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FACULTAD DE INGENIERIAS
PROGRAMA DE INGENIERIA MECANICA
TRANSFERENCIA DE CALOR
TALLER 1. CONCEPTOS BSICOS
Test your understanding of the important terms and concepts introduced in this chapter
by addressing the following questions:
--What are the physical mechanisms associated with heat transfer by
conduction, convection, and radiation?
What is the driving potential for heat transfer? What are analogs to this
potential and to heat transfer itself for the transport of electric charge?
What is the difference between a heat flux and a heat rate? What are their
units?
What is a temperature gradient? What are its units? What is the relationship of
heat flow to a temperature gradient?
--What is the thermal conductivity? What are its units? What role does it play in
heat transfer?
---What is Fourier.s law ? Can you write the equation from memory?
If heat transfer by conduction through a medium occurs under steady-state
conditions, will the temperature at a particular instant vary with location in the
medium? Will the temperature at a particular location vary with time?
---What is the difference between natural convection and forced convection?
What conditions are necessary for the development of a hydrodynamic
boundary layer? A thermal boundary layer? What varies across a hydrodynamic
boundary layer? Across a thermal boundary layer?
If convection heat transfer for flow of a liquid or a vapor is not characterized by
liquid/vapor phase change, what is the nature of the energy being transferred?
What is it if there is such a phase change?
---What is Newton.s law of cooling ? Can you write the equation from memory?
----What role is played by the convection heat transfer coefficient in Newtons
law of cooling? What are its units?
What effect does convection heat transfer from or to a surface have on the solid
bounded by the surface?
---What is predicted by the StefanBoltzmann law, and what unit of temperature
must be used with the law? Can you write the equation from memory?
---What is the emissivity, and what role does it play in characterizing radiation
transfer at a surface?
---What is irradiation? What are its units?
---What two outcomes characterize the response of an opaque surface to
incident radiation?
----Which outcome affects the thermal energy of the medium bounded by the
Surface and how? What property characterizes this outcome?
----What conditions are associated with use of the radiation heat transfer
coefficient ?
----Can you write the equation used to express net radiation exchange between
a small isothermal surface and a large isothermal enclosure?
Consider the surface of a solid that is at an elevated temperature and exposed
to cooler surroundings. By what mode(s) is heat transferred from the surface if
(1) it is in intimate (perfect) contact with another solid, (2) it is exposed to the
flow of a liquid, (3) it is exposed to the flow of a gas, and (4) it is in an
evacuated chamber?
Desarollo
El flujo de calor se define como la transferencia de calor por unidad de tiempo por unidad
de rea, o sea, la razn de transferencia del calor por unidad de rea.
o
o
W/m2
El calor Q (j) es una forma d eenergia que aparece como un flujo que se
transmite entre dos puntos que se encuentran a diferente temperatura ,
asi la transmisin de calor estudia las temperaturas y los flujos de calor
en los procesos de transferencia trmica
Q
A
Unidades
/ Km
T/ x es el gradiente de temperatura
Esta ley establece que el flujo de calor entre dos cuerpos es directamente
proporcional a la diferencia de temperatura entre ambos, y solo puede ir en un
sentido: el calor slo puede fluir del cuerpo ms caliente hacia el ms fro.
H=
dQ
dT
=KA
dt
dx
Igual que se defini la capa lmite hidrodinmica como aquella regin de la corriente donde se
manifiestan las fuerzas de viscosidad.
se puede definir una capa lmite trmica como la regin de la corriente donde se presentan gradientes
de temperatura. Estos gradientes de temperatura podran estar originados por un proceso de
intercambio de calor entre el fluido y la pared
H=hA (T AT )
W
c
m2
los problemas de transferencia de calor por conveccin. Si se considera una capa lmite
laminar sobre una placa plana en la que se produce difusin como resultado de alguna
condicin de transferencia de masa en la superficie, puede deducirse una ecuacin para la
concentracin de un componente concreto de la capa lmite.
Qemitida ,neta = A s T s
(W)
En este punto, se hace notar que las emisividades y absortancias que se han discutido, son las
propiedades totales del material en cuestin; esto es, representan el comportamiento del material
integrado sobre todas las longitudes de onda. Las sustancias reales emiten menos radiacin que las
superficies negras ideales, como indica la emisividad del material. En realidad, la emisividad de un
material vara con la temperatura y longitud de onda
de la radiacin.
o
o
Qemitida ,neta = A s T s
En donde
(W)
=1.
o
Cul es la irradiacin? Cules son sus unidades?
o
constante se reduce
a
o
G=Ii
( W /m
T sT
E g=I 2 Re
La generacin de energa trmica tambin ocurre como resultado de la
desaceleracin y absorcin de neutrones en el elemento combustible de un reactor
nuclear o reacciones qumicas exotrmicas que ocurren dentro de un medio