
conferencesandGoogleI/O,Googlesannualdeveloperfocusedconference.Barra'sproductinvolvement
includedtheentireAndroidecosystemofsoftwareandhardware,includingHoneycomb,IceCream
Sandwich,JellyBeanandKitKatoperatingsystemlaunches,theNexus4andNexus5smartphones,the
Nexus7[44]andNexus10tablets,[45]andotherrelatedproductssuchasGoogleNow[46]andGoogleVoice
Search,GooglesspeechrecognitionproductcomparabletoApplesSiri.[46]In2013,BarralefttheAndroid
teamforChinesesmartphonemakerXiaomi.[47]
InMay2015,GoogleannouncedProjectBrilloasacutdownversionofAndroidthatusesitslowerlevels
(excludingtheuserinterface),intendedforthe"InternetofThings"(IoT)embeddedsystems.[48]
Features
Seealso:ListoffeaturesinAndroid
Interface
Android'sdefaultuserinterfaceisbasedondirectmanipulation,[49]usingtouchinputs,thatloosely
correspondtorealworldactions,likeswiping,tapping,pinching,andreversepinchingtomanipulateon
screenobjects,andavirtualkeyboard.[49]Theresponsetouserinputisdesignedtobeimmediateand
providesafluidtouchinterface,oftenusingthevibrationcapabilitiesofthedevicetoprovidehaptic
feedbacktotheuser.Internalhardwaresuchasaccelerometers,gyroscopesandproximitysensors[50]are
4/39
30/08/2015
usedbysomeapplicationstorespondtoadditionaluseractions,forexampleadjustingthescreenfrom
portraittolandscapedependingonhowthedeviceisoriented,orallowingtheusertosteeravehicleina
racinggamebyrotatingthedevice,simulatingcontrolofasteeringwheel.[51]
Androiddevicesboottothehomescreen,theprimarynavigationandinformation"hub"onAndroiddevices
thatisanalogoustothedesktopfoundonPCs(AndroidalsorunsonregularPCs,asdescribedbelow).
Androidhomescreensaretypicallymadeupofappiconsandwidgetsappiconslaunchtheassociatedapp,
whereaswidgetsdisplaylive,autoupdatingcontentsuchasthe
weatherforecast,theuser'semailinbox,oranewstickerdirectlyon
thehomescreen.[52]Ahomescreenmaybemadeupofseveralpages
thattheusercanswipebackandforthbetween,thoughAndroid's
homescreeninterfaceisheavilycustomisable,allowingtheuserto
adjustthelookandfeelofthedevicetotheirtastes.[53]Thirdparty
appsavailableonGooglePlayandotherappstorescanextensively
rethemethehomescreen,andevenmimicthelookofother
operatingsystems,suchasWindowsPhone.[54]Mostmanufacturers,
andsomewirelesscarriers,customisethelookandfeeloftheir
Androiddevicestodifferentiatethemselvesfromtheir
competitors.[55]
Presentalongthetopofthescreenisastatusbar,showing
informationaboutthedeviceanditsconnectivity.Thisstatusbar
canbe"pulled"downtorevealanotificationscreenwhereapps
displayimportantinformationorupdates,suchasanewlyreceived
emailorSMStext,inawaythatdoesnotimmediatelyinterruptor
inconveniencetheuser.[56]Notificationsarepersistentuntilread(by
tapping,whichopenstherelevantapp)ordismissedbyslidingitoff
thescreen.BeginningonAndroid4.1,"expandednotifications"can
displayexpandeddetailsoradditionalfunctionalityforinstance,a
musicplayercandisplayplaybackcontrols,anda"missedcall"
notificationprovidesbuttonsforcallingbackorsendingthecaller
anSMSmessage.[57]
Notificationsareaccessedbysliding
fromthetopofthedisplay
individualnotificationscanbe
dismissedbyslidingthemaway,and
maycontainadditionalfunctions
(suchasonthe"missedcall"
notificationseenhere).
Androidprovidestheabilitytorunapplicationswhichchangethe
defaultlauncherandhencetheappearanceandexternallyvisible
behaviourofAndroid.Theseappearancechangesincludeamulti
pagedockornodock,andmanymorechangestofundamentalfeaturesoftheuserinterface.[58]
Applications
Seealso:AndroidsoftwaredevelopmentandGooglePlay
Applications("apps"),whichextendthefunctionalityofdevices,arewrittenusingtheAndroidsoftware
developmentkit(SDK)and,often,theJavaprogramminglanguagethathascompleteaccesstotheAndroid
APIs.JavamaybecombinedwithC/C++,togetherwithachoiceofnondefaultruntimesthatallowbetter
C++support[59][60][61]theGoprogramminglanguageisalsosupportedsinceitsversion1.4,whichcanalso
5/39
30/08/2015
beusedexclusivelyalthoughwitharestrictedsetofAndroidAPIs.[62]TheSDKincludesacomprehensive
setofdevelopmenttools,[63]includingadebugger,softwarelibraries,ahandsetemulatorbasedonQEMU,
documentation,samplecode,andtutorials.Initially,Google'ssupportedintegrateddevelopment
environment(IDE)wasEclipseusingtheAndroidDevelopmentTools(ADT)plugininDecember2014,
GooglereleasedAndroidStudio,basedonIntelliJIDEA,asitsprimaryIDEforAndroidapplication
development.Otherdevelopmenttoolsareavailable,includinganativedevelopmentkit(NDK)for
applicationsorextensionsinCorC++,GoogleAppInventor,avisualenvironmentfornovice
programmers,andvariouscrossplatformmobilewebapplicationsframeworks.InJanuary2014,Google
unveiledanframeworkbasedonApacheCordovaforportingChromeHTML5webapplicationsto
Android,wrappedinanativeapplicationshell.[64]
Androidhasagrowingselectionofthirdpartyapplications,whichcanbeacquiredbyusersby
downloadingandinstallingtheapplication'sAPK(Androidapplicationpackage)file,orbydownloading
themusinganapplicationstoreprogramthatallowsuserstoinstall,update,andremoveapplicationsfrom
theirdevices.GooglePlayStoreistheprimaryapplicationstoreinstalledonAndroiddevicesthatcomply
withGoogle'scompatibilityrequirementsandlicensetheGoogleMobileServicessoftware.[3][65]Google
PlayStoreallowsuserstobrowse,downloadandupdateapplicationspublishedbyGoogleandthirdparty
developersAsofJuly2013,therearemorethanonemillionapplicationsavailableforAndroidinPlay
Store.[66]AsofMay2013,48billionapplicationshavebeeninstalledfromGooglePlayStore[67]andin
July2013,50billionapplicationswereinstalled.[68][69]SomecarriersofferdirectcarrierbillingforGoogle
Playapplicationpurchases,wherethecostoftheapplicationisaddedtotheuser'smonthlybill.[70]
DuetotheopennatureofAndroid,anumberofthirdpartyapplicationmarketplacesalsoexistforAndroid,
eithertoprovideasubstitutefordevicesthatarenotallowedtoshipwithGooglePlayStore,provide
applicationsthatcannotbeofferedonGooglePlayStoreduetopolicyviolations,orforotherreasons.
ExamplesofthesethirdpartystoreshaveincludedtheAmazonAppstore,GetJar,andSlideMe.FDroid,
anotheralternativemarketplace,seekstoonlyprovideapplicationsthataredistributedunderfreeandopen
sourcelicenses.[3][71][72][73]
Memorymanagement
SinceAndroiddevicesareusuallybatterypowered,Androidisdesignedtomanagememory(RAM)to
keeppowerconsumptionataminimum,incontrasttodesktopoperatingsystemswhichgenerallyassume
theyareconnectedtounlimitedmainselectricity.WhenanAndroidapplicationisnolongerinuse,the
systemwillautomaticallysuspenditinmemorywhiletheapplicationisstilltechnically"open",suspended
applicationsconsumenoresources(forexample,batterypowerorprocessingpower)andsitidlyinthe
backgrounduntilneededagain.Thisbringsadualbenefitbyincreasingthegeneralresponsivenessof
Androiddevices,sinceapplicationsdonotneedtobeclosedandreopenedfromscratcheachtime,andby
ensuringthatbackgroundapplicationsdonotconsumepowerneedlessly.[74][75]
Androidmanagestheapplicationsstoredinmemoryautomatically:whenmemoryislow,thesystemwill
beginkillingapplicationsandprocessesthathavebeeninactiveforawhile,inreverseordersincetheywere
lastused(oldestfirst).Thisprocessisdesignedtobeinvisibletotheuser,sothatusersdonotneedto
managememoryorthekillingofapplicationsthemselves.[76][77]Asof2011,thirdpartytaskkillerswere
reportedbyLifehackerasdoingmoreharmthangood.[78]
6/39
30/08/2015
Hardware
Seealso:Androidhardwarerequirements
ThemainhardwareplatformforAndroidistheARMarchitecture(ARMv7andARMv8Aarchitectures),
withx86andMIPSarchitecturesalsoofficiallysupported(thelattertwobecameofficiallysupportedin
laterAndroidversions).SinceAndroid5.0"Lollipop",64bitvariantsofallplatformsaresupportedin
additiontothe32bitvariants.[79]UnofficialAndroidx86projectusedtoprovidesupportforthex86and
MIPSarchitecturesaheadoftheofficialsupport.[5][80]Since2012,AndroiddeviceswithIntelprocessors
begantoappear,includingphones[81]andtablets.Whilegainingsupportfor64bitplatforms,Androidwas
firstmadetorunon64bitx86andthenonARM64.
AsofNovember2013,Android4.4recommendsatleast512MBofRAM,[82]whilefor"lowRAM"
devices340MBistherequiredminimumamountthatdoesnotincludememorydedicatedtovarious
hardwarecomponentssuchasthebasebandprocessor.[83]Android4.4requiresa32bitARMv7,MIPSor
x86architectureprocessor(lattertwothroughunofficialports),[5][84]togetherwithanOpenGLES2.0
compatiblegraphicsprocessingunit(GPU).[85]AndroidsupportsOpenGLES1.1,2.0,3.0and3.1.Some
applicationsmayexplicitlyrequireacertainversionoftheOpenGLES,andsuitableGPUhardwareis
requiredtorunsuchapplications.[85]
Androiddevicesincorporatemanyoptionalhardwarecomponents,includingstillorvideocameras,GPS,
orientationsensors,dedicatedgamingcontrols,accelerometers,gyroscopes,barometers,magnetometers,
proximitysensors,pressuresensors,thermometers,andtouchscreens.Somehardwarecomponentsarenot
required,butbecamestandardincertainclassesofdevices,suchassmartphones,andadditional
requirementsapplyiftheyarepresent.Someotherhardwarewasinitiallyrequired,butthoserequirements
havebeenrelaxedoreliminatedaltogether.Forexample,asAndroidwasdevelopedinitiallyasaphoneOS,
hardwaresuchasmicrophoneswererequired,whileovertimethephonefunctionbecameoptional.[69]
Androidusedtorequireanautofocuscamera,whichwasrelaxedtoafixedfocuscamera[69]ifitiseven
presentatall,sincethecamerawasdroppedasarequiremententirelywhenAndroidstartedtobeusedon
settopboxes.
Inadditiontorunningonsmartphonesandtablets,severalvendorsrunAndroidnativelyonregularPC
hardwarewithakeyboardandmouse.[86][87][88]Inadditiontotheiravailabilityoncommerciallyavailable
hardware,similarPChardwarefriendlyversionsofAndroidarefreelyavailablefromtheAndroidx86
project,includingcustomizedAndroid4.4.[89]UsingtheAndroidemulatorthatispartoftheAndroidSDK,
orbyusingBlueStacksorAndy,Androidcanalsorunnonnativelyonx86.[90][91]Chinesecompaniesare
buildingaPCandmobileoperatingsystem,basedonAndroid,to"competedirectlywithMicrosoft
WindowsandGoogleAndroid".[92]TheChineseAcademyofEngineeringnotedthat"morethanadozen"
companieswerecustomisingAndroidfollowingaChinesebanontheuseofWindows8ongovernment
PCs.[93][94][95]
Development
7/39
30/08/2015
AndroidisdevelopedinprivatebyGoogleuntilthelatestchangesandupdatesarereadytobereleased,at
whichpointthesourcecodeismadeavailablepublicly.[96]This
sourcecodewillonlyrunwithoutmodificationonselectdevices,
usuallytheNexusseriesofdevices.Thesourcecodeis,inturn,
adaptedbyOEMstorunontheirhardware.[97]Android'ssource
codedoesnotcontaintheoftenproprietarydevicedriversthatare
neededforcertainhardwarecomponents.[98]
ThegreenAndroidlogowasdesignedforGooglein2007bya
graphicdesignerIrinaBlok.Thedesignteamwastaskedwitha
projecttocreateauniversallyidentifiableiconwiththespecific
Androidgreenfigure,nexttoits
inclusionofarobotinthefinaldesign.Afternumerousdesign
originalpackaging
developmentsbasedonsciencefictionandspacemovies,theteam
eventuallysoughtinspirationfromthehumansymbolonrestroom
doorsandmodifiedthefigureintoarobotshape.AsAndroidisopensourced,itwasagreedthatthelogo
shouldbelikewise,andsinceitslaunchthegreenlogohasbeenreinterpretedintocountlessvariationson
theoriginaldesign.[99]
Updateschedule
Seealso:Androidversionhistory
GoogleprovidesmajorincrementalupgradestoAndroideverysixtoninemonths,withconfectionery
themednames,whichmostdevicesarecapableofreceivingovertheair.[100]Thelatestmajorreleaseis
Android5.0"Lollipop".[42]
Comparedtoitsprimaryrivalmobileoperatingsystem,iOS,Androidupdatestypicallyreachvarious
deviceswithsignificantdelays.FordevicesnotundertheNexusbrand,updatesoftenarrivemonthsfrom
thetimethegivenversionisofficiallyreleased,ifatall.[101]Thisispartlyduetotheextensivevariationin
hardwareofAndroiddevices,towhicheachupgrademustbespecificallytailored,astheofficialGoogle
sourcecodeonlyrunsontheirflagshipNexusdevices.PortingAndroidtospecifichardwareisatimeand
resourceconsumingprocessfordevicemanufacturers,whoprioritizetheirnewestdevicesandoftenleave
olderonesbehind.[101]Hence,oldersmartphonesarefrequentlynotupdatedifthemanufacturerdecidesitis
notworththeirtime,regardlessofwhetherthephoneiscapableofrunningtheupdate.Thisproblemis
compoundedwhenmanufacturerscustomizeAndroidwiththeirowninterfaceandapps,whichmustbe
reappliedtoeachnewrelease.Additionaldelayscanbeintroducedbywirelesscarrierswho,afterreceiving
updatesfrommanufacturers,furthercustomizeandbrandAndroidtotheirneedsandconductextensive
testingontheirnetworksbeforesendingtheupgradeouttousers.[101]
Thelackofaftersalesupportfrommanufacturersandcarriershasbeenwidelycriticizedbyconsumer
groupsandthetechnologymedia.[102][103]Somecommentatorshavenotedthattheindustryhasafinancial
incentivenottoupgradetheirdevices,asthelackofupdatesforexistingdevicesfuelsthepurchaseof
newerones,[104]anattitudedescribedas"insulting".[103]TheGuardianhascomplainedthatthemethodof
distributionforupdatesiscomplicatedonlybecausemanufacturersandcarriershavedesigneditthat
8/39
30/08/2015
way.[103]In2011,Googlepartneredwithanumberofindustryplayerstoannouncean"AndroidUpdate
Alliance",pledgingtodelivertimelyupdatesforeverydevicefor18monthsafteritsrelease[105]however,
therehasnotbeenanotherofficialwordaboutthatalliance.[101][106]
In2012,Googlebegandecouplingcertainaspectsoftheoperatingsystem(particularlycoreapplications)so
theycouldbeupdatedthroughGooglePlayStore,independentlyofAndroiditself.Oneofthese
components,GooglePlayServices,isaclosedsourcesystemlevelprocessprovidingAPIsforGoogle
services,installedautomaticallyonnearlyalldevicesrunningAndroidversion2.2andhigher.Withthese
changes,GooglecanaddnewoperatingsystemfunctionalitythroughPlayServicesandapplicationupdates
withouthavingtodistributeanupgradetotheoperatingsystemitself.Asaresult,Android4.2and4.3
containedrelativelyfeweruserfacingchanges,focusingmoreonminorchangesandplatform
improvements.[3][107]
Linuxkernel
Android'skernelisbasedononeoftheLinuxkernel'slongtermsupport(LTS)branches.SinceApril2014,
Androiddevicesmainlyuseversions3.4or3.10oftheLinuxkernel.[108][109]Thespecifickernelversion
dependsontheactualAndroiddeviceanditshardwareplatform[110][111][112]Androidhasusedvarious
kernelversionssincetheversion2.6.25thatwasusedinAndroid1.0.[35]
Android'svariantoftheLinuxkernelhasfurtherarchitecturalchangesthatareimplementedbyGoogle
outsidethetypicalLinuxkerneldevelopmentcycle,suchastheinclusionofcomponentslikeBinder,
ashmem,pmem,logger,wakelocks,anddifferentoutofmemory(OOM)handling.[113][114][115]Certain
featuresthatGooglecontributedbacktotheLinuxkernel,notablyapowermanagementfeaturecalled
"wakelocks",wererejectedbymainlinekerneldeveloperspartlybecausetheyfeltthatGoogledidnotshow
anyintenttomaintainitsowncode.[116][117][118]GoogleannouncedinApril2010thattheywouldhiretwo
employeestoworkwiththeLinuxkernelcommunity,[119]butGregKroahHartman,thecurrentLinux
kernelmaintainerforthestablebranch,saidinDecember2010thathewasconcernedthatGooglewasno
longertryingtogettheircodechangesincludedinmainstreamLinux.[117]SomeGoogleAndroid
developershintedthat"theAndroidteamwasgettingfedupwiththeprocess,"becausetheywereasmall
teamandhadmoreurgentworktodoonAndroid.[120]
InAugust2011,LinusTorvaldssaidthat"eventuallyAndroidandLinuxwouldcomebacktoacommon
kernel,butitwillprobablynotbeforfourtofiveyears".[121]InDecember2011,GregKroahHartman
announcedthestartofAndroidMainliningProject,whichaimstoputsomeAndroiddrivers,patchesand
featuresbackintotheLinuxkernel,startinginLinux3.3.[122]Linuxincludedtheautosleepandwakelocks
capabilitiesinthe3.5kernel,aftermanypreviousattemptsatmerger.Theinterfacesarethesamebutthe
upstreamLinuximplementationallowsfortwodifferentsuspendmodes:tomemory(thetraditional
suspendthatAndroiduses),andtodisk(hibernate,asitisknownonthedesktop).[123]Googlemaintainsa
publiccoderepositorythatcontainstheirexperimentalworktorebaseAndroidoffthelateststableLinux
versions.[124][125]
TheflashstorageonAndroiddevicesissplitintoseveralpartitions,suchas/systemfortheoperating
systemitself,and/dataforuserdataandapplicationinstallations.[126]IncontrasttodesktopLinux
distributions,Androiddeviceownersarenotgivenrootaccesstotheoperatingsystemandsensitive
9/39
30/08/2015
partitionssuchas/systemarereadonly.However,rootaccesscanbeobtainedbyexploitingsecurityflaws
inAndroid,whichisusedfrequentlybytheopensourcecommunitytoenhancethecapabilitiesoftheir
devices,[127]butalsobymaliciouspartiestoinstallvirusesandmalware.[128]
AndroidisaLinuxdistributionaccordingtotheLinuxFoundation,[129]Google'sopensourcechiefChris
DiBona,[130]andseveraljournalists.[131][132]Others,suchasGoogleengineerPatrickBrady,saythat
AndroidisnotLinuxinthetraditionalUnixlikeLinuxdistributionsenseAndroiddoesnotincludethe
GNUCLibrary(itusesBionicasanalternativeClibrary)andsomeofothercomponentstypicallyfoundin
Linuxdistributions.[133]
Softwarestack
OntopoftheLinuxkernel,therearethe
middleware,librariesandAPIswritteninC,and
applicationsoftwarerunningonanapplication
frameworkwhichincludesJavacompatible
librariesbasedonApacheHarmony.
DevelopmentoftheLinuxkernelcontinues
independentlyofotherAndroid'ssourcecode
bases.
Untilversion5.0,AndroidusedDalvikasa
processvirtualmachinewithtracebasedjust
intime(JIT)compilationtorunDalvik"dex
code"(DalvikExecutable),whichisusually
translatedfromtheJavabytecode.Following
thetracebasedJITprinciple,inadditionto
interpretingthemajorityofapplicationcode,
Android'sarchitecturediagram
Dalvikperformsthecompilationandnative
executionofselectfrequentlyexecutedcode
segments("traces")eachtimeanapplicationis
launched.[134][135][136]Android4.4introducedAndroidRuntime(ART)asanewruntimeenvironment,
whichusesaheadoftime(AOT)compilationtoentirelycompiletheapplicationbytecodeintomachine
codeupontheinstallationofanapplication.InAndroid4.4,ARTwasanexperimentalfeatureandnot
enabledbydefaultitbecametheonlyruntimeoptioninthenextmajorversionofAndroid,5.0.[137]
Android'sstandardClibrary,Bionic,wasdevelopedbyGooglespecificallyforAndroid,asaderivationof
theBSD'sstandardClibrarycode.Bionicitselfhasbeendesignedwithseveralmajorfeaturesspecificto
theLinuxkernel.ThemainbenefitsofusingBionicinsteadoftheGNUCLibrary(glibc)oruClibcareits
smallerruntimefootprint,andoptimizationforlowfrequencyCPUs.Atthesametime,Bionicislicensed
underthetermsoftheBSDlicence,whichGooglefindsmoresuitablefortheAndroid'soveralllicensing
model.[136]
Aimingforadifferentlicensingmodel,towardtheendof2012GoogleswitchedtheBluetoothstackin
AndroidfromtheGPLlicensedBlueZtotheApachelicensedBlueDroid.[138]
10/39
30/08/2015
AndroiddoesnothaveanativeXWindowSystembydefault,nordoesitsupportthefullsetofstandard
GNUlibraries.ThismadeitdifficulttoportexistingLinuxapplicationsorlibrariestoAndroid,[133]until
versionr5oftheAndroidNativeDevelopmentKitbroughtsupportforapplicationswrittencompletelyinC
orC++.[139]LibrarieswritteninCmayalsobeusedinapplicationsbyinjectionofasmallshimandusage
oftheJNI.[140]
Opensourcecommunity
AndroidhasanactivecommunityofdevelopersandenthusiastswhousetheAndroidOpenSourceProject
(AOSP)sourcecodetodevelopanddistributetheirownmodifiedversionsoftheoperatingsystem.[141]
Thesecommunitydevelopedreleasesoftenbringnewfeaturesandupdatestodevicesfasterthanthrough
theofficialmanufacturer/carrierchannels,albeitwithoutasextensivetestingorqualityassurance[19]
providecontinuedsupportforolderdevicesthatnolongerreceiveofficialupdatesorbringAndroidto
devicesthatwereofficiallyreleasedrunningotheroperatingsystems,suchastheHPTouchPad.
Communityreleasesoftencomeprerootedandcontainmodificationsunsuitablefornontechnicalusers,
suchastheabilitytooverclockorover/undervoltthedevice'sprocessor.[142]CyanogenModisthemost
widelyusedcommunityfirmware,[143]andactsasafoundationfornumerousothers.Therehavealsobeen
attemptswithvaryingdegreesofsuccesstoportAndroidtoiPhones,notablytheiDroidProject.[144]
Historically,devicemanufacturersandmobilecarriershavetypicallybeenunsupportiveofthirdparty
firmwaredevelopment.Manufacturersexpressconcernaboutimproperfunctioningofdevicesrunning
unofficialsoftwareandthesupportcostsresultingfromthis.[145]Moreover,modifiedfirmwaressuchas
CyanogenModsometimesofferfeatures,suchastethering,forwhichcarrierswouldotherwisechargea
premium.Asaresult,technicalobstaclesincludinglockedbootloadersandrestrictedaccesstoroot
permissionsarecommoninmanydevices.However,ascommunitydevelopedsoftwarehasgrownmore
popular,andfollowingastatementbytheLibrarianofCongressintheUnitedStatesthatpermitsthe
"jailbreaking"ofmobiledevices,[146]manufacturersandcarriershavesoftenedtheirpositionregardingthird
partydevelopment,withsome,includingHTC,[145]Motorola,[147]Samsung[148][149]andSony,[150]
providingsupportandencouragingdevelopment.Asaresultofthis,overtimetheneedtocircumvent
hardwarerestrictionstoinstallunofficialfirmwarehaslessenedasanincreasingnumberofdevicesare
shippedwithunlockedorunlockablebootloaders,similartoNexusseriesofphones,althoughusually
requiringthatuserswaivetheirdevices'warrantiestodoso.[145]However,despitemanufactureracceptance,
somecarriersintheUSstillrequirethatphonesarelockeddown,frustratingdevelopersand
customers.[151][151]
Securityandprivacy
Seealso:Mobilesecurity
Androidapplicationsruninasandbox,anisolatedareaofthesystemthatdoesnothaveaccesstotherestof
thesystem'sresources,unlessaccesspermissionsareexplicitlygrantedbytheuserwhentheapplicationis
installed.Beforeinstallinganapplication,PlayStoredisplaysallrequiredpermissions:agamemayneedto
enablevibrationorsavedatatoanSDcard,forexample,butshouldnotneedtoreadSMSmessagesor
accessthephonebook.Afterreviewingthesepermissions,theusercanchoosetoacceptorrefusethem,
installingtheapplicationonlyiftheyaccept.[152]Thesandboxingandpermissionssystemlessensthe
11/39
30/08/2015
impactofvulnerabilitiesandbugsinapplications,butdeveloperconfusionandlimiteddocumentationhas
resultedinapplicationsroutinelyrequestingunnecessarypermissions,reducingitseffectiveness.[153]
GooglehasnowpushedanupdatetoAndroidVerifyAppsfeature,whichwillnowruninbackgroundto
detectmaliciousprocessesandcrackthemdown.[154]ThefragmentationofAndroidisalsoaproblemfor
security,sincepatchestobugsfoundinthecoreoperatingsystemmaynotreachusersofolder
devices.[155][156]
Asof2015,Androiddoesnothaveauseraccessiblesystemformanagingthe
privilegesofindividualapplications,forexampletoblockapplicationsfrom
havingcapabilitiestoaccessthemicrophoneandcamera.An"AppOps"
privacyandapplicationpermissionscontrolsystem,usedforinternal
developmentandtestingbyGoogle,wasintroducedinGoogle'sAndroid4.3
releasefortheNexusdevicesinitiallyhidden,thisfeaturewasdiscovered
publicly.[157]AccesstotheAppOpswaslaterrestrictedbyGooglestarting
withAndroid4.4.2withanexplanationthatthefeaturewasaccidentally
enabledandnotintendedforendusersforsuchadecision,Googlereceived
criticismfromtheElectronicFrontierFoundation.[158][159][160]Individual
applicationpermissionsmanagement,throughtheAppOpsorthirdpartytools,
iscurrentlyonlypossiblewithrootaccesstothedevice.[161][162]
Permissionsareusedto
controlaparticular
application'saccessto
systemfunctions.
ResearchfromsecuritycompanyTrendMicrolistspremiumserviceabuseas
themostcommontypeofAndroidmalware,wheretextmessagesaresentfrom
infectedphonestopremiumratetelephonenumberswithouttheconsentor
evenknowledgeoftheuser.[163]Othermalwaredisplaysunwantedand
intrusiveadvertsonthedevice,orsendspersonalinformationtounauthorisedthirdparties.[163]Security
threatsonAndroidarereportedlygrowingexponentiallyhowever,Googleengineershavearguedthatthe
malwareandvirusthreatonAndroidisbeingexaggeratedbysecuritycompaniesforcommercial
reasons,[164][165]andhaveaccusedthesecurityindustryofplayingonfearstosellvirusprotectionsoftware
tousers.[164]Googlemaintainsthatdangerousmalwareisactuallyextremelyrare,[165]andasurvey
conductedbyFSecureshowedthatonly0.5%ofAndroidmalwarereportedhadcomefromtheGoogle
Playstore.[166]
GoogleusesGoogleBouncermalwarescannertowatchoverandscanapplicationsavailableintheGoogle
PlayStore.[167]Itisintendedtoflagupsuspiciousappsandwarnusersofanypotentialthreatwithan
applicationbeforetheydownloadit.[168]Androidversion4.2JellyBeanwasreleasedin2012with
enhancedsecurityfeatures,includingamalwarescannerbuiltintothesystem,whichworksincombination
withGooglePlaybutcanscanappsinstalledfromthirdpartysourcesaswell,andanalertsystemwhich
notifiestheuserwhenanapptriestosendapremiumratetextmessage,blockingthemessageunlessthe
userexplicitlyauthorisesit.[169]Severalsecurityfirms,suchasLookoutMobileSecurity,[170]AVG
Technologies,[171]andMcAfee,[172]havereleasedantivirussoftwareforAndroiddevices.Thissoftwareis
ineffectiveassandboxingalsoappliestosuchapplications,limitingtheirabilitytoscanthedeepersystem
forthreats.[173][174]
12/39
30/08/2015
AndroidsmartphoneshavetheabilitytoreportthelocationofWiFiaccesspoints,encounteredasphone
usersmovearound,tobuilddatabasescontainingthephysicallocationsofhundredsofmillionsofsuch
accesspoints.Thesedatabasesformelectronicmapstolocatesmartphones,allowingthemtorunappslike
Foursquare,GoogleLatitude,FacebookPlaces,andtodeliverlocationbasedads.[175]Thirdparty
monitoringsoftwaresuchasTaintDroid,[176]anacademicresearchfundedproject,can,insomecases,
detectwhenpersonalinformationisbeingsentfromapplicationstoremoteservers.[177]InAugust2013,
GooglereleasedAndroidDeviceManager(ADM),acomponentthatallowsuserstoremotelytrack,locate,
andwipetheirAndroiddevicethroughawebinterface.[107][178]InDecember2013,GooglereleasedADM
asanAndroidapplicationontheGooglePlaystore,whereitisavailabletodevicesrunningAndroid
version2.2andhigher.[179][180]
TheopensourcenatureofAndroidallowssecuritycontractorstotakeexistingdevicesandadaptthemfor
highlysecureuses.Forexample,SamsunghasworkedwithGeneralDynamicsthroughtheirOpenKernel
LabsacquisitiontorebuildJellyBeanontopoftheirhardenedmicrovisorforthe"Knox"project.[181][182]
Aspartofthebroader2013masssurveillancedisclosuresitwasrevealedinSeptember2013thatthe
AmericanandBritishintelligenceagencies,theNationalSecurityAgency(NSA)andGovernment
CommunicationsHeadquarters(GCHQ),respectively,haveaccesstotheuserdataoniPhone,BlackBerry,
andAndroiddevices.Theyarereportedlyabletoreadalmostallsmartphoneinformation,includingSMS,
location,emails,andnotes.[183]InJanuary2014,furtherreportsrevealedtheintelligenceagencies'
capabilitiestointerceptthepersonalinformationtransmittedacrosstheInternetbysocialnetworksand
otherpopularapplicationssuchasAngryBirds,whichcollectpersonalinformationoftheirusersfor
advertisingandothercommercialreasons.GCHQhas,accordingtoTheGuardian,awikistyleguideof
differentappsandadvertisingnetworks,andthedifferentdatathatcanbesiphonedfromeach.[184]Later
thatweek,theFinnishAngryBirdsdeveloperRovioannouncedthatitwasreconsideringitsrelationships
withitsadvertisingplatformsinthelightoftheserevelations,andcalleduponthewiderindustrytodothe
same.[185]
ThedocumentsrevealedafurthereffortbytheintelligenceagenciestointerceptGoogleMapssearchesand
queriessubmittedfromAndroidandothersmartphonestocollectlocationinformationinbulk.[184]The
NSAandGCHQinsisttheiractivitiesareincompliancewithallrelevantdomesticandinternationallaws,
althoughtheGuardianstated"thelatestdisclosurescouldalsoaddtomountingpublicconcernabouthow
thetechnologysectorcollectsandusesinformation,especiallyforthoseoutsidetheUS,whoenjoyfewer
privacyprotectionsthanAmericans."[184]
Licensing
ThesourcecodeforAndroidisopensourceitisdevelopedinprivatebyGoogle,withthesourcecode
releasedpubliclywhenanewversionofAndroidisreleased.Googlepublishesmostofthecode(including
networkandtelephonystacks)underthenoncopyleftApacheLicenseversion2.0.whichallows
modificationandredistribution.[186][187]Thelicensedoesnotgrantrightstothe"Android"trademark,so
devicemanufacturersandwirelesscarriershavetolicenseitfromGoogleunderindividualcontracts.
AssociatedLinuxkernelchangesarereleasedunderthecopyleftGNUGeneralPublicLicenseversion2,
developedbytheOpenHandsetAlliance,withthesourcecodepubliclyavailableatalltimes.Typically,
Googlecollaborateswithahardwaremanufacturertoproduceaflagshipdevice(partoftheNexusseries)
13/39
30/08/2015
featuringthenewversionofAndroid,thenmakesthesourcecodeavailableafterthatdevicehasbeen
released.[188]TheonlyAndroidreleasewhichwasnotimmediatelymadeavailableassourcecodewasthe
tabletonly3.0Honeycombrelease.Thereason,accordingtoAndyRubininanofficialAndroidblogpost,
wasbecauseHoneycombwasrushedforproductionoftheMotorolaXoom,[189]andtheydidnotwantthird
partiescreatinga"reallybaduserexperience"byattemptingtoputontosmartphonesaversionofAndroid
intendedfortablets.[190]
OnlythebaseAndroidoperatingsystem(includingsomeapplications)isopensourcesoftware,whereas
mostAndroiddevicesshipwithasubstantialamountofproprietarysoftware,suchasGoogleMobile
Services,whichincludesapplicationssuchasGooglePlayStore,GoogleSearch,andGooglePlayServices
asoftwarelayerthatprovidesAPIsfortheintegrationwithGoogleprovidedservices,amongothers.
TheseapplicationsmustbelicensedfromGooglebydevicemakers,andcanonlybeshippedondevices
whichmeetitscompatibilityguidelinesandotherrequirements.[65][107]Custom,certifieddistributionsof
Androidproducedbymanufacturers(suchasTouchWizandHTCSense)mayalsoreplacecertainstock
Androidappswiththeirownproprietaryvariantsandaddadditionalsoftwarenotincludedinthestock
Androidoperatingsystem.[3]Theremayalsobe"binaryblob"driversrequiredforcertainhardware
componentsinthedevice.[3][98]
SeveralstockappsinAndroid'sopensourcecodeusedbypreviousversions(suchasSearch,Music,and
Calendar)havealsobeeneffectivelydeprecatedbyGoogle,withdevelopmenthavingshiftedtonewerbut
proprietaryversionsdistributedandupdatedthroughPlayStore,suchasGoogleSearchandGooglePlay
Music.WhiletheseolderappsremaininAndroid'ssourcecode,theyhavenolongerreceivedanymajor
updates.Additionally,proprietaryvariantsofthestockCameraandGalleryappsalsoincludecertain
functions(suchasPhotospherepanoramasandGoogle+albumintegration)thatareexcludedfromopen
sourceversions(however,theyhaveyettobecompletelyabandoned).Similarly,theNexus5usesanon
freevariationofAndroid4.4'shomescreenthatisembeddeddirectlywithintheGoogleSearchapp,adding
voiceactivatedsearchandtheabilitytoaccessGoogleNowasapageonthehomescreenitself.Although
anupdateforGoogleSearchappcontainingtherelevantcomponentswasreleasedthroughGooglePlayfor
allAndroiddevices,thenewhomescreenrequiredanadditionalstubapplicationtofunction,andwasnot
providedinAndroid4.4updatesforanyotherdevices(whichstillusedtheexistinghomescreenfrom
Androidversion4.3).ThestubapplicationwasofficiallyreleasedonPlayStoreasGoogleNowLauncher
inFebruary2014,initiallyforNexusandGooglePlayEditiondeviceswithAndroidversion
4.4.[3][191][192][193]
RichardStallmanandtheFreeSoftwareFoundationhavebeencriticalofAndroidandhaverecommended
theusageofalternativessuchasReplicant,becausedriversandfirmwarevitalfortheproperfunctioningof
Androiddevicesareusuallyproprietary,andbecausetheGooglePlayStoreapplicationcanforciblyinstall
ordeinstallapplicationsand,asaresult,invitenonfreesoftware.[194][195]
Leverageovermanufacturers
GooglelicensestheirGoogleMobileServicessoftware,alongwithAndroidtrademarks,onlytohardware
manufacturersfordevicesthatmeetGoogle'scompatibilitystandardsspecifiedintheAndroid
CompatibilityProgramdocument.[196]Thus,forksofAndroidthatmakemajorchangestotheoperating
systemitselfdonotincludeanyofGoogle'snonfreecomponents,stayincompatiblewithapplicationsthat
requirethem,andmustshipwithanalternativesoftwaremarketplaceinlieuofGooglePlayStore.[3]
14/39
30/08/2015
ExamplesofsuchAndroidforksareAmazon'sFireOS(whichisusedontheKindleFirelineoftablets,and
orientedtowardAmazonservices),theNokiaXSoftwarePlatform(aforkusedbytheNokiaXfamily,
orientedprimarilytowardNokiaandMicrosoftservices),andotherforksthatexcludeGoogleappsdueto
thegeneralunavailabilityofGoogleserviceinthatcountryandlicensingfees(suchasinChina).[197][198]In
2014,GooglealsobegantorequirethatallAndroiddeviceswhichlicensetheGoogleMobileServices
softwaredisplayaprominent"PoweredbyAndroid"logoontheirbootscreens.[65]
MembersoftheOpenHandsetAlliance,whichincludethemajorityofAndroidOEMs,arealso
contractuallyforbiddenfromproducingAndroiddevicesbasedonforksoftheOS[3][199]in2012,AcerInc.
wasforcedbyGoogletohaltproductiononadevicepoweredbyAlibabaGroup'sAliyunOSwiththreatsof
removalfromtheOHA,asGoogledeemedtheplatformtobeanincompatibleversionofAndroid.Alibaba
Groupdefendedtheallegations,arguingthattheOSwasadistinctplatformfromAndroid(primarilyusing
HTML5apps),butincorporatedportionsofAndroid'splatformtoallowbackwardscompatibilitywith
thirdpartyAndroidsoftware.Indeed,thedevicesdidshipwithanapplicationstorewhichofferedAndroid
appshowever,themajorityofthemwerepirated.[200][201][202]
Reception
Androidreceivedalukewarmreactionwhenitwasunveiledin
2007.Althoughanalystswereimpressedwiththerespected
technologycompaniesthathadpartneredwithGoogletoformthe
OpenHandsetAlliance,itwasunclearwhethermobilephone
manufacturerswouldbewillingtoreplacetheirexistingoperating
systemswithAndroid.[203]Theideaofanopensource,Linuxbased
developmentplatformsparkedinterest,[204]buttherewereadditional
worriesaboutAndroidfacingstrongcompetitionfromestablished
playersinthesmartphonemarket,suchasNokiaandMicrosoft,and
rivalLinuxmobileoperatingsystemsthatwereindevelopment.[205]
Theseestablishedplayerswereskeptical:Nokiawasquotedas
saying"wedon'tseethisasathreat,"[206]andamemberof
Microsoft'sWindowsMobileteamstated"Idon'tunderstandthe
impactthattheyaregoingtohave."[206]
Androidx86runningonanASUS
EeePCnetbookAndroidhasbeen
unofficiallyportedtotraditionalPCs
foruseasadesktopoperatingsystem.
SincethenAndroidhasgrowntobecomethemostwidelyusedsmartphoneoperatingsystem[18][207]and
"oneofthefastestmobileexperiencesavailable."[208]Reviewershavehighlightedtheopensourcenatureof
theoperatingsystemasoneofitsdefiningstrengths,allowingcompaniessuchasNokia(NokiaX
family),[209]Amazon(KindleFire),Barnes&Noble(Nook),Ouya,Baiduandotherstoforkthesoftware
andreleasehardwarerunningtheirowncustomisedversionofAndroid.Asaresult,ithasbeendescribed
bytechnologywebsiteArsTechnicaas"practicallythedefaultoperatingsystemforlaunchingnew
hardware"forcompanieswithouttheirownmobileplatforms.[18]Thisopennessandflexibilityisalso
presentattheleveloftheenduser:Androidallowsextensivecustomisationofdevicesbytheirownersand
appsarefreelyavailablefromnonGoogleappstoresandthirdpartywebsites.Thesehavebeencitedas
amongthemainadvantagesofAndroidphonesoverothers.[18][210]
15/39
30/08/2015
DespiteAndroid'spopularity,includinganactivationratethreetimesthatofiOS,therehavebeenreports
thatGooglehasnotbeenabletoleveragetheirotherproductsandwebservicessuccessfullytoturnAndroid
intothemoneymakerthatanalystshadexpected.[211]TheVergesuggestedthatGoogleislosingcontrolof
AndroidduetotheextensivecustomizationandproliferationofnonGoogleappsandservicesAmazon's
KindleFirelineusesFireOS,aheavilymodifiedforkofAndroidwhichdoesnotincludeorsupportanyof
Google'sproprietarycomponents,andrequiresthatusersobtainsoftwarefromitscompetingAmazon
AppstoreinsteadofPlayStore.[3]In2014,inanefforttoimproveprominenceoftheAndroidbrand,Google
begantorequirethatdevicesfeaturingitsproprietarycomponentsdisplayanAndroidlogoontheboot
screen.[65]
Androidhassufferedfrom"fragmentation",[212]asituationwherethevarietyofAndroiddevices,interms
ofbothhardwarevariationsanddifferencesinthesoftwarerunningonthem,makesthetaskofdeveloping
applicationsthatworkconsistentlyacrosstheecosystemharderthanrivalplatformssuchasiOSwhere
hardwareandsoftwarevariesless.Forexample,accordingtodatafromOpenSignalinJuly2013,there
were11,868modelsofAndroiddevice,numerousdifferentscreensizesandeightAndroidOSversions
simultaneouslyinuse,whilethelargemajorityofiOSusershaveupgradedtothelatestiterationofthat
OS.[213]CriticssuchasAppleInsiderhaveassertedthatfragmentationviahardwareandsoftwarepushed
Android'sgrowththroughlargevolumesoflowend,budgetpriceddevicesrunningolderversionsof
Android.TheymaintainthisforcesAndroiddeveloperstowriteforthe"lowestcommondenominator"to
reachasmanyusersaspossible,whohavetoolittleincentivetomakeuseofthelatesthardwareorsoftware
featuresonlyavailableonasmallerpercentageofdevices.[214]However,OpenSignal,whodevelopsboth
AndroidandiOSapps,concludedthatalthoughfragmentationcanmakedevelopmenttrickier,Android's
widerglobalreachalsoincreasesthepotentialreward.[213]
Marketshare
Mainarticle:MobileoperatingsystemMarketshare
ResearchcompanyCanalysestimatedinthesecondquarterof2009thatAndroidhada2.8%shareof
worldwidesmartphoneshipments.[215]Bythefourthquarterof2010,thishadgrownto33%ofthemarket
becomingthetopsellingsmartphoneplatform,[216]overtakingSymbian.[217]Bythethirdquarterof2011
Gartnerestimatedthatmorethanhalf(52.5%)ofthesmartphonesalesbelongedtoAndroid.[218]Bythe
thirdquarterof2012Androidhada75%shareoftheglobalsmartphonemarketaccordingtotheresearch
firmIDC.[219]
InJuly2011,Googlesaidthat550,000newAndroiddeviceswerebeingactivatedeveryday,[220]upfrom
400,000perdayinMay,[221]andmorethan100milliondeviceshadbeenactivated[222]with4.4%growth
perweek.[220]InSeptember2012,500milliondeviceshadbeenactivatedwith1.3millionactivationsper
day.[223][224]InMay2013,atGoogleI/O,SundarPichaiannouncedthat900millionAndroiddeviceshad
beenactivated.[225]
Androidmarketsharevariesbylocation.InJuly2012,"mobilesubscribersaged13+"intheUnitedStates
usingAndroidwereupto52%,[226]androseto90%inChina.[227]Duringthethirdquarterof2012,
Android'sworldwidesmartphoneshipmentmarketsharewas75%,[219]with750milliondevicesactivated
16/39
30/08/2015
intotal.InApril2013Androidhad1.5millionactivationsperday.[224]AsofMay2013,48billion
applications("apps")havebeeninstalledfromtheGooglePlaystore,[67]andbySeptember2013,one
billionAndroiddeviceshavebeenactivated.[228]
AsofJuly2013,theGooglePlaystorehashadoveronemillionAndroidapplicationspublished,andover
50billionapplicationsdownloaded.[12]AdevelopersurveyconductedinAprilMay2013foundthat
Androidisusedby71%ofmobiledevelopers.[13]Theoperatingsystem'ssuccesshasmadeitatargetfor
patentlitigationaspartofthesocalled"smartphonewars"betweentechnologycompanies.[20][21]
Androiddevicesaccountformorethanhalfofsmartphonesalesinmostmarkets,includingtheUS,while
"onlyinJapanwasAppleontop"(SeptemberNovember2013numbers).[229]Attheendof2013,over1.5
billionAndroidsmartphoneshavebeensoldinthefouryearssince2010,[230][231]makingAndroidthemost
soldphoneandtabletOS.ThreebillionAndroidsmartphonesareestimatedtobesoldbytheendof2014
(includingpreviousyears).AccordingtoGartnerresearchcompany,Androidbaseddevicesoutsoldall
contenders,everyyearsince2012.[232]In2013,itoutsoldWindows2.8:1orby573million.[233][234][235]As
of2015,Androidhasthelargestinstalledbaseofalloperatingsystems[11]asof2013,devicesrunningit
alsosellmorethanWindows,iOSandMacOSXdevicescombined.
SinceJuly2014,Androidisthemostpopularmobileoperatingsystemwhenitcomestouseforweb
browsing,accordingtoNetApplications.[236]InIndiaandothercountries,Androidisthemostpopular
operatingsystemoverall(notjustcountingthe"mobile"ones)forwebbrowsingusage.Accordingto
StatCounter,"mobileusagehasalreadyovertakendesktopinseveralcountriesincludingIndia,SouthAfrica
andSaudiArabia",[237]withseveralcountriesinAfricahavingdonesoalready,includingEthiopiaand
Kenyainwhichmobileusageisat72.23%.[238]
WhileAndroidphonesintheWesternworldcommonlyincludeGoogle'sproprietaryaddons(suchas
GooglePlay)totheotherwiseopensourceoperatingsystem,thisisincreasinglynotthecaseinemerging
markets"ABIResearchclaimsthat65milliondevicesshippedgloballywithopensourceAndroidinthe
secondquarterof[2014],upfrom54millioninthefirstquarter"dependingoncountry,percentofphones
estimatedtobebasedonlyonAndroid'ssourcecode(AOSP),forgoingtheAndroidtrademark:Thailand
(44%),Philippines(38%),Indonesia(31%),India(21%),Malaysia(24%),Mexico(18%),Brazil(9%).[239]
AccordingtoaJanuary2015Gartnerreport,"Androidsurpassedabillionshipmentsofdevicesin2014,and
willcontinuetogrowatadoubledigitpacein2015,witha26percentincreaseyearoveryear."Thismade
itthefirsttimethatanygeneralpurposeoperatingsystemhasreachedmorethanonebillionendusers
withinayear:byreachingcloseto1.16billionendusersin2014,Androidshippedoverfourtimesmore
thaniOSandOSXcombined,andoverthreetimesmorethanMicrosoftWindows.Gartnerexpectedthe
wholemobilephonemarketto"reachtwobillionunitsin2016",includingAndroid.[240]
AccordingtoaStatistica'sestimate,Androidsmartphoneshadaninstalledbaseof1.6billionunitsin2014,
whichwas75%oftheestimatedtotalnumberofsmartphonesworldwide.[241][242][c]Androidhasthelargest
installedbaseofanymobileoperatingsystemand,asof2013,thehighestsellingoperatingsystem
overall[233][244][245][246][247]withsalesin2012,2013and2014[248]closetotheinstalledbaseofallPCs.[249]
Inthethirdquarterof2013,Android'sshareoftheglobalsmartphoneshipmentmarketwas81.3%,the
highestever,[250]andtheAndroidshare
ledbySamsungproducts
was81.3%.[250][251][252]
17/39
30/08/2015
Adoptionontablets
Despiteitssuccessonsmartphones,initiallyAndroidtabletadoption
wasslow.[253]Oneofthemaincauseswasthechickenortheegg
situationwhereconsumerswerehesitanttobuyanAndroidtablet
duetoalackofhighqualitytabletapplications,butdeveloperswere
hesitanttospendtimeandresourcesdevelopingtabletapplications
untiltherewasasignificantmarketforthem.[254][255]Thecontent
andapp"ecosystem"provedmoreimportantthanhardwarespecsas
thesellingpointfortablets.DuetothelackofAndroidtablet
specificapplicationsin2011,earlyAndroidtabletshadtomakedo
withexistingsmartphoneapplicationsthatwereillsuitedtolarger
screensizes,whereasthedominanceofApple'siPadwasreinforced
bythelargenumberoftabletspecificiOSapplications.[255][256]
Despiteappsupportinitsinfancy,aconsiderablenumberof
Androidtablets(alongsidethoseusingotheroperatingsystems,such
astheHPTouchPadandBlackBerryPlayBook)wererushedoutto
marketinanattempttocapitalizeonthesuccessoftheiPad.[255]
InfoWorldhassuggestedthatsomeAndroidmanufacturersinitially
treatedtheirfirsttabletsasa"Frankenphonebusiness",ashortterm
ThefirstgenerationNexus7tablet
lowinvestmentopportunitybyplacingasmartphoneoptimized
AndroidOS(beforeAndroid3.0Honeycombfortabletswas
available)onadevicewhileneglectinguserinterface.Thisapproach,suchaswiththeDellStreak,failedto
gainmarkettractionwithconsumersaswellasdamagingtheearlyreputationofAndroidtablets.[257][258]
Furthermore,severalAndroidtabletssuchastheMotorolaXoomwerepricedthesameorhigherthanthe
iPad,whichhurtsales.AnexceptionwastheAmazonKindleFire,whichrelieduponlowerpricingaswell
asaccesstoAmazon'secosystemofapplicationsandcontent.[255][259]
Thisbegantochangein2012withthereleaseoftheaffordableNexus7andapushbyGooglefor
developerstowritebettertabletapplications.[260]AccordingtoInternationalDataCorporation,shipments
ofAndroidpoweredtabletssurpassediPadsinQ32012.[261]
Asoftheendof2013,over191.6millionAndroidtabletshadsoldinthreeyearssince2011.[262][263]This
madeAndroidtabletsthemostsoldtypeoftabletin2013,surpassingiPadsinthesecondquarterof
2013.[264]
AccordingtotheStatCounter'sJune2015webusestatistics,Androidtabletsrepresentthemajorityoftablet
devicesusedontheSouthAmerican[265]andAfricancontinents(60.23%),[266]whiletheyhaveequaled
withtheiPad'smarketshareinmajorcountriesonallcontinents(withtheNorthAmericaasanexception,
thoughinElSalvadorAndroidhasthemajority[267]),andgettingclosetorepresentingthemajorityonthe
wholeAsiancontinent[268]havingdonesoalreadyinIndia(65.9%),[269]Indonesia(62.22%),[270]andmost
MiddleEasterncountries.[271]InabouthalfoftheEuropeancountries,Androidtabletshaveamajority
marketshare.[272]Chinaisanexceptionforthemajordevelopingcountries,inwhichAndroidphablets
(classifiedassmartphoneswhilesimilarinsizetotablets)aremorepopularthanAndroidtabletsoriPads.
18/39
30/08/2015
Platformusage
ChartsinthissectionprovidebreakdownsofAndroidversions,based
ondevicesaccessingtheGooglePlayStoreinasevendayperiod
endingonAugust3,2015.[273][d]Therefore,thesestatisticsexclude
devicesrunningvariousAndroidforksthatdonotaccesstheGoogle
PlayStore,suchasAmazon'sFiretablets.
Lollipop(18.1%)
KitKat(39.3%)
JellyBean(33.6%)
IceCreamSandwich(4.1%)
Gingerbread(4.6%)
Froyo(0.3%)
Version
5.1.x
5.0.05.0.2
Codename
Lollipop
4.4.04.4.4 KitKat
4.3.x
4.2.x
JellyBean
Releasedate
March9,2015
APIlevel
Distribution
22
2.6%
November3,2014 21
15.5%
October31,2013
19
39.3%
July24,2013
18
4.7%
November13,2012 17
15.9%
July9,2012
16
13%
4.0.34.0.4 IceCreamSandwich December16,2011 15
4.1%
2.3.32.3.7 Gingerbread
4.1.x
2.2
Froyo
February9,2011
10
4.6%
May20,2010
0.3%
Applicationpiracy
Ingeneral,paidAndroidapplicationscaneasilybepirated.[274]InaMay2012interviewwithEurogamer,
thedevelopersofFootballManagerstatedthattheratioofpiratedplayersvslegitimateplayerswas9:1for
theirgameFootballManagerHandheld.[275]However,noteverydeveloperagreedthatpiracyrateswerean
issueforexample,inJuly2012thedevelopersofthegameWindupKnightsaidthatpiracylevelsoftheir
gamewereonly12%,andmostofthepiracycamefromChina,wherepeoplecannotpurchaseappsfrom
GooglePlay.[276]
19/39
30/08/2015
In2010,Googlereleasedatoolforvalidatingauthorizedpurchasesforusewithinapps,butdevelopers
complainedthatthiswasinsufficientandtrivialtocrack.Googlerespondedthatthetool,especiallyits
initialrelease,wasintendedasasampleframeworkfordeveloperstomodifyandbuildupondependingon
theirneeds,notasafinishedpiracysolution.[277]In2012,GooglereleasedafeatureinAndroid4.1that
encryptedpaidapplicationssothattheywouldonlyworkonthedeviceonwhichtheywereoriginally
installedfromtheGooglePlayStore,butthisfeaturehasbeentemporarilydeactivatedduetotechnical
issues.[278]
Legalissues
Furtherinformation:Oraclev.Google,SmartphonewarsandPatenttroll
BothAndroidandAndroidphonemanufacturershavebeeninvolvedinnumerouspatentlawsuits.On
August12,2010,OraclesuedGoogleoverclaimedinfringementofcopyrightsandpatentsrelatedtothe
Javaprogramminglanguage.[279]Oracleoriginallysoughtdamagesupto$6.1billion,[280]butthisvaluation
wasrejectedbyaUnitedStatesfederaljudgewhoaskedOracletorevisetheestimate.[281]Inresponse,
Googlesubmittedmultiplelinesofdefense,counterclaimingthatAndroiddidnotinfringeonOracle's
patentsorcopyright,thatOracle'spatentswereinvalid,andseveralotherdefenses.TheysaidthatAndroid
isbasedonApacheHarmony,acleanroomimplementationoftheJavaclasslibraries,andan
independentlydevelopedvirtualmachinecalledDalvik.[282]InMay2012,thejuryinthiscasefoundthat
GoogledidnotinfringeonOracle'spatents,andthetrialjudgeruledthatthestructureoftheJavaAPIsused
byGooglewasnotcopyrightable.[283][284]Thepartiesagreedtozerodollarsinstatutorydamagesfora
smallamountofcopiedcode.[285]OnMay9,2014,theFederalCircuitpartiallyreversedthedistrictcourt
ruling,rulinginOracle'sfavoronthecopyrightabilityissue,andremandingtheissueoffairusetothe
districtcourt.[286][287]
InadditiontolawsuitsagainstGoogledirectly,variousproxywarshavebeenwagedagainstAndroid
indirectlybytargetingmanufacturersofAndroiddevices,withtheeffectofdiscouragingmanufacturers
fromadoptingtheplatformbyincreasingthecostsofbringinganAndroiddevicetomarket.[288]Both
AppleandMicrosofthavesuedseveralmanufacturersforpatentinfringement,withApple'songoinglegal
actionagainstSamsungbeingaparticularlyhighprofilecase.InOctober2011,Microsoftsaidtheyhad
signedpatentlicenseagreementswithtenAndroiddevicemanufacturers,whoseproductsaccountfor"70%
intheU.S."(http://www.microsoft.com/enus/news/press/2012/jan12/0112lgpr.aspx).and55%ofthe
worldwiderevenueforAndroiddevices.[289]TheseincludeSamsungandHTC.[290]Samsung'spatent
settlementwithMicrosoftincludesanagreementthatSamsungwillallocatemoreresourcestodeveloping
andmarketingphonesrunningMicrosoft'sWindowsPhoneoperatingsystem.[288]
GooglehaspubliclyexpresseditsfrustrationforthecurrentpatentlandscapeintheUnitedStates,accusing
Apple,OracleandMicrosoftoftryingtotakedownAndroidthroughpatentlitigation,ratherthan
innovatingandcompetingwithbetterproductsandservices.[291]In201112,GooglepurchasedMotorola
MobilityforUS$12.5billion,whichwasviewedinpartasadefensivemeasuretoprotectAndroid,since
MotorolaMobilityheldmorethan17,000patents.[292]InDecember2011,Googleboughtoverathousand
patentsfromIBM.[293]
20/39
30/08/2015
In2013,FairSearch,alobbyingorganizationsupportedbyMicrosoft,Oracleandothers,filedacomplaint
regardingAndroidwiththeEuropeanCommission,allegingthatitsfreeofchargedistributionmodel
constitutedanticompetitivepredatorypricing.TheFreeSoftwareFoundationEurope,whosedonors
includeGoogle,disputedtheFairsearchallegations.[294]
Useoutsideofsmartphonesandtablets
TheopenandcustomizablenatureofAndroidallowsittobeused
onotherelectronicsasidefromsmartphonesandtablets,including
laptopsandnetbooks,smartbooks,[295]smartTVs(AndroidTV,
GoogleTV)andcameras(E.g.GalaxyCamera).[296]Inaddition,the
Androidoperatingsystemhasseenapplicationsonsmartglasses
(GoogleGlass),smartwatches,[297]headphones,[298]carCDand
DVDplayers,[299]mirrors,[300]portablemediaplayers,[301]
landline[302]andVoiceoverIPphones.[303]Ouya,avideogame
consolerunningAndroid,becameoneofthemostsuccessful
Kickstartercampaigns,crowdfundingUS$8.5mforits
development,[304][305]andwaslaterfollowedbyotherAndroid
basedconsoles,suchasNvidia'sShieldPortableanAndroid
deviceinavideogamecontrollerformfactor.[306]
Ouya,avideogameconsolewhich
runsAndroid,wasoneofthemost
successfulcrowdfundingcampaigns
onthewebsiteKickstarter.
In2011,Googledemonstrated"Android@Home",ahomeautomationtechnologywhichusesAndroidto
controlarangeofhouseholddevicesincludinglightswitches,powersocketsandthermostats.[307]Prototype
lightbulbswereannouncedthatcouldbecontrolledfromanAndroidphoneortablet,butAndroidhead
AndyRubinwascautioustonotethat"turningalightbulbonandoffisnothingnew",pointingtonumerous
failedhomeautomationservices.Google,hesaid,wasthinkingmoreambitiouslyandtheintentionwasto
usetheirpositionasacloudservicesprovidertobringGoogleproductsintocustomers'homes.[308][309]
ParrotunveiledanAndroidbasedcarstereosystemknownasAsteroidin2011,[310]followedbya
successor,thetouchscreenbasedAsteroidSmart,in2012.[311]In2013,ClarionreleaseditsownAndroid
basedcarstereo,theAX1.[312]InJanuary2014,attheConsumerElectronicsShow(CES),Google
announcedtheformationoftheOpenAutomotiveAlliance,agroupincludingseveralmajorautomobile
makers(Audi,GeneralMotors,Hyundai,andHonda)andNvidia,whichaimstoproduceAndroidbasedin
carentertainmentsystemsforautomobiles,"[bringing]thebestofAndroidintotheautomobileinasafeand
seamlessway."[313]
OnMarch18,2014,GoogleannouncedAndroidWear,anAndroidbasedplatformspecificallyintendedfor
smartwatchesandotherwearabledevicesonlyadeveloperpreviewwasmadepubliclyavailable.[314]This
wasfollowedbytheunveilingoftwoAndroidWearbaseddevices,theLGGWatchandMoto360.[315]
OnJune25,2014,atGoogleI/O,itwasannouncedthatAndroidTV,aSmartTVplatform,isreplacingthe
previouslyreleasedGoogleTV.OnJune26,2014,GoogleannouncedAndroidAutoforthecar.
Desktopsandlaptops
21/39
30/08/2015
Androidcomespreinstalledonafewlaptops(asimilarfunctionalityofrunningAndroidapplicationsisalso
availableintheGoogleChromeOS)andcanalsobeinstalledonmostpersonalcomputersbyendusers.On
thoseplatformsAndroidprovidesadditionalfunctionalityfornonvirtualkeyboardsandmice,togetherwith
the"AltTab"keycombinationforswitchingapplicationsquicklywithakeyboardsuchfunctionalityis
usuallynotconsideredessentialfor"mobile"platforms,whileitisalsousableonthemwithaccessories.
Onereviewercommentedon"desktop"useofAndroid,comparingitwithtraditionalLinuxdesktops:
Thenotificationcenterisvastlymorecompleteandrobustthaninmostenvironments.Just
abouteverytypeofnotificationcomesthroughthisoneuserinterface,functionalitythat
otherdesktopsonlydreamof.[..]
Ifonecangetoverthewholeeveryapprunsfullscreenshebang,Androidactuallymakes
foranastoundinglyusable,easytolearn,fairlypeppyandrelativelygoodlookingdesktop
environment.
WouldIenjoytheAndroiduserexperienceasmyprimaryLinuxDesktopexperience?Yes.
Absolutely.Infact,forlongperiodsoftime,Androidhasbeenmyprimarycomputing
platform.Andtheenvironmentisabsolutelyusableforthatpurpose.
BryanLunduke,NetworkWorld[316]
Seealso
Androidrooting
Androidversionhistory
Comparisonofmobileoperatingsystems
IndexofAndroidOSarticles
ListofGPSsoftwareformobilephones
Openmoko
Stagefright(bug)
Notes
a. AsofAndroid5.0,thefollowinglanguagesaresupported:Afrikaans,BahasaIndonesia,BahasaMelayu,Catal,
etina,Dansk,Deutsch,Eesti,English(Australia),English(India),English(UnitedKingdom),English(United
States),Espaol(Espaa),Espaol(EstadosUnidos),Euskara,Filipino,Franais(Canada),Franais(France),
Galego,Hrvatski,IsiZulu,slenska,Italiano,Kiswahili,Latvieu,Lietuvi,Magyar,Nederlands,Norskbokml,
Polski,Portugus(Brasil),Portugus(Portugal),Romn,Slovenina,Slovenina,Suomi,Svenska,TingVit,
Trke,E,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,
,,,,,
,,,e,
,,
,,(),(),(),and.
b. Official64bitsupportforallplatformswasintroducedinAndroid5.0"Lollipop".
c. ToputtheStatistica'snumbersincontext:byStrategyAnalyticsestimates,Windowsthemostpopular"desktop"
operatingsystem,hasanestimatedinstalledbaseofabout1.3billionatbest[243]theyalsoestimatetheoverall
22/39
30/08/2015
operatingsystem,hasanestimatedinstalledbaseofabout1.3billionatbest[243]theyalsoestimatetheoverall
tabletinstalledbasetobealreadyofcomparablesizetothePCmarketandpredicttabletswillhavesurpassed
themby2018.
d. Versionsaccountingforlessthan0.1%arenotincluded.
References
1. "AndroidCodeAnalysis"(http://www.ohloh.net/p/android/analyses/latest).RetrievedJune6,2012.
2. "TheAndroidSourceCode:GovernancePhilosophy"(http://source.android.com/source/index.html).
source.android.com.December17,2014.RetrievedJanuary25,2015.
3. "GooglesirongriponAndroid:Controllingopensourcebyanymeansnecessary"
(http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/10/googlesirongriponandroidcontrollingopensourcebyanymeans
necessary).ArsTechnica.RetrievedDecember8,2013.
4. "AnnouncingtheAndroid1.0SDK,release1"(http://androiddevelopers.blogspot.in/2008/09/announcing
android10sdkrelease1.html).September9,2008.RetrievedSeptember21,2012.
5. Shah,Agam(December1,2011)."Google'sAndroid4.0portedtox86processors"
(http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9222323/Google_s_Android_4.0_ported_to_x86_processors).
Computerworld.InternationalDataGroup.RetrievedFebruary20,2012.
6. "MIPSgetssweetwithHoneycomb"(http://www.eetimes.com/electronicsnews/4215490/MIPSgetssweetwith
Honeycomb).Eetimes.com.RetrievedFebruary20,2012.
7. "android/platform/bionic/"(https://android.googlesource.com/platform/bionic/+/master/libc/).
8. "android/platform/external/mksh/"(https://android.googlesource.com/platform/external/mksh/+/master).
9. "android/platform/system/core/toolbox/"
(https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core/+/master/toolbox/).
10. "Licenses"(http://source.android.com/source/licenses.html).AndroidOpenSourceProject.OpenHandset
Alliance.RetrievedSeptember9,2012."ThepreferredlicensefortheAndroidOpenSourceProjectisthe
ApacheSoftwareLicense,2.0....WhyApacheSoftwareLicense?...Foruserspace(thatis,nonkernel)
software,wedoinfactpreferASL2.0(andsimilarlicenseslikeBSD,MIT,etc.)overotherlicensessuchas
LGPL.Androidisaboutfreedomandchoice.ThepurposeofAndroidispromoteopennessinthemobileworld,
butwedon'tbelieveit'spossibletopredictordictatealltheusestowhichpeoplewillwanttoputoursoftware.
So,whileweencourageeveryonetomakedevicesthatareopenandmodifiable,wedon'tbelieveitisourplaceto
forcethemtodoso.UsingLGPLlibrarieswouldoftenforcethemtodoso."
11. Manjoo,Farhad(20150527)."AMurkyRoadAheadforAndroid,DespiteMarketDominance"
(http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/28/technology/personaltech/amurkyroadaheadforandroiddespitemarket
dominance.html).TheNewYorkTimes.ISSN03624331(https://www.worldcat.org/issn/03624331).Retrieved
20150527.
12. "Android'sGooglePlaybeatsAppStorewithover1billionapps,nowofficiallylargest"
(http://www.phonearena.com/news/AndroidsGooglePlaybeatsAppStorewithover1millionappsnow
officiallylargest_id45680).Phonearena.com.RetrievedAugust28,2013.
13. "DeveloperEconomicsQ32013analystreport"(http://www.visionmobile.com/DevEcon3Q13).RetrievedJuly
2013.
14. "DeveloperEconomicsQ12015:StateoftheDeveloperNation"
(https://www.developereconomics.com/reports/developereconomicsq12015/).February17,2015.Retrieved
May14,2015.
15. GoogleshowsoffnewversionofAndroid,announces1billionactivemonthlyusers
(http://www.techspot.com/news/57228googleshowsoffnewversionofandroidannounces1billionactive
monthlyusers.html).Techspot.RetrievedJune30,2014
16. Elgin,Ben(August17,2005)."GoogleBuysAndroidforItsMobileArsenal"
(http://www.webcitation.org/5wk7sIvVb).BloombergBusinessweek.Bloomberg.Archivedfromtheoriginal
23/39
30/08/2015
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
(http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/aug2005/tc20050817_0949_tc024.htm)onFebruary24,2011.
RetrievedFebruary20,2012."Inwhatcouldbeakeymoveinitsnascentwirelessstrategy,Google(GOOG)has
quietlyacquiredstartupAndroid,Inc.,..."
"IndustryLeadersAnnounceOpenPlatformforMobileDevices"
(http://www.openhandsetalliance.com/press_110507.html)(Pressrelease).OpenHandsetAlliance.November5,
2007.RetrievedFebruary17,2012.
Brodkin,Jon(November5,2012)."Onits5thbirthday,5thingsweloveaboutAndroid"
(http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/11/onandroids5thbirthday5thingsweloveaboutandroid/).Product
News&Reviews.ArsTechnica.
"CustomROMsForAndroidExplainedHereIsWhyYouWantThem"
(http://www.androidpolice.com/2010/05/01/customromsforandroidexplainedandwhyyouwantthem/).
August20,2012.RetrievedSeptember15,2012.
Reardon,Marguerite(August15,2011)."Googlejustboughtitselfpatentprotection|SignalStrengthCNET
News"(http://news.cnet.com/830130686_320092399266/googlejustboughtitselfpatentprotection/).
News.cnet.com.RetrievedMay1,2013.
DouglasPerry(July16,2011)."GoogleAndroidNowon135MillionDevices"
(http://www.tomsguide.com/us/googleandroidinstallationsappdownloads,news11861.html).Tomsguide.com.
RetrievedMay1,2013.
Markoff,John(November4,2007)."I,Robot:TheManBehindtheGooglePhone"
(http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/04/technology/04google.html?_r=2&hp=&pagewanted=all).TheNewYork
Times.RetrievedFebruary15,2012.
Kirsner,Scott(September2,2007)."IntroducingtheGooglePhone"
(https://web.archive.org/web/20100104054533/http://www.boston.com/business/technology/articles/2007/09/02/in
troducing_the_google_phone/).TheBostonGlobe.Archivedfromtheoriginal
(http://www.boston.com/business/technology/articles/2007/09/02/introducing_the_google_phone/)onJanuary4,
Vogelstein,Fred(April2011)."HowtheAndroidEcosystemThreatenstheiPhone"
(http://www.wired.com/magazine/2011/04/mf_android/all/1).Wired.RetrievedJune2,2012.
ChrisWelch(April16,2013)."Beforeittookoversmartphones,Androidwasoriginallydestinedforcameras"
(http://www.theverge.com/2013/4/16/4230468/androidoriginallydesignedforcamerasbeforesmartphones).The
Verge.RetrievedMay1,2013.
Vance,Ashlee(July27,2011)."StevePerlman'sWirelessFix"(http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/the
edisonofsiliconvalley07272011.html).BloombergBusinessweek.Bloomberg.RetrievedNovember3,2012.
Block,Ryan(August28,2007)."GoogleisworkingonamobileOS,andit'sdueoutshortly"
(http://www.engadget.com/2007/08/28/googleisworkingonamobileosanditsdueoutshortly).Engadget.
RetrievedFebruary17,2012.
Sharma,AmolDelaney,KevinJ.(August2,2007)."GooglePushesTailoredPhonesToWinLucrativeAd
Market"(http://online.wsj.com/article/SB118602176520985718.html).TheWallStreetJournal.Retrieved
February17,2012.
"Googleadmitstomobilephoneplan"
(https://web.archive.org/web/20070703031543/http://www.directtraffic.org/OnlineNews/Google_admits_to_mobil
e_phone_plan_18094880.html).directtraffic.org.GoogleNews.March20,2007.Archivedfromtheoriginal
(http://www.directtraffic.org/OnlineNews/Google_admits_to_mobile_phone_plan_18094880.html)onJuly3,
McKay,Martha(December21,2006)."CaniPhonebecomeyourphone?Linksysintroducesversatilelinefor
cordlessservice"(http://recordbergen.vlex.com/vid/iphonephonelinksysversatilecordless62885923).The
Record(BergenCounty).p.L9.RetrievedFebruary21,2012."Anddon'tholdyourbreath,butthesamecell
phoneobsessedtechwatcherssayitwon'tbelongbeforeGooglejumpsheadfirstintothephonebiz.Phone,
anyone?"
Ionescu,Daniel(April26,2012)."OriginalAndroidPrototypeRevealedDuringGoogle,OracleTrial"
(http://www.pcworld.com/article/254539/original_android_prototype_revealed_during_google_oracle_trial.html).
PCWorld.RetrievedFebruary23,2014.
Lee,TimothyB.(February23,2012)."IfAndroidisa"stolenproduct,"thensowastheiPhone"
(http://arstechnica.com/techpolicy/2012/02/ifandroidisastolenproductthensowastheiphone/).Ars
24/39
30/08/2015
Technica.RetrievedJuly11,2014.
33. Claburn,Thomas(September19,2007)."Google'sSecretPatentPortfolioPredictsgPhone"
(http://www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=201807587&cid=nl_IWK_daily).
InformationWeek.RetrievedFebruary17,2012.
34. Pearce,JamesQuintana(September20,2007)."Google'sStrongMobileRelatedPatentPortfolio"
(http://www.moconews.net/entry/419googlesstrongmobilerelatedpatentportfolio).mocoNews.net.Retrieved
February17,2012.
35. "AndroidKernelVersions"(http://elinux.org/Android_Kernel_Versions).elinux.org.July7,2011.Retrieved
November3,2013.
36. MarkWilson(September23,2008)."TMobileG1:FullDetailsoftheHTCDreamAndroidPhone"
(http://gizmodo.com/5053264/t+mobileg1fulldetailsofthehtcdreamandroidphone).gizmodo.com.Retrieved
December27,2013.
37. RichardWray(March14,2010)."GoogleforcedtodelayBritishlaunchofNexusphone"
(http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2010/mar/14/googlemobilephonelaunchdelay).London:
guardian.co.uk.RetrievedFebruary17,2012.
38. CharlesArthur(March13,2013)."AndyRubinmovedfromAndroidtotakeon'moonshots'atGoogle|
Technology|guardian.co.uk"(http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2013/mar/13/andyrubingooglemove).
London:Guardian.RetrievedMarch14,2013.
39. Page,Larry."OfficialBlog:UpdatefromtheCEO"(http://googleblog.blogspot.co.uk/2013/03/updatefrom
ceo.html).Googleblog.blogspot.co.uk.RetrievedMarch14,2013.
40. "GoogledetailsAndroid4.4KitKat,itslatestmobileupgrade"
(http://www.techradar.com/news/software/operatingsystems/googledetailsandroid44kitkatitslatestmobile
upgrade1195177).techradar.com.October31,2013.RetrievedNovember5,2013.
41. "KitKatmocksApplewithAndroid4.4parodyvideo"(http://www.theverge.com/2013/9/3/4690744/kitkat
mocksapplewithandroidparodyvideo).TheVerge.RetrievedSeptember4,2013.
42. DannyChoi(November14,2014)."Android5.0ReleaseDate:LollipopForSamsungGalaxyAvailableBy
January2015"(http://www.latintimes.com/android50releasedatelollipopsamsunggalaxyavailablejanuary
2015275757).LatinTimes.RetrievedNovember15,2014.
43. "OfficialAndroidBlog:Android5.1:UnwrappinganewLollipopupdate"
(http://officialandroid.blogspot.de/2015/03/android51unwrappingnewlollipop.html).OfficialAndroidBlog.
44. "GoogleUnveilsaNew,Nicer,PricierNexus7Tablet"(http://techland.time.com/2013/07/24/googleunveilsa
newnicerpriciernexus7tablet/).Time.
45. "HugoBarra:wherearetheAndroidtabletsofHTCOnelikequality?"(http://www.androidauthority.com/hugo
barraandroidtablethtcone250126/).AndroidAuthority.
46. "AndroidDirector:WeHavetheMostAccurate,Conversational,SynthesizedVoiceintheWorld"
(http://www.wired.com/2012/07/googleandroidhugobarrainterview/).Wired.
47. "XiaomicofounderonwhyexGoogleexecBarraanditsownfirmwarearekeytointernationalsuccess"
(http://thenextweb.com/asia/2013/09/09/xiaomicofounderonwhyexgoogleexecbarraanditsownfirmware
arekeytointernationalsuccess/).TheNextWeb.
48. Miller,Ross(May28,2015)."GoogleannouncesBrillo,anoperatingsystemfortheInternetofThings:
DeveloperpreviewcominginQ3"(http://www.theverge.com/2015/5/28/8677119/googleprojectbrilloiotgoogle
io2015).RetrievedJune4,2015.
49. "TouchDevices|AndroidOpenSource"(http://source.android.com/tech/input/touchdevices.html).
Source.android.com.RetrievedSeptember15,2012.
50. "SensorsOverview(AndroidDevelopers)"
(http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/sensors/sensors_overview.html).developer.android.com.Retrieved
October29,2013.
51. "RealRacing2SpeedsIntoTheAndroidMarketLeavesPart1InTheDust"
(http://phandroid.com/2011/12/22/realracing2speedsintotheandroidmarketleavespart1inthedust/).
Phandroid.com.September22,2011.RetrievedSeptember15,2012.
52. "Widgets|AndroidDevelopers"(http://developer.android.com/design/patterns/widgets.html).
Developer.android.com.RetrievedSeptember15,2012.
53. "GeneralAndroidinstructions"(http://info.graphogame.com/gldiploma/androidinstructions).graphogame.com.
October2012.RetrievedOctober29,2013.
25/39
30/08/2015
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
October2012.RetrievedOctober29,2013.
"Launcher7BringsWindowsPhone'sSimple,AttractiveInterfacetoAndroid"
(http://lifehacker.com/5804091/launcher7bringswindowsphonessimpleattractiveinterfacetoandroid).
Lifehacker.com.May20,2011.RetrievedNovember24,2012.
Begun,DanielA.(March2011)[2011]."DealingwithfragmentationonAndroiddevices"
(http://www.dummies.com/howto/content/lookingattheandroidoperatingsystem0.html).AmazingAndroid
Apps(http://www.dummies.com/store/product/AmazingAndroidAppsForDummies.productCd
0470936290.html).ForDummies.Wiley.p.7.ISBN9780470936290.RetrievedMay22,2013.
"UIOverview|AndroidDevelopers"(http://developer.android.com/design/getstarted/uioverview.html).
"Notifications|AndroidDevelopers"(http://developer.android.com/design/patterns/notifications.html).
"Launchers"(https://play.google.com/store/search?q=launcher&c=apps).google.com.RetrievedFebruary3,
2014.
"C++LibrarySupport"(http://developer.android.com/ndk/guides/cppsupport.html).Android."libC++runtime
[..]99%oftestspasswhencompilinglibc++withClang3.4forallsupportedABIs.Thefailuresaremostlyin
theareasofwchar_tandlocalesthatAndroidbionicdoesn'tsupport."
"AndroidNDKNativeAPIs"(http://developer.android.com/ndk/guides/stable_apis.html).developer.android.com.
RetrievedJune10,2015."TheAndroidNDKprovidesasetofnativeheadersandsharedlibraryfilesthathas
graduallyincreasedwithsuccessivereleasesofnewAndroidAPIlevels."
"Sample:hellojni"(http://developer.android.com/ndk/samples/sample_hellojni.html).developer.android.com.
RetrievedJune10,2015.
"Packageapp,whichletsyouwriteAppsforAndroid(andeventually,iOS)"
(http://godoc.org/golang.org/x/mobile/app).Retrieved20150609."TherearetwowaystouseGoinanAndroid
App.ThefirstisasalibrarycalledfromJava,thesecondistousearestrictedsetoffeaturesbutworkentirelyin
Go.[..]AnappcanbewrittenentirelyinGo.Thisresultsinasignificantlysimplerprogrammingenvironment
(andeventually,portabilitytoiOS),howeveronlyaveryrestrictedsetofAndroidAPIsareavailable.The
providedinterfacesarefocusedongames.Itisexpectedthattheappwilldrawtotheentirescreen(viaOpenGL,
seethego.mobile/glpackage),andthatnoneoftheplatform'sscreenmanagementinfrastructureisexposed.On
Android,thismeansanativeappisequivalenttoasingleActivity(inparticularaNativeActivity)andoniOS,a
singleUIWindow.Toucheventswillbeaccessibleviathispackage.WhenAndroidsupportisoutofpreview,all
APIssupportedbytheAndroidNDKwillbeexposedviaaGopackage."
"ToolsOverview"(http://developer.android.com/guide/developing/tools/index.html).AndroidDevelopers.July
21,2009.
Savov,Vlad(January28,2014)."ChromeAppsarecomingtoiOSandAndroid"
(http://www.theverge.com/2014/1/28/5355064/chromeappsarecomingtoiosandandroid).TheVerge.
"GooglemandatesPoweredbyAndroidbrandingonnewdevices"(http://www.geek.com/android/google
mandatespoweredbyandroidbrandingonnewdevices1589253/).Geek.com.RetrievedMarch28,2014.
"GooglePlayHits1MillionApps"(http://mashable.com/2013/07/24/googleplay1million/).Mashable.July24,
2013.RetrievedJanuary2,2014.
"BBCGoogleactivationsanddownloadsupdateMay2013"(http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology22542725).
BBCNews.May15,2013.RetrievedMay16,2013.
Warren,Christina."GooglePlayHits1MillionApps"(http://mashable.com/2013/07/24/googleplay1million/).
Mashable.RetrievedJune4,2014.
"AndroidCompatibility"(http://developer.android.com/guide/practices/compatibility.html).AndroidDevelopers.
android.com.RetrievedNovember16,2013.
Chu,Eric(April13,2011)."AndroidDevelopersBlog:NewCarrierBillingOptionsonAndroidMarket"
(http://androiddevelopers.blogspot.com/2011/04/newcarrierbillingoptionsonandroid.html).android
developers.blogspot.com.RetrievedMay15,2011.
Ganapati,Priya(June11,2010)."IndependentAppStoresTakeOnGoogle'sAndroidMarket"
(http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2010/06/independentappstorestakeongooglesandroidmarket/).Wired
News.RetrievedFebruary20,2012.
"ThegreatArsexperimentfreeandopensourcesoftwareonasmartphone?!"
(http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/07/exploringtheworldoffossandroidcanasmartphonebeopensource/).
26/39
30/08/2015
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
(http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/07/exploringtheworldoffossandroidcanasmartphonebeopensource/).
ArsTechnica.RetrievedOctober6,2014.
"GoogleevictsadblockingsoftwarefromGooglePlaystore"(http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/03/google
evictsadblockingsoftwarefromgoogleplaystore/).ArsTechnica.RetrievedOctober6,2014.
"ThetruthaboutAndroidtaskkillersandwhyyoudon'tneedthem"(http://www.phonedog.com/2011/06/26/the
truthaboutandroidtaskkillersandwhyyoudontneedthem/).PhoneDog.June26,2011.Retrieved
October30,2012.
VictorMatos(September9,2013)."Lesson3:AndroidApplication'sLifeCycle"
(http://web.archive.org/web/20140222153131/http://grail.cba.csuohio.edu/~matos/notes/cis493/lecture
notes/AndroidChapter03LifeCycle.pdf)(PDF).grail.cba.csuohio.edu.ClevelandStateUniversity.Archived
fromtheoriginal(http://grail.cba.csuohio.edu/~matos/notes/cis493/lecturenotes/AndroidChapter03Life
Cycle.pdf)(PDF)onFebruary22,2014.RetrievedApril15,2014.
"AndroidPSA:StopUsingTaskKillerApps"(http://phandroid.com/2011/06/16/androidpsastopusingtask
killerappsnow/).Phandroid.com.June16,2011.RetrievedOctober30,2012.
RetoMeier.ProfessionalAndroid4ApplicationDevelopment(http://books.google.com/books?
id=g3hAdK1IBkYC&pg=PT53&lpg=PT53&dq=android+inactive+applications&source=bl&ots=aqQwNXdCCU
&sig=C0onkRP1Uv9lhj
3VK998aQFfN8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vA74UqCjN8SYtQbIpoDQBg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=android%20inacti
ve%20applications&f=false).Books.google.com.RetrievedFebruary9,2014.
"Updates"(http://lifehacker.com/5862994/realworldtestshowthatandroidtaskkillersarestilluseless).
Lifehacker.com.RetrievedNovember2,2012.
"AndroidLollipop"(http://developer.android.com/about/versions/lollipop.html).developer.android.com.
RetrievedNovember24,2014."It'ssupportedonARM,x86,andMIPSarchitecturesandisfully64bit
compatible."
"AndroidonIntelArchitecture"(https://01.org/androidia/).01.org.July11,2013.RetrievedFebruary9,2014.
Warman,Matt(June7,2012)."OrangeSanDiegoIntelAndroidmobilephonereview"
(http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/mobilephonereviews/9314362/OrangeSanDiegoIntelAndroidmobile
phonereview.html).TheDailyTelegraph.TelegraphMediaGroupLimited.RetrievedJune19,2013.
"AndroidKitKat"(http://developer.android.com/about/versions/kitkat.html).AndroidDevelopersPortal.
android.com.RetrievedNovember16,2013.
"7.6.1".AndroidCompatibilityDefinitionDocument
(http://static.googleusercontent.com/media/source.android.com/en/us/compatibility/androidcdd.pdf)(PDF)(4.4
ed.).Google.November27,2013.p.33.
"AndroidonIntelArchitecture"(https://01.org/androidia/).01.org.July11,2013.RetrievedFebruary9,2014.
"AndroidDevelopers:Graphics"(http://source.android.com/devices/graphics.html).android.com.Retrieved
November15,2013.
"LenovoN308Desktopspecs"(http://www.pcworld.com/product/1427121/n308.html).PCWorld.Retrieved
November1,2014.
MichaelBrown(May8,2014)."ThreeAndroidallinonePCsreviewed"
(http://www.pcworld.com/article/2152540/androidonthebigscreenwechewupandspitoutthreejellybean
allinonepcs.html).PCWorld.RetrievedNovember1,2014.
ShawnKnight."AcerTA272HULAndroidAllinOneReview"(http://www.techspot.com/review/805acer
ta272hulandroidaio/).TechSpot.RetrievedNovember1,2014.
"ReleaseNote4.4r1Androidx86PortingAndroidtox86"(http://www.androidx86.org/releases/releasenote
44r1).RetrievedNovember1,2014.
"4WaystoRunAndroidonYourPCandMakeYourOwn"DualOS"System"
(http://www.howtogeek.com/179691/4waystorunandroidonyourpcandmakeyourowndualossystem/).
Howtogeek.com.January13,2014.RetrievedApril7,2014.
BradChacos(September6,2013)."Hybridhijinks:HowtoinstallAndroidonyourPC"
(http://www.pcworld.com/article/2048220/hybridhijinkshowtoinstallandroidonyourpc.html).PCWorld.
RetrievedApril7,2014.
JosePagliery(August25,2014)."ChinaditchingWindowsandAndroidforitsownoperatingsystem"
(http://money.cnn.com/2014/08/25/technology/security/chinaos/).CNNMoney.RetrievedNovember1,2014.
"BBCNewsChinaplansnewPCoperatingsysteminOctober"(http://www.bbc.com/news/technology
28928369).BBCNews.RetrievedNovember1,2014.
27/39
30/08/2015
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
28928369).BBCNews.RetrievedNovember1,2014.
PaulMozur(March5,2013)."ChinaCriticizesAndroid'sDominance"
(http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887324539404578342132324098420?mg=reno64wsj).WSJ.
RetrievedNovember1,2014.
"ChinatargetsownoperatingsystemtotakeonlikesofMicrosoft,Google"
(http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/08/24/uschinatechnologyidUSKBN0GO08H20140824).Reuters.
Athttp://source.android.com
JohnMcCann(December13,2012)."Android4.1JellyBeansourcecodereleased|News"
(http://www.techradar.com/news/phoneandcommunications/mobilephones/android41jellybeansourcecode
released1088404).TechRadar.RetrievedDecember20,2012.
"Buildingfordevices"(http://source.android.com/source/buildingdevices.html).AndroidOpenSourceProject.
RetrievedDecember20,2012.
Kennedy,Pagan(October11,2013)."WhoMadeThatAndroidLogo?"
(http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/13/magazine/whomadethatandroidlogo.html?ref=design).TheNewYork
Times,October11,2013.
Isacc,Mike(October21,2011)."AdeepdivetourofIceCreamSandwichwithAndroid'schiefengineer"
(http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2011/10/adeepdivetouroficecreamsandwichwithandroidschiefengineer/).
ArsTechnica.RetrievedSeptember15,2012.
Cunningham,Andrew(June27,2012)."WhathappenedtotheAndroidUpdateAlliance?"
(http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/06/whathappenedtotheandroidupdatealliance/).ArsTechnica.Retrieved
September15,2012.
"MakeSureYouKnowWhichVersionOfAndroidIsOnThatPhoneBeforeBuyingItTheConsumerist"
(http://consumerist.com/2010/03/15/makesureyouknowwhichversionofandroidisonthatphonebefore
buyingit/).Consumerist.com.March15,2010.RetrievedNovember24,2012.
Gillmor,Dan(September28,2007)."Android'ssmartphoneOSupgradeissuesneedmorethanaquickfix"
(http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2012/oct/28/androidsmartphoneosupgrade).London:TheGuardian.
"SecuritytakesabackseatonAndroidinupdateshambles"
(http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/11/22/android_patching_mess/).TheRegister.November22,2011.Retrieved
November2,2012.
"AndroidUpdateAllianceexamined,resultssinceGoogleI/Ofoundlacking"(http://www.slashgear.com/android
updateallianceexaminedresultssincegoogleiofoundlacking06177411/).SlashGear.RetrievedSeptember15,
2012.
JRRaphael(February13,2014)."It'stimetorethinktheAndroidupgradestandard"
(http://blogs.computerworld.com/android/23528/androidupgradestandard).ComputerworldInc.Retrieved
March6,2014.
"BalkycarriersandslowOEMsstepaside:GoogleisdefraggingAndroid"
(http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/09/balkycarriersandslowoemsstepasidegoogleisdefraggingandroid/).
ArsTechnica.RetrievedSeptember3,2013.
"Android4.4.2KitKatrunningKernel3.10ontheSamsungGalaxyAceStyle"
(http://cdn.gsmarena.com/vv/newsimg/14/04/galaxyacestyle/gsmarena_003.jpg).gsmarena.com.April3,2013.
"Android4.4.2KitKatrunningKernel3.10ontheExynosvariantoftheSamsungGalaxyS5(SMG900H)"
(http://www.gsmkhmer.com/upload/data/image/n2f8uv1283e1.png).gsmkhmer.com.May5,2014.Retrieved
May5,2014.
RyanWhitwam(November25,2013)."HTCPostsAndroid4.4KernelSourceAndFrameworkFilesForOne
GooglePlayEdition,OTAUpdateCan'tBeFarOff"(http://www.androidpolice.com/2013/11/25/htcposts
android44kernelsourceandframeworkfilesforonegoogleplayeditionotaupdatecantbefaroff/).
androidpolice.com.RetrievedDecember2,2013.
"Android4.4.2onaNexus5(screenshot)"(http://mobilesyrup.com/wp
content/uploads/2013/12/android442nexus5.jpg).mobilesyrup.com.December9,2013.RetrievedJanuary20,
2014.
"Android4.4.2onaGalaxyNote3(screenshot)"(http://www.sammobile.com/wp
content/uploads/2014/01/Screenshot_20140112200313.png).mobilesyrup.com.January12,2014.Retrieved
28/39
30/08/2015
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
content/uploads/2014/01/Screenshot_20140112200313.png).mobilesyrup.com.January12,2014.Retrieved
January20,2014.
AndroidologyPart1of3ArchitectureOverview(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QBGfUs9mQYY)
(Video).YouTube.September6,2008.RetrievedNovember7,2007.
"AndroidAnatomyandPhysiology"(http://androidteam.googlecode.com/files/AnatomyPhysiologyofan
Android.pdf)(PDF).GoogleI/O.May28,2008.RetrievedMay23,2014.
"AndroidKernelFeatures"(http://elinux.org/Android_Kernel_Features).
DavidMeyer(February3,2010)."LinuxdeveloperexplainsAndroidkernelcoderemoval"
(http://www.zdnet.com/news/linuxdeveloperexplainsandroidkernelcoderemoval/389733).ZDNet.Retrieved
February20,2012.
GregKroahHartman(February2,2010)."AndroidandtheLinuxkernelcommunity"
(http://www.kroah.com/log/linux/androidkernelproblems.html).RetrievedFebruary20,2012."Googleshowsno
signofworkingtogettheircodeupstreamanymore.SomecompaniesaretryingtostriptheAndroidspecific
interfacesfromtheircodebaseandpushthatupstream,butthatcausesamuchlargerengineeringeffort,andisa
painthatjustshouldnotbenecessary."
BrianProffitt(August10,2010)."Garrett'sLinuxConTalkEmphasizesLessonsLearnedfromAndroid/Kernel
Saga"(https://www.linux.com/news/embeddedmobile/mobilelinux/344486garrettalinuxcontalkemphasizes
lessonslearnedfromandroidkernelsaga).Linux.com.RetrievedFebruary21,2012.
BrianProffitt(April15,2010)."DiBona:GooglewillhiretwoAndroidcoderstoworkwithkernel.org"
(http://www.zdnet.com/blog/opensource/dibonagooglewillhiretwoandroidcoderstoworkwith
kernelorg/6274).www.zdnet.com.RetrievedFebruary20,2012.
StevenJ.VaughanNichols(September7,2010)."Android/Linuxkernelfightcontinues"
(http://blogs.computerworld.com/16900/android_linux_kernel_fight_continues).Computerworld.Retrieved
February20,2012.
StevenJ.VaughanNichols(August18,2011)."LinusTorvaldsonAndroid,theLinuxfork"
(http://www.zdnet.com/blog/opensource/linustorvaldsonandroidthelinuxfork/9426).zdnet.com.Retrieved
February15,2012.
ChrisvonEitzen(December23,2011)."AndroiddriverstobeincludedinLinux3.3kernel"
(http://web.archive.org/web/20131208130029/http://www.honline.com/open/news/item/Androiddriverstobe
includedinLinux33kernel1400996.html).honline.com.Archivedfromtheoriginal(http://www.h
online.com/open/news/item/AndroiddriverstobeincludedinLinux33kernel1400996.html)onDecember8,
Jonathan,Corbet."Autosleepandwakelocks"(https://lwn.net/Articles/479841/).LWN.
"GoogleWorkingOnAndroidBasedOnLinux3.8"(http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?
page=news_item&px=MTMxMzc).February28,2013.RetrievedFebruary28,2013.
"GoogleworkingonexperimentalLinuxKernel3.10forAndroid"(http://www.pocketdroid.net/googleworking
onexperimentallinuxkernel310forandroid/).Pocketdroid.net.RetrievedSeptember3,2013.
Raja,HaroonQ.(May19,2011)."AndroidPartitionsExplained:boot,system,recovery,data,cache&misc"
(http://www.addictivetips.com/mobile/androidpartitionsexplainedbootsystemrecoverydatacachemisc/).
Addictivetips.com.RetrievedSeptember15,2012.
Seerooting
JoolsWhitehorn."Androidmalwaregivesitselfrootaccess|News"(http://www.techradar.com/news/phoneand
communications/mobilephones/androidmalwaregivesitselfrootaccess1062294).TechRadar.Retrieved
September15,2012.
McPherson,Amanda(December13,2012)."WhataYearforLinux:PleaseJoinusinCelebration"
(http://www.linuxfoundation.org/newsmedia/blogs/browse/2012/12/whatyearlinuxpleasejoinuscelebration).
LinuxFoundation.RetrievedApril16,2014.
Proschofsky,Andreas(July10,2011)."Google:"AndroidistheLinuxdesktopdreamcometrue" "
(http://derstandard.at/1308186313932/InterviewGoogleAndroidistheLinuxdesktopdreamcometrue).
derStandard.at.RetrievedMarch14,2013.
Hildenbrand,Jerry(November8,2012)."AskAC:IsAndroidLinux?"(http://www.androidcentral.com/askac
androidlinux).AndroidCentral.RetrievedMarch14,2013.
Lynch,Jim(August20,2013)."IsAndroidreallyaLinuxdistribution?"(http://www.itworld.com/open
source/369810/androidreallylinuxdistribution).ITworld.RetrievedApril17,2014.
Paul,Ryan(February24,2009)."Dream(sheep++):AdevelopersintroductiontoGoogleAndroid"
29/39
30/08/2015
133. Paul,Ryan(February24,2009)."Dream(sheep++):AdevelopersintroductiontoGoogleAndroid"
(http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2009/02/anintroductiontogoogleandroidfordevelopers/).ArsTechnica.
134. BenChengBillBuzbee(May2010)."AJITCompilerforAndroid'sDalvikVM"(http://www.androidapp
developer.co.uk/androidappdevelopmentdocs/androidjitcompilerandroidsdalvikvm.pdf)(PDF).androidapp
developer.co.uk.Google.pp.514.RetrievedMarch18,2015.
135. PhilNickinson(May26,2010)."GoogleAndroiddeveloperexplainsmoreaboutDalvikandtheJITinFroyo"
(http://www.androidcentral.com/googleandroiddeveloperexplainsmoreaboutdalvikandjitfroyo).
androidcentral.com.RetrievedJuly8,2014.
136. Burnette,Ed(June4,2008)."PatrickBradydissectsAndroid"(http://www.zdnet.com/blog/burnette/patrick
bradydissectsandroid/584).ZDNet.RetrievedApril27,2014.
137. Toombs,Cody(November6,2013)."MeetART,Part1:TheNewSuperFastAndroidRuntimeGoogleHas
BeenWorkingOnInSecretForOver2YearsDebutsInKitKat"
(http://www.androidpolice.com/2013/11/06/meetartpart1thenewsuperfastandroidruntimegooglehasbeen
workingoninsecretforover2yearsdebutsinkitkat/).AndroidPolice.RetrievedApril27,2014.
138. "ReturningBlueZtoAndroid"(https://lwn.net/Articles/597293/).LWN.net.May6,2014.
139. Pruett,Chris(January11,2011)."GingerbreadNDKAwesomeness"(http://android
developers.blogspot.com/2011/01/gingerbreadndkawesomeness.html).AndroidDevelopersBlog.Google,Inc.
140. "SimpleDirectMediaLayerforAndroid"
(http://wayback.archive.org/web/20120604080429/http://www.libsdl.org/tmp/SDL/README.android).SDL.
August12,2012.Archivedfromtheoriginal(http://www.libsdl.org/tmp/SDL/README.android)onJune4,
2012.
141. McFerran,Damien(April17,2012)."BestcustomROMsfortheSamsungGalaxyS2|Reviews|CNETUK"
(http://reviews.cnet.co.uk/mobileapps/bestcustomromsforthesamsunggalaxys250007658/).
Reviews.cnet.co.uk.RetrievedSeptember15,2012.
142. Isaac,Mike(April11,2011)."AndroidOSHackGivesVirtualEarlyUpgrade|GadgetLab"
(http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2011/04/cyanogenmodandroid/).Wired.com.RetrievedSeptember15,2012.
143. "CyanogenModHasNowBeenInstalledOnOver2MillionDevices,DoublesInstallNumbersSinceJanuary"
(http://www.androidpolice.com/2012/05/28/cyanogenmodhasbeeninstalledover2milliontimesdoubles
installnumberssincejanuary/).Androidpolice.com.May28,2012.RetrievedSeptember15,2012.
144. "MainPage"(http://idroidproject.org/).idroidproject.org.RetrievedAugust1,2015.
145. "UnlockBootloader"(http://htcdev.com/bootloader/).RetrievedOctober30,2011.
146. Sadun,Erica(July26,2010)."LoCrulesinfavorofjailbreaking"(http://www.tuaw.com/2010/07/26/libraryof
congressrulesinfavorofjailbreaking/).Tuaw.com.RetrievedSeptember15,2012.
147. Crook,Jordan(October24,2011)."MotorolaOffersUnlockedBootloaderTool"
(http://techcrunch.com/2011/10/24/motorolaoffersunlockedbootloadertoolfordroidrazrverizonremovesit/).
Techcrunch.com.RetrievedSeptember15,2012.
148. "CyanogenMod7forSamsungGalaxyS2(II):DevelopmentAlreadyStarted!"
(http://www.inspiredgeek.com/2011/06/08/cyanogenmod7forsamsunggalaxys2iidevelopmentalready
started/).InspiredGeek.June8,2011.
149. "CyanogenModcomingtotheGalaxyS2,thankstoSamsung"(http://www.androidcentral.com/cyanogenmod
cominggalaxysiithankssamsung).AndroidCentral.June6,2011.
150. Forian,Daniel."SonyEricssonsupportsindependentdevelopersDeveloperWorld"
(http://developer.sonyericsson.com/wp/2011/09/28/sonyericssonsupportsindependentdevelopers/).
Developer.sonyericsson.com.RetrievedSeptember15,2012.
151. Kopstein,Joshua(November20,2012)."AccessDenied:whyAndroid'sbrokenpromiseofunlockedbootloaders
needstobefixed"(http://www.theverge.com/2012/11/20/3666668/accessdeniedandroidunlockedbootloaders).
TheVerge.RetrievedNovember24,2012.
152. "AndroidSecurityOverview"(http://source.android.com/tech/security/index.html).AndroidOpenSourceProject.
153. Felt,AdriennePorteChin,ErikaHanna,SteveSong,DawnWagner,David."AndroidPermissions
Demystified"(http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~afelt/android_permissions.pdf)(PDF).RetrievedFebruary20,2012.
154. OjasKulkarni(April10,2014)."GooglegoeshardonMalwareforAndroidplatform"
(http://www.gadgetcluster.com/2014/04/googlegoeshardonmalwareforandroidplatform/).Gadgetcluster.com.
30/39
30/08/2015
155.
156.
157.
158.
159.
160.
161.
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.
171.
172.
173.
174.
175.
(http://www.gadgetcluster.com/2014/04/googlegoeshardonmalwareforandroidplatform/).Gadgetcluster.com.
FranceschiBicchierai,Lorenzo."Goodbye,Android"(http://motherboard.vice.com/read/goodbyeandroid).
Motherboard.Vice.Retrieved2August2015.
KingsleyHughes,Adrian."Thetoxichellstewsurvivalguide"(http://www.zdnet.com/article/theandroidtoxic
hellstewsurvivalguide/).ZDnet.Retrieved2August2015.
Tung,Liam(December16,2013)."Googleremoves'awesome'butunintendedprivacycontrolsinAndroid4.4.2"
(http://www.zdnet.com/googleremovesawesomebutunintendedprivacycontrolsinandroid442
7000024329/).ZDNet.RetrievedFebruary19,2014.
Arthur,Charles(December20,2013)."Android'spermissionsgap:whyhasitfallensofarbehindApple'siOS?"
(http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/dec/20/androidappspermissionappops).TheGuardian.
"DannyHolyoakeGoogle+Well,darn.It'sconfirmedAndroid4.4KitKatismissing"
(https://plus.google.com/+DannyHolyoake/posts/FkfBxA5i3iG).Plus.google.com.November11,2013.Retrieved
February19,2014.
Rosenblatt,Seth(December19,2013)."WhyAndroidwon'tbegettingAppOpsanytimesoon|MobileCNET
News"(http://news.cnet.com/83011035_35761607694/whyandroidwontbegettingappopsanytimesoon/).
News.cnet.com.RetrievedFebruary19,2014.
JohnFreml."Tip:GetAppOpsbackonAndroid4.4KitKat"(http://www.pocketables.com/2013/11/tipgetapp
opsbackandroid44kitkat.html).Pocketables.RetrievedFebruary19,2014.
"[NewApp]XPrivacyGivesYouMassiveControlOverWhatYourInstalledAppsAreAllowedToDo"
(http://www.androidpolice.com/2013/06/23/xprivacygivesyoumassivecontroloverwhatyourinstalledapps
areallowedtodo/).Androidpolice.com.June23,2013.RetrievedFebruary19,2014.
Protalinski,Emil(July17,2012)."Androidmalwarenumbersexplodeto25,000inJune2012"
(http://www.zdnet.com/androidmalwarenumbersexplodeto25000injune20127000001046/).ZDNet.
"Mobilemalwareexaggeratedby"charlatan"vendors,saysGoogleengineer"
(http://www.pcadvisor.co.uk/news/networkwifi/3320818/mobilemalwareexaggeratedbycharlatanvendors
saysgoogleengineer/).PCAdvisor.November24,2011.RetrievedNovember9,2012.
"Android4.2bringsnewsecurityfeaturestoscansideloadedapps"(http://www.androidcentral.com/android42
bringsnewsecurityfeaturesscansideloadedapps).AndroidCentral.RetrievedNovember9,2012.
"Androidmalwareperspective:only0.5%comesfromthePlayStore"
(http://www.phonearena.com/news/Androidmalwareperspectiveonly0.5comesfromthePlayStore_id36696).
Phonearena.com.RetrievedMarch14,2013.
Chirgwin,Richard."GoogleBouncerflaw"(http://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/06/04/breaking_google_bouncer/).
Technewssiteandblog.TheRegister.RetrievedNovember20,2012.
Whittaker,Zack(October15,2012)."GooglebuildingmalwarescannerforGooglePlay:report"
(http://www.zdnet.com/googlebuildingmalwarescannerforgoogleplayreport7000005780/).ZDNet.Retrieved
November9,2012.
"Exclusive:InsideAndroid4.2'spowerfulnewsecuritysystem|ComputerworldBlogs"
(http://blogs.computerworld.com/android/21259/android42security).Blogs.computerworld.com.November1,
2012.RetrievedNovember9,2012.
"LookoutMobileSecurity"(http://www.mylookout.com).Lookout.RetrievedJuly5,2012.
"AntivirusforAndroidSmartphones"(http://www.avg.com/usen/antivirusforandroid).AVG.Retrieved
February16,2012.
"McAfeeMobileSecurityforAndroid"(https://www.mcafeemobilesecurity.com/products/android.aspx).
Mcafeemobilesecurity.com.RetrievedFebruary16,2012.
"Androidantivirusappsareuseless,here'swhattodoinstead"(http://www.extremetech.com/computing/104827
androidantivirusappsareuselesshereswhattodoinstead/2).RetrievedApril10,2012.
JasonNova(September14,2014)."TheStateofAntivirusforAndroid"(http://www.androidauthority.com/state
antivirusandroid523684/).androidauthority.com.RetrievedNovember18,2014.
SteveLohr(May8,2011)."SuitOpensaWindowIntoGoogle"
(http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/09/technology/09google.html?
scp=1&sq=Skyhook%20Wireless%20v.%20Google%20Case%20Yields%20EMail%20Insight&st=cse).The
NewYorkTimes.ISSN03624331(https://www.worldcat.org/issn/03624331).RetrievedFebruary16,2012.
31/39
30/08/2015
176.
177.
178.
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
184.
185.
186.
187.
188.
189.
190.
191.
192.
193.
194.
195.
NewYorkTimes.ISSN03624331(https://www.worldcat.org/issn/03624331).RetrievedFebruary16,2012.
"AppAnalysis.org:RealTimePrivacyMonitoringonSmartphones"(http://appanalysis.org/faq.html).Retrieved
February21,2012.
Ganapati,Priya(September30,2010)."StudyShowsSomeAndroidAppsLeakUserDataWithoutClear
Notifications|GadgetLab"(http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2010/09/datacollectionandroid/).Wired.com.
RetrievedJanuary30,2012.
"GoogleannouncestooltotracklostAndroidphones"(http://www.theverge.com/2013/8/2/4582892/androidlost
devicerecoverytoolsdevicemanager).TheVerge.RetrievedSeptember3,2013.
"AndroidDeviceManagerNowAvailableinPlayStore"(http://www.andromint.com/downloadapkandroid
devicemanageravailableplaystore/).andromint.com.December12,2013.RetrievedDecember16,2013.
"AndroidDeviceManagernowavailablefordownloadingonGooglePlay"
(http://www.engadget.com/2013/12/11/androiddevicemanager/).engadget.com.December11,2013.Retrieved
December16,2013.
"AirtogroundrocketmenflogtopsecretmobecryptotoBradinaccounts"
(http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/02/28/general_dynamics/).TheRegister.February28,2013.Retrieved
August8,2013.
"SamsungArmorsAndroidtoTakeOnBlackBerry."(http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/28/technology/samsung
armorsandroidtotakeonblackberry.html)
Staff(September7,2013)."PrivacyScandal:NSACanSpyonSmartPhoneData"
(http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/a920971.html).RetrievedSeptember7,2013.
JamesBall."AngryBirdsand'leaky'phoneappstargetedbyNSAandGCHQforuserdata|Worldnews"
(http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/27/nsagchqsmartphoneappangrybirdspersonaldata).
theguardian.com.RetrievedFebruary2,2014.
JamesBall(January28,2014)."AngryBirdsfirmcallsforindustrytorespondtoNSAspyingrevelations|
Worldnews"(http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/28/angrybirdsroviorespondnsaspyingrevelations).
theguardian.com.RetrievedFebruary2,2014.
Boulton,Clint(October21,2008)."GoogleOpenSourcesAndroidonEveofG1Launch"
(http://www.eweek.com/c/a/MobileandWireless/GoogleOpenSourcesAndroidonEveofG1Launch/).eWeek.
RyanPaul(November6,2007)."WhyGooglechosetheApacheSoftwareLicenseoverGPLv2forAndroid"
(http://arstechnica.com/old/content/2007/11/whygooglechosetheapachesoftwarelicenseovergplv2.ars).Ars
Technica.RetrievedFebruary16,2012.
"FrequentlyAskedQuestions:WhatisinvolvedinreleasingthesourcecodeforanewAndroidversion?"
(http://source.android.com/faqs.html#whatisinvolvedinreleasingthesourcecodeforanewandroidversion).
AndroidOpenSourceProject.RetrievedFebruary16,2012.
Bray,Tim(April6,2011)."AndroidDevelopersBlog:IthinkI'mhavingaGeneAmdahlmoment"
(http://androiddevelopers.blogspot.com/2011/04/ithinkimhavinggeneamdahlmoment.html).Android
developers.blogspot.com.RetrievedFebruary16,2012.
JerryHildenbrand(March24,2011)."Honeycombwon'tbeopensourced?Sayitain'tso!"
(http://www.androidcentral.com/googlenotopensourcinghoneycombsaysbloomberg).Androidcentral.com.
Amadeo,Ron(February26,2014)." "GoogleNowLauncher"hitsPlayStore,bringsGooglehomescreentoGPE
&Nexusdevices"(http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/02/googlenowlauncherhitsplaystorebringsgoogle
homescreentogpenexusdevices/).ArsTechnica.RetrievedFebruary27,2014.
BrianKlug(November14,2013)."Android4.4FactoryImagesNowAvailableforNexus4,7(2012and2013),
and10"(http://www.anandtech.com/show/7516/android44factoryimagesnowavailablefornexus472012
and2013and10).AnandTech.RetrievedNovember19,2013.
"TheNexus5s"exclusive"launchersuspiciouslyreceivessupportforotherdevices"
(http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/11/thenexus5sexclusivelaunchersuspiciouslyreceivessupportforother
devices/).ArsTechnica.RetrievedNovember19,2013.
Stallman,Richard(September19,2011)."IsAndroidreallyfreesoftware?"
(http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/sep/19/androidfreesoftwarestallman).London:TheGuardian.
RetrievedSeptember9,2012.
Stallman,Richard(August5,2012)."AndroidandUsers'FreedomSupporttheFreeYourAndroidcampaign"
(https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/androidandusersfreedom.html).GNU.org.FreeSoftwareFoundation.
32/39
30/08/2015
196.
197.
198.
199.
200.
201.
202.
203.
204.
205.
206.
207.
208.
209.
210.
211.
212.
213.
214.
215.
216.
(https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/androidandusersfreedom.html).GNU.org.FreeSoftwareFoundation.
AndroidCompatibilityDefinitionDocument
(http://static.googleusercontent.com/media/source.android.com/en/us/compatibility/androidcdd.pdf)(PDF)(5.0
ed.).Google.January11,2015.Retrieved20150303.
"ThisisNokiaX:AndroidandWindowsPhonecollide"(http://www.theverge.com/2014/2/24/5440498/nokiax
androidphonehandson).TheVerge.RetrievedMarch28,2014.
YunQing,Liau."PhonemakersmakeAndroidChinafriendly."(http://www.zdnet.com/cn/phonemakersmake
androidchinafriendly7000005679/)ZDNet,October15,2012.
"AndroidOpenSourceProjectFrequentlyAskedQuestions:Compatibility"
(http://source.android.com/faqs.html#compatibility).source.android.com.RetrievedMarch13,2011.
"Alibaba:GooglejustplanwrongaboutourOS"(http://www.cnet.com/news/alibabagooglejustplainwrong
aboutouros/).CNET.RetrievedMarch28,2014.
Brodkin,Jon."GoogleblockedAcersrivalphonetopreventAndroid"fragmentation" "
(http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/09/googleblockedacersrivalphonetopreventandroidfragmentation/).
ArsTechnica.RetrievedMarch28,2014.
JonBrodkin(September17,2012)."PiratedAndroidappsfeaturedprominentlyonAliyunappstore"
(http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/09/piratedandroidappsfeaturedprominentlyonaliyunappstore/).Ars
Technica.RetrievedMarch28,2014.
"Technology|Q&A:Google'sAndroid"(http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7080758.stm).BBCNews.November6,
2007.RetrievedNovember9,2012.
Reardon,Marguerite(February11,2008)."GoogleAndroidprototypesdebutatMWC|CraveCNET"
(http://news.cnet.com/830117938_10598691231.html).News.cnet.com.RetrievedNovember9,2012.
"Android'soutingatBarcelonaBizTechTechnology"(http://www.smh.com.au/news/biztech/androidsouting
atbarcelona/2008/02/12/1202760277773.html?page=2).SydneyMorningHerald.February12,2008.Retrieved
November9,2012.
"Symbian,Nokia,MicrosoftandAppledownplayAndroidrelevance"
(http://www.engadget.com/2007/11/05/symbiannokiamicrosoftandappledownplayandroidrelevance/).
Engadget.RetrievedNovember9,2012.
Reisinger,Don(January16,2015)."DriverlessCarsandGreenTech:WhatGoogleIsDoingOutsideofSearch"
(http://www.eweek.com/mobile/slideshows/driverlesscarsandgreentechwhatgoogleisdoingoutsideof
search.html).eWeek.slide2.
"Onitsfifthbirthday,Androidis"closertoouractualvision"formobilesupremacy"
(http://mobilesyrup.com/2012/11/05/onitsfifthbirthdayandroidisclosertoouractualvisionformobile
supremacy/).MobileSyrup.com.RetrievedNovember9,2012.
"MicrosoftSellingNokiaXAndroidPhones"(http://www.businessinsider.com/microsoftsellingnokiax
androidphones20144).BusinessInsider.April28,2014.RetrievedMay26,2014.
"BestAndroidappsforpersonalizingandcustomizingyourphone"(http://www.androidauthority.com/bestapps
customizingpersonalizingandroidphones100685/).Androidauthority.com.July13,2012.Retrieved
November9,2012.
AdrianneJeffries(March19,2013)."Disconnect:whyAndyRubinandAndroidcalleditquits"
(http://www.theverge.com/2013/3/19/4120208/whyandyrubinandroidcalleditquits).TheVerge.Retrieved
April3,2013.
SteveKovach(July30,2013)."AndroidFragmentationReport"(http://www.businessinsider.com/android
fragmentationreport20137).BusinessInsider.RetrievedOctober19,2013.
Arthur,Charles(July30,2013)."Androidfragmentation'worsethanever'butOpenSignalsaysthat'sgood"
(http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/jul/30/androidfragmentationvisualisedopensignal).The
Guardian.RetrievedAugust1,2013.
Eran,Daniel."StrongdemandofApple'siPhone5seriesdrivingan"antifragmentation"ofiOS"
(http://appleinsider.com/articles/13/10/16/strongdemandofapplesiphone5seriesdrivingananti
fragmentationofios).Appleinsider.com.RetrievedOctober19,2013.
McLean,Prince(August21,2009)."Canalys:iPhoneoutsoldallWindowsMobilephonesinQ22009"
(http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/09/08/21/canalys_iphone_outsold_all_windows_mobile_phones_in_q2_200
9.html).AppleInsider.RetrievedFebruary16,2012.
"Google'sAndroidbecomestheworld'sleadingsmartphoneplatform"
33/39
30/08/2015
216. "Google'sAndroidbecomestheworld'sleadingsmartphoneplatform"
(http://www.canalys.com/newsroom/google%E2%80%99sandroidbecomesworld%E2%80%99sleadingsmart
phoneplatform).Canalys.January31,2011.RetrievedFebruary15,2012.
217. "AndroidstealsSymbian'stopsmartphoneOScrown"(http://www.phonearena.com/news/Androidsteals
SymbiansTopSmartphoneOScrown_id16332).Phonearena.RetrievedMay14,2013.
218. "GartnerSaysSalesofMobileDevicesGrew5.6PercentinThirdQuarterof2011SmartphoneSalesIncreased
42Percent"(http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1848514).November15,2011.RetrievedFebruary16,2012.
219. "AndroidMarksFourthAnniversarySinceLaunchwith75.0%MarketShareinThirdQuarter,AccordingtoIDC
prUS23771812"(http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS23771812).Idc.com.RetrievedNovember3,
2012.
220. Kumparak,Greg(July14,2011)."AndroidNowSeeing550,000ActivationsPerDay"
(http://techcrunch.com/2011/07/14/androidnowseeing550000activationsperday/).Techcrunch.Retrieved
February16,2012.
221. VanCamp,Jeffrey(June28,2011)."Googleactivates500,000Androiddevicesaday,mayreach1millionin
October"(http://news.yahoo.com/googleactivates500000androiddevicesdaymay145858294.html).Yahoo
News.RetrievedFebruary16,2012.
222. Barra,Hugo(May10,2011)."Android:momentum,mobileandmoreatGoogleI/O"
(http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/05/androidmomentummobileandmoreat.html).TheOfficialGoogle
Blog.RetrievedFebruary16,2012.
223. "500milliondevicesactivatedglobally,andover1.3millionaddedeverysingleday"
(https://plus.google.com/u/0/110023707389740934545/posts/R5YdRRyeTHM).officialAndroidEngineering
teams.September12,2012.
224. "Googlenowat1.5millionAndroidactivationsperday"(http://www.engadget.com/2013/04/16/ericschmidt
googlenowat15millionandroidactivationsper/).Engadget.April16,2013.
225. "Google:900millionAndroidactivationstodate,48billionappinstalls"
(http://www.theverge.com/2013/5/15/4333584/totalandroidactivations900million).TheVerge.May15,2013.
226. Fingas,Jon(September4,2012)."ComScore:Androidtops52percentofUSsmartphoneshare,iPhonecracks
the33percentmark"(http://www.engadget.com/2012/09/04/comscoreandroidtops52percentofussmartphone
share/).Engadget.com.RetrievedNovember24,2012.
227. "Report:AndroidRisesto90%ofSmartphoneMarketinChina"(http://www.techinasia.com/androidmarket
sharechina2012/).Techinasia.com.RetrievedNovember24,2012.
228. "VicGundotraGoogle+JustbackfromawhirlwindtriptoAsiavisitingour"
(http://plus.google.com/+VicGundotra/posts/8CVJ79nPQwN).Plus.google.com.RetrievedSeptember3,2013.
229. Whitney,Lance(January6,2014)."iPhonemarketshareshrinksasAndroid,WindowsPhonegrow"
(http://news.cnet.com/830113579_35761667937/iphonemarketshareshrinksasandroidwindowsphone
grow/).RetrievedJanuary27,2014.
230. "Smartphonessalesbyoperatingsystemworldwide20092013Statistic"
(http://www.statista.com/statistics/266219/globalsmartphonesalessince1stquarter2009byoperatingsystem/).
Statista.
231. "GartnerSaysAnnualSmartphoneSalesSurpassedSalesofFeaturePhonesfortheFirstTimein2013"
(http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2665715).
232. "GartnerSaysWorldwideTraditionalPC,Tablet,UltramobileandMobilePhoneShipmentsOnPacetoGrow7.6
Percentin2014"(http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2645115).
233. "GartnerSaysSalesofTabletsWillRepresentLessThan10PercentofAllDevicesin2014:Smartphonesto
Represent71PercentoftheGlobalMobilePhoneMarketin2014:AndroidDeviceShipmentstoReachOne
BillioninEmergingMarketsin2015"(http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2875017)(Pressrelease).Gartner.
October15,2014.RetrievedOctober19,2014.
234. "TabletSalesGrowthPlummetsIn2014AsAndroidSmartphonesContinueToSoar:Gartner"
(http://techcrunch.com/2014/10/15/tabletsalesgrowthplummetsin2014asandroidsmartphonescontinueto
soargartner).TechCrunch.October15,2014.
235. "GlobalPCShipmentsExceedForecastwithMildImprovementinConsumerDemand,WhileAppleMovesto
#5Spot,AccordingtoIDC"(http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS25187214).www.idc.com.
236. "Mobile/TabletOperatingSystemMarketShare"(http://marketshare.hitslink.com/operatingsystemmarket
share.aspx?qprid=8&qpcustomd=1&qpsp=186&qpnp=7&qptimeframe=M).Hitslink.RetrievedJanuary22,
2015.
34/39
30/08/2015
2015.
237. "Mobileinternetusagesoarsby67%"(http://gs.statcounter.com/press/mobileinternetusagesoarsby67perc).
RetrievedOctober21,2014.
238. "GlobalStatsBrowser,OS,SearchEngineincludingMobileUsageShare"(http://gs.statcounter.com/#all
comparisonKEmonthly201408201410).StatCounter.
239. Grush,Andrew(October21,2014)."GooglehopingtoluresmallermanufacturerstoGooglesAndroid,over
AOSP"(http://www.androidauthority.com/googlecertificationoveraosp541700).AndroidAuthority.Retrieved
October22,2014./
240. "TabletSalesContinuetoBeSlowin2015:TabletSalestoReach8PercentGrowthin2015WhilePCMarketto
Grow1Percent"(http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2954317).Gartner.January5,2015.Retrieved
January23,2015.
241. "SmartphoneOSworldwidebyinstalledbasein2014(inmillions)"
(http://www.statista.com/statistics/385001/smartphoneworldwideinstalledbaseoperatingsystems/).Statistica.
242. "MarketshareofsmartphoneOSoftotalsmartphoneinstalledbasein2013and2014"
(http://www.statista.com/statistics/385022/smartphoneworldwideinstalledbaseoperatingsystemsshare/).
Statistica.RetrievedFebruary18,2015.
243. "ReplacementDemandtoBoostPCSalesin2015,saysStrategyAnalytics:Morethan70percentofDeveloped
MarketHouseholdsWillContinuetoOwnPCsthrough2018"(https://www.strategyanalytics.com/default.aspx?
mod=pressreleaseviewer&a0=5608).StrategyAnalytics.RetrievedFebruary18,2015.
244. Mahapatra,Lisa(November11,2013)."AndroidVs.iOS:WhatsTheMostPopularMobileOperatingSystem
InYourCountry?"(http://www.ibtimes.com/androidvsioswhatsmostpopularmobileoperatingsystemyour
country1464892).RetrievedJanuary30,2014.
245. ElmerDeWitt,Philip(January10,2014)."Don'tmistakeApple'smarketshareforitsinstalledbase"
(http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2014/01/10/appleandroidkantarcomscore/).CNN.RetrievedJanuary30,2014.
246. Yarow,Jay(March28,2014)."ThisChartShowsGoogle'sIncredibleDominationOfTheWorld'sComputing
Platforms"(http://www.businessinsider.com/androidsshareofthecomputingmarket20143).Retrieved
April23,2014.
247. "SamsungsellsmoresmartphonesthanallmajormanufacturerscombinedinQ1"
(http://www.sammobile.com/2014/05/01/samsungsellsmoresmartphonesthanallmajormanufacturers
combinedinq1/).RetrievedMay12,2014.
248. "Globalmobilestatistics2014PartA:Mobilesubscribershandsetmarketsharemobileoperators"
(http://mobithinking.com/mobilemarketingtools/latestmobilestats/a).mobiThinking.May2014.Retrieved
September9,2014.
249. Rowinski,Dan(December10,2013)."ThePostPCEraBeginsInEarnestNextYear:In2014,smartphoneswill
mostlikelyeclipsePCsintermsofthenumberofdevicesinusearoundtheworld"
(http://readwrite.com/2013/12/10/smartphonepcsinstallbase2014).readwrite.RetrievedSeptember9,2014.
250. "Androidtops81percentofsmartphonemarketshareinQ3"(http://www.engadget.com/2013/10/31/strategy
analyticsq32013phoneshare/).RetrievedNovember4,2013.
251. "AndroidTops80%GlobalSmartphoneMarketShareWindowsPhoneup156%YearonYear"
(http://www.highlightpress.com/androidtops80globalsmartphonemarketsharewindowsphoneup156year
onyear/6708/tharper).
252. Lunden,Ingrid(July1,2013)."Android,LedBySamsung,ContinuesToStormTheSmartphoneMarket,
PushingAGlobal70%MarketShare"(http://techcrunch.com/2013/07/01/androidledbysamsungcontinuesto
stormthesmartphonemarketpushingaglobal70marketshare/?ncid=tcdaily).TechCrunch.AOLInc.
RetrievedJuly2,2013.
253. WilsonRothman(October24,2012)."WhyiPadisstompingAndroidtabs24to1Technologyon"
(http://www.nbcnews.com/technology/technolog/whyipadstompingandroidtabs241121875).Nbcnews.com.
254. KevinC.Tofel(March19,2012)."WhatdevssayaboutiPad(butnotAndroidtablets)"
(http://gigaom.com/mobile/whatdevssayaboutipadbutnotandroidtablets/).Gigaom.com.Retrieved
November9,2012.
255. "Whytherearen'tmoreAndroidtabletapps,bythenumbers"(http://www.zdnet.com/blog/mobilenews/why
therearentmoreandroidtabletappsbythenumbers/7218).ZDNet.March21,2012.RetrievedNovember9,
2012.
35/39
30/08/2015
2012.
256. Poeter,Damon(December7,2012)."GoldmanHighlightsMicrosoft'sShrinkingMarketShare"
(http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2412997,00.asp).PCMagazine.RetrievedDecember10,2012.
DamonPoeter(December27,2012)"NonAppleTabletsMakingSmallGainsoniPad"PCMagazine
(http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2413605,00.asp)
MattHartley(December242011)"MassacreoftheTablets"FinancialPost
(http://business.financialpost.com/2011/12/24/massacreofthetablets/)
257. Gruman,Galen(April5,2011)."WhyGoogle'stightercontroloverAndroidisagoodthing|Mobile
Technology"(http://www.infoworld.com/d/mobiletechnology/googlestightercontroloverandroidgoodthing
845).InfoWorld.RetrievedMarch14,2013.
258. Gruman,Galen."Anatomyoffailure:MobileflopsfromRIM,Microsoft,andNokia"
(http://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html).Macworld.
RetrievedMay14,2013.
259. Hiner,Jason(January5,2012)."WhyAndroidtabletsfailed:Apostmortem"
(http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/hiner/whyandroidtabletsfailedapostmortem/10011).TechRepublic.
260. Cunningham,Andrew(October8,2012)."GoogletoAndroiddevs:makenicertabletapps,prettyplease?"
(http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/10/googletoandroiddevsmakenicertabletappsprettyplease/).Ars
Technica.RetrievedNovember9,2012.
261. Kovach,Steve."AndroidNowAheadOfApple'siOSInTabletMarketShare"
(http://www.businessinsider.com/androidaheadofiostabletmarketshare20135).BusinessInsider.
262. "GartnerSaysWorldwideTabletSalesGrew68Percentin2013,WithAndroidCapturing62Percentofthe
Market"(http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2674215).
263. "GartnerSaysWorldwideMediaTabletsSalestoReach119MillionUnitsin2012"
(http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/1980115).
264. "AndroidEcosystemTakestheBatonfromAppleiPadintheTabletRace"
(https://www.abiresearch.com/press/androidecosystemtakesthebatonfromappleipad).ABIresearch.
September27,2013.RetrievedSeptember10,2014.
265. "StatCounterGlobalStatsBrowser,OS,SearchEngineincludingMobileUsageShare"
(http://gs.statcounter.com/#tabletossamonthly201504201507).statcounter.com.RetrievedAugust1,2015.
266. "Top7TabletOSsinAfricafromMar2014toJun2015"(http://gs.statcounter.com/#tabletosafmonthly
201403201506).RetrievedMarch19,2015.
(http://gs.statcounter.com/#tabletosnamonthly201506201506map).statcounter.com.RetrievedAugust1,
2015.
(http://gs.statcounter.com/#tabletosasmonthly201407201507).statcounter.com.RetrievedAugust1,2015.
269. "Top7TabletOSsinIndiafromMar2014toJun2015"(http://gs.statcounter.com/#tabletosINmonthly
201403201506).statcounter.com.
270. "Top7TabletOSsinIndonesiafromMar2014toJun2015"(http://gs.statcounter.com/#tabletosIDmonthly
201403201506).statcounter.com.
(http://gs.statcounter.com/#tabletosasmonthly201506201506map).statcounter.com.RetrievedAugust1,
2015.
(http://gs.statcounter.com/#tabletoseumonthly201506201506map).statcounter.com.RetrievedAugust1,
2015.
273. "AndroidDevelopers:Dashboards"(http://developer.android.com/about/dashboards/index.html).android.com.
August3,2015.RetrievedAugust4,2015.
274. WiredUK(May3,2012)."OpEd:AndroidPiracyIsHugeProblemforGameDevs|Game|Life"
(http://www.wired.com/gamelife/2012/05/wiredukandroidgamepiracy/).Wired.com.RetrievedSeptember15,
2012.
275. Yin,Wesley(April24,2012)."FootballManagerdevhopestostickwithAndroiddespite9:1piracyrate"
(http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/20120424footballmanagerdevhopestostickwithandroiddespite91
piracyrate).Eurogamer.net.RetrievedSeptember15,2012.
36/39
30/08/2015
piracyrate).Eurogamer.net.RetrievedSeptember15,2012.
276. Armasu,Lucian(July30,2012)."WindupKinghtdeveloper:PiracyratesoniOSandAndroidarecomparable,
Chinaisthemainsource"(http://www.androidauthority.com/piracyratesarehigheriosandroidwindupknight
developer104305/).Androidauthority.com.RetrievedOctober6,2012.
277. Paul,Ryan(August25,2010)."Androidantipiracycracked,Googlesaysdevsuseditwrong"
(http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2010/08/googlecrackedandroidantipiracysystemusedwrongbydevs/).Ars
Technica.RetrievedSeptember15,2012.
278. McAllister,Neil(August8,2012)."AndroidappDRMquietlydisabledduetobug"
(http://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/08/08/android_drm_disabled/).TheRegister.RetrievedJune10,2012.
279. Niccolai,James(August12,2010)."Update:OraclesuesGoogleoverJavauseinAndroid"
(http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9180678/Update_Oracle_sues_Google_over_Java_use_in_Android).
Computerworld.InternationalDataGroupInc.RetrievedFebruary16,2012.
280. "Oracleseeksupto$6.1billioninGooglelawsuit"(http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/06/18/usoraclegoogle
lawsuitidUSTRE75H0FP20110618).Reuters.June18,2011.RetrievedSeptember7,2011.
281. "JudgetossesOracle's$6.1billiondamageestimateinclaimagainstGoogle"
(http://www.mercurynews.com/news/ci_18532705).MercuryNews.com.July22,2011.RetrievedSeptember7,
2011.
282. Singel,Ryan(October5,2010)."CallingOracleHypocritical,GoogleDeniesPatentInfringement"
(http://www.wired.com/epicenter/2010/10/googleoracleandroid/).Wired.RetrievedFebruary16,2012.
283. JoshLowensohn(May23,2012)."JuryclearsGoogleofinfringingonOracle'spatents"
(http://www.zdnet.com/blog/btl/juryclearsgoogleofinfringingonoraclepatents/77897).ZDNet.Retrieved
May25,2012.
284. JoeMullin(May31,2012)."GooglewinscrucialAPIruling,Oracle'scasedecimated"
(http://arstechnica.com/techpolicy/2012/05/googlewinscrucialapirulingoraclescasedecimated/).Ars
Technica.RetrievedJune1,2012.
285. Niccolai,James(June20,2012)."Oracleagreesto'zero'damagesinGooglelawsuit,eyesappeal"
(http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9228298/Oracle_agrees_to_zero_damages_in_Google_lawsuit_eyes_app
eal).RetrievedJune23,2012.
286. Rosenblatt,Seth(May9,2014)."CourtsideswithOracleoverAndroidinJavapatentappeal"
(http://www.cnet.com/news/courtsideswithoracleoverandroidinjavapatentappeal/).CNET.Retrieved
May10,2014.
287. "ORACLEAMERICA,INC.,PlaintiffAppellant,v.GOOGLEINC.,DefendantCrossAppellant."
(http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/images/stories/opinionsorders/131021.Opinion.572014.1.PDF)(PDF).Courtof
AppealsfortheFederalCircuit.May9,2014.RetrievedMay10,2014.
288. Newman,Jared(September28,2011)."MicrosoftSamsungPatentDeal:GreatNewsforWindowsPhones"
(http://www.pcworld.com/article/240783/microsoftsamsung_patent_deal_great_news_for_windows_phones.html).
PCWorld.RetrievedSeptember15,2012.
289. "Microsoftcollectslicensefeeson50%ofAndroiddevices,tellsGoogleto"wakeup" "
(http://arstechnica.com/microsoft/news/2011/10/microsoftcollectslicensefeeson50ofandroiddevicestells
googletowakeup.ars).ArsTechnica.RetrievedFebruary16,2012.
290. MikaelRickns(September28,2011)."MicrosoftsignsAndroidlicensingdealwithSamsung"
(http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9220357/Microsoft_signs_Android_licensing_deal_with_Samsung).
Computerworld.RetrievedFebruary16,2012.
291. JacquiCheng(August3,2011)."GooglepubliclyaccusesApple,Microsoft,Oracleofpatentbullying"
(http://arstechnica.com/techpolicy/news/2011/08/googlepubliclyaccusesapplemicrosoftoracleofpatent
bullying.ars).RetrievedFebruary16,2012.
292. CaseyJohnston(August15,2011)."Google,needingpatents,buysMotorolawirelessfor$12.5billion"
(http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/news/2011/08/googletobuymotorolainefforttodefenditselffrompatent
bullies.ars).RetrievedFebruary16,2012.
293. Paul,Ryan(January4,2012)."GooglebuysanotherroundofIBMpatentsasitsOracletrialnears"
(http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/news/2012/01/googlebuysanotherroundofibmpatentsasoracletrial
nears.ars).ArsTechnica(http://arstechnica.com/).RetrievedFebruary16,2012.
294. "FSFEobjectstoclaimsof'predatorypricing'inFreeSoftware"
(http://fsfe.org/activities/policy/eu/20130729.EC.Fairsearch.letter.en.html).FreeSoftwareFoundationEurope.
37/39
30/08/2015
295. LauraJune(September6,2010)."ToshibaAC100AndroidsmartbookhitstheUnitedKingdom"
(http://www.engadget.com/2010/09/06/toshibaac100androidsmartbookhitstheunitedkingdom/).Engadget.
296. Samsung(August29,2012)."SamsungGalaxyCamera"
(http://www.samsung.com/in/promotions/galaxycamera/?pid=in_home_thelatest_left1_galaxycamera_20120830).
Samsung.com.RetrievedAugust30,2012.
297. Hollister,Sean(January10,2012)."SonySmartWatch(akaSonyEricssonLiveView2)handson"
(http://www.theverge.com/2012/1/10/2695959/sonysmartwatchakasonyericssonliveview2handson).The
Verge.RetrievedFebruary16,2012.
298. RikMyslewski(January12,2011)."AndroidpoweredtouchscreenWiFiheadphones"
(http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/01/12/now_audio_admiral_touch/).theregister.co.uk.RetrievedJanuary16,
2012.
299. "CarPlayerAndroidCarPlayerAndroidManufacturers,SuppliersandExporterson"
(http://www.alibaba.com/showroom/carplayerandroid.html).Alibaba.com.RetrievedFebruary20,2012.
300. "AndroidEverywhere:10TypesofDevicesThatAndroidIsMakingBetter"
(http://www.androidauthority.com/androideverywhere10typesofdevicesthatandroidismakingbetter
57012/).Androidauthority.com.February26,2012.RetrievedSeptember15,2012.
301. WillG.(December1,2011)."TopAndroidMP3Playersfor2011"(http://www.androidauthority.com/top
androidmp3playersfor201136523/).Androidauthority.com.RetrievedFebruary16,2012.
302. "ArchosSmartHomePhone"(http://www.androidcentral.com/archossmarthomephonenowavailableget
androidyourlandline).AndroidCentral.January19,2012.RetrievedJanuary30,2012.
303. "GrandstreamAnnouncesAndroidIPPhone"(http://www.smallnetbuilder.com/multimediavoip/multimediavoip
news/31893grandstreamannouncesandroidipphone).
304. "OUYAinterview:JulieUhrmantacklesconsoles&critics"(http://www.destructoid.com/ouyainterviewjulie
uhrmantacklesconsolescritics231474.phtml).Destructoid.RetrievedNovember2,2012.
305. ErikKain(April18,2012)."AnInterviewWith'Ouya'FounderJulieUhrmanOnANewBreedOfVideoGame
Console"(http://www.forbes.com/sites/erikkain/2012/07/16/aninterviewwithouyafounderjulieuhrmanona
newbreedofvideogameconsole/).Forbes.RetrievedNovember2,2012.
306. "NVIDIAShieldshipsJuly31st,barelymeetsdelayedlaunchwindow"
(http://www.engadget.com/2013/07/21/nvidiashieldshipsjuly31st/).Engadget.July21,2013.Retrieved
July21,2013.
307. "Editorial:Android@Homeisthebestworstthingthatcouldhappentohomeautomation"
(http://www.engadget.com/2011/05/11/editorialandroidhomeisthebestworstthingthatcouldhappe/).
Engadget.RetrievedNovember2,2012.
308. NilayPatel(February27,2012)."Homeintheclouds:Google'shomeautomationplatformtohavemajorservices
integration"(http://www.theverge.com/2012/2/27/2827615/androidhomeautomationcloudservicesandyrubin).
TheVerge.RetrievedNovember2,2012.
309. "WhythetimehascomeforAndroid@HometofinallymakeasplashbyJankoRoettgers"
(http://gigaom.com/2013/05/07/whythetimehascomeforandroidhometofinallymakeasplash/).
310. "ParrotAsteroidcarreceiverpacksAndroidandappsintoyourdash"
(http://www.engadget.com/2011/01/04/parrotasteroidcarreceiverpacksandroidandappsintoyourda/).
Engadget.RetrievedJanuary24,2014.
311. "ParrotunveilsAsteroidSmart,TabletandMinicarinfotainmentsystems,wegohandson"
(http://www.engadget.com/2012/10/04/parrotasteroidsmarttabletandminicarinfotainmentsystem/).
Engadget.RetrievedJanuary24,2014.
312. Low,Aloysius(September13,2013)."ClarionlaunchesnewAndroidbasedAX1carstereo"
(http://asia.cnet.com/clarionlaunchesnewandroidbasedax1carstereo62222376.htm).CNETAsia.CBS
Interactive.RetrievedNovember12,2013.
313. "GooglelaunchestheAndroidbasedOpenAutomotiveAlliancewithAudi,Honda,GM,andmore"
(http://www.theverge.com/2014/1/6/5279116/googleopenautomotiveallianceandroidcarannouncement).The
Verge.RetrievedJanuary24,2014.
314. "AndroidWear|AndroidDevelopers"(http://developer.android.com/wear/index.html).Developer.android.com.
RetrievedMarch20,2014.
315. Palladino,Valentina(September30,2013)."GooglerevealsAndroidWear,anoperatingsystemfor
38/39
30/08/2015
315. Palladino,Valentina(September30,2013)."GooglerevealsAndroidWear,anoperatingsystemfor
smartwatches"(http://www.theverge.com/2014/3/18/5522226/googlerevealsandroidwearanoperatingsystem
designedfor).TheVerge.RetrievedMarch20,2014.
316. Lunduke,Bryan(December1,2014)."TheLinuxdesktopaweekreview:Androidasadesktopenvironment"
(http://www.networkworld.com/article/2851031/opensourcesubnet/thelinuxdesktopaweekreviewandroidas
adesktopenvironment.html).NetworkWorld.RetrievedMarch24,2015.
Externallinks
Officialwebsite(http://www.android.com/)
WikimediaCommonshas
AndroidDevelopersYouTubeChannel
mediarelatedtoAndroid
(https://www.youtube.com/user/androiddevelopers)
(operatingsystem).
AndroidDemo(https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=1FJHYqE0RDg)onYouTube,November11,2007
Android:BuildingaMobilePlatformtoChangetheIndustry
(http://www.stanford.edu/class/ee380/Abstracts/071128.html):lecturegivenbyGoogleMobile
PlatformsManager,RichardMineratStanfordUniversity(videoarchive
(http://ee380.stanford.edu/cgibin/videologger.php?target=071128ee380300.asx))
AndroidInternals:FragmentofacoursedetailingthearchitectureofAndroidandinteractionofits
components(http://technologeeks.com/Courses/AndroidExcerpt.pdf)
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Android_(operating_system)&oldid=678584622"
Categories: Android(operatingsystem) 2008software ARMoperatingsystems Cloudclients
Freemobilesoftware Googleacquisitions Googlesoftware MobileLinux Mobileoperatingsystems
Smartphones SoftwareusingtheApachelicense Tabletoperatingsystems AlphabetInc.
Thispagewaslastmodifiedon30August2015,at09:16.
TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionaltermsmay
apply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipediaisa
registeredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anonprofitorganization.
39/39

Android (Operating System) - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Android (Operating System) - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

30/08/2015

C(core), C++, Java(UI)[1]

Bioniclibc, [7] mkshshell, [8]

4.0.34.0.4 IceCreamSandwich December16,2011 15

You might also like