FOUR STROKE PETROL ENGINE

A Seminar Report
Submitted for partial fulfillment for the award of degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY
ANAND KUMAR
Roll No. 1213240021
Mechanical Engineering
Third Year

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

GREATER NOIDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
GREATER NOIDA - 201308
(2014 -15)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title

page

DECLARATION ............................................................................................. 3
CERTIFICATE ................................................................................................ 4
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................... 5
CONCEPT.6
CLASSIFICATION OF ENGINE COMPONENTS.........................................7
WORKING.......................................................................................................12
COMPARISON OF FOUR AND TWO-STROKE CYCLE ENGINE............18
ADVANTAGE..19
DISADVANTAGE...19
APPLICATION....20
REFERENCES... ............................................................................................. 21

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best
of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or
written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has
been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the
university or other institute of higher learning, except where due
acknowledgment has been made in the text.

Signature Name ANAND KUMAR

Roll No. -1213240021

Date- 7-OCT-2014

CERTIFICATE
It is to certify that Anand kumar students of B.Tech. in mechanical
engineering of Greater Noida

Institute Of

worked under my guidance during the session

seminar

Technology have
2014 - 2015 and the

report submitted by him on FOUR STROKE PETROL

ENGINE have been prepared by his own efforts.

This Seminar in my view is of prescribed standard as laid by GNIOT

Greater Noida for the award of above Degree.

I wish ever success in their future carrier. .

MR. MANJEET SINGH

Dr. H.K.RAI

(Lecturer)
(Mechanical Engineering)

(H. O. D.)
(MechanicalEngineering)

ABSTRACT
In a four stroke cycle internal combustion engine, a combustion chamber is
disposed above the cylinder head and is connected by a passage to the
piston chamber. The piston at its top dead center almost contacts head.
Inlet and outlet valves and spark plug means are associated with the top
portion of the combustion chamber. The injecting device protrudes into the
combustion

chamber

is

surrounded

by

another

chamber,

which

communicates with the combustion chamber through slots, which open into
the top portion of the combustion chamber. The lower portion of the
surrounding

chamber

communicates

through

openings

whith

the

combustion chamber. The openings are smaller in cross-section than the

slots so that the explosive gases flow from the combution chamber into the
surrounding chamber and flow back through the poenings into the
surrounding chamber. This results in turbulence and mixing as in a cyclone
so that a good combustion is ensured. Downwardly flaring conical openings
are additional provided, which open into the surrounding chamber at its
bottom and extend throuh the cylinder head toward the piston so that the
surrounding chamber will be effectively scavenged during the exhaust
stroke.

CONCEPT

A four stroke petrol engine is a mechanical system ,which convert the

chemical energy of fuel into thermal energy and then mechanical workhen
pressure is applied to the head of the piston, it is forced downwards. The
piston pushes against the connecting rod which pushes against an arm of
the cranckshaft causing it to rotate. Thus, the up and down motion of the
piston is converted to a rotary motion of the crankshaft. When you turn the
key to start a vehicle, the startor (an electic motor) rotates the crankshaft
thus moving the pistons up or down, depending on the initial position of the
piston. As a piston moves down from the top dead center point, a mixture of
petrol and air is sucked into its cylinder. This is called the intake stroke. The
starter continues to rotate the crankshaft. As it is compressed in the space
between the piston head and the cylinder block, this is called the
compression stroke. As the piston reaches the top of its travel, the petrol-air
mixture is ignited by a spark jumping across the gaps of the sparking plug.
The burning mixture then begins to expand rapidly, in a kind of controlled
explosion. This expanding gas forces the piston downwards. this is the
power stroke.

Chemical

Heat
Mechanical

Rod Bearings

Fig.1: Components of a four stroke engine.

The four-stroke engine

Fig.2

Different parts of four stroke engine and their respective

functions:

Intake Valve- opens at the proper time to let in air and fuel.
Valve Cover- Protects the valves and the valve springs. Keeps dirt
out and lubricating oil in.
Intake Port- the passageway in a cylinder head for the fuel and air
to pass through

 Cylinder Head- a platform containing most of the parts of the

combustion chamber.
Coolent- circulating water and antifreeze to keep the temperature
regulated
Engine Block- cast in one piece. The basis for most of the parts of
the engine.
Oil Pan- where the oil is collected and recirculated.
Oil Sump- the collected oil primarily for lubricating the crankshaft
and rod bearing
Camshaft- a round shaft with lobes, that rotates to open and close
the fuel and exhaust valves.
Exhaust Valve- open at the proper time to release the exhaust.
Spark Plug- a device, inserted into the combustion chamber for
firing an electrical spark to ignite air-fuel mixture.

Fig .3 Spark plug

Exhaust
passageway

Port- the
in a cylinder head,

for the exhaust to pass through.

cylinder converting the gasoline into motion.
Connecting Rod- links the piston to the crankshaft.

Fig.4 Connecting Rod

Crankshaft- converts the up and down motion of the piston into a

turning, or rotating motion

Fig .5 Crankshaft

Working of a Four Stroke Petrol Engine

A stroke is the movement of the piston from the top, to the bottom of the
cylinder. As the name suggest the Four Stroke Petrol Engine uses a cycle
of four strokes and petrol as the fuel. Each cycle includes 2 rotations of the
crankshaft and four strokes, namely:

1. Suction or Intake Stroke

2. Compression Stroke
3. Expansion or Power Stroke
4. Exhaust Stroke.

Intake Stroke: As the name suggests in this stroke the intake of fuel takes
place. When the engine starts, the piston descends to the cylinder's bottom
from the top. Thus the pressure inside the cylinder reduces. Now the intake
valve opens and the fuel and air mixture enters the cylinder. The valve

Exhaust valve closed

Fig. 6

Compression Stroke: This stroke is known as compression stroke

because the compression of the fuel mixture takes place at this stage.
When the intake valve closes (exhaust valve is already closed), the piston
forced back to the top of the cylinder andthe fuel mixture gets compressed.
The compression is around 1/8th of the original volume. An engine is
considered more efficient if its compression ratio is higher.

Exhaust valve closed

Fig. 7

Combustion/Power Stroke: Now in case of petrol engine when the

fuel mixture compresses to the maximum value the spark plug produces
spark which ignites the fuel mixture. The combustion leads to the
production of high pressure gases. Due to this tremendous force the piston
is driven back to the bottom of the cylinder. As the piston moves
downwards, the crankshaft rotates which rotates the wheels of the vehicle.

Fig .8

Exhaust valve closed

Fig.9

Exhaust Stroke: Exhaust and inlet valve overlap is the transition

between the exhaust and inlet strokes and is a practical necessity for the
efficient running of any internal combustion engine.
Given the constraints imposed by the operation of mechanical valves and
the inertia of the air in the inlet manifold, it is necessary to begin opening
the inlet valve before the piston reaches Top Dead Centre (TDC) on the
exhaust stroke. Likewise, in order to effectively remove all of the
combustion gases, the exhaust valve remains open until after TDC. Thus,
there is a point in each full cycle when both exhaust and inlet valves are
open. The number of degrees over which this occurs and the proportional
split across TDC is very much dependent on the engine design and the
speed at which it operates.

Fig :10

What is the 4 Stroke cycle?

The 4 Stroke engine cycle consist of these:
1) Intake

180degree

2) Compression

180 degree

3) Power/ Combustion

180 degree

4) Exhaust

180 degree

Total engine revolution

720 degree

One complete engine cycle consists of 4 piston strokes or two revolution of

crankshaft.

Comparison of
Two-Stroke
vs. Four-Stroke
Cycle Engines
ADVANTAGE:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.

Low weight for a given power output.

Smaller size for a given output.
Easy starting.
Less noise.
Lesser cooling and lubrication is required.

DISADVANTAGE:

i.

ii.
iii.
iv.
v.

Its compression ratio is low.

Operating cost is high.
Thermal efficiency is low and varies from 25 to 32%.
Havier flywheel is needed.
High initial cost.

APPLICATION :
Petrol engines have many applications including:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.

Motor Cars
Motorcycles
Aircraft
Motorboats
Marine etc.

REFERENCES:
1. www.newtechpaper.com
2. IC engines Ganeshan

3. IC engines M.L MATHUR and R.P. SHARMA

4. http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/proximity_sensor
5. http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/camless