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INTRODUCTION
Immune System a functional system of the body
Host Defences:
= keep pathogenic microbes & foreign materials from penetrating body
nonspecific ~ specific
Adaptive
(specific)
Chemical barriers
constantly present
skin & mucosal membranes
Physical barriers
Communicates
Inflammatory
response
Phagocytosis
Cells/proteins in tissues
active when barriers are penetrated
Humoral
(B lymphocyte)
Cell-mediated
(T lymphocyte)
Barriers
= Non-specific; limits access to the internal tissues of body
external body membranes skin & mucous membranes
SKIN
Skin thick, tough, impervious & waterproof
Skin
Subcutaneous
Dermis
Epidermis
Keratin:
= packed in the top layer of cells,
a protective & waterproofing protein
Figure 1-4. Hansen , Netters Clinical Anatomy 2009
MUCOUS MEMBRANES
Mucosa provide barrier protection, without keratised layer
Mucous membranes
= external lining of the digestive, respi, urinary & reproductive tracts + eyes
Mucus
MUCOUS MEMBRANES
Mucociliary escalator ciliated epithelium of the upper respiratory tract
Mucociliary escalator
= consists of (a) goblet cell & (b) ciliated cell
escalate particle-bound mucus up to mouth
expel it by either coughing out or swallowing
Goblet cell
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pcd/causes.html
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MUCOUS MEMBRANES
Other mechanisms prevent microbes from penetrating sterile body spaces
Mechanisms
Acids
Antimicrobial
proteins
Antimicrobial
enzymes
QUIZ #1
[Learning Objective 1] the innate defences
D. lactoferrin
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Main components:
Inflammation
Surveillance
Antimicrobial proteins
Phagocytes
Fever
Natural killer cells
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Main components:
Inflammation
Surveillance
Antimicrobial proteins
Phagocytes
Fever
Natural killer cells
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INFLAMMATION
Innate non-specific, primary immune response to tissue injury & infection
Roles of Inflammation:
Injurious agents
damage/disrupt
FIRST LINE OF
DEFENCE
(skin, mucosa)
results in
Inflammatory response:
Injured tissue
Injurious agents
(microbes,
chemical)
Destroyed/
Neutralised
Cleaned
(removed)
SECOND LINE OF
DEFENCE
(Acute Inflammation)
Injured tissue is
READY for healing
Modified from DongJae 2014
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QUIZ #2
Acute Inflammation Five Cardinal Signs
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INFLAMMATION
Cardinal signs heat, redness, swelling, pain (+ loss of function)
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ACUTE INFLAMMATION
Inflammatory response details of three main processes
Acute Inflammation
Vasodilation
vascular
permeability
vol. blood to site
blood flow (local)
# inflamm cells
& chemicals
Local warmth
Local redness
Pain
Swelling (local)
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ACUTE INFLAMMATION
Inflammatory response details of three main processes
Allergen
Antigen Presentation
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QUIZ #3
[Learning Objective 1] the innate defences
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PHAGOCYTES
Phagocytes present in tissues & bloodstream
Macrophage
Figure 14.17 Cowan MK 2012 22
PHAGOCYTES
Phagocytes present in tissues & bloodstream
PHAGOCYTOSIS
Phagocytosis
1)
Adhesion of pathogens/debris
2)
Engulfment
3)
4)
Phagolysosome formation
5)
6)
Antigen presentation:
= fragments specific to pathogen are
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QUIZ #4
[Learning Objective 1] the innate defences
When pathogens break through the first line of defences, which of the
following events is/are likely to occur?
A. 2, 7, 5, 6, 3, 1, 4
B. 7, 2, 5, 3, 6, 1, 4
C. 2, 7, 4, 3, 6, 1, 5
D. 7, 2, 4, 6, 3, 1, 5
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Innate-Specific Communication:
A.
Release of cytokines
B.
Antigen presentation
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ANTIGEN
Antigen a foreign substance that provokes an immune response
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MHC PROTEINS
Major Histocompability Complex (MHC) marker proteins
MHC markers
= the flags molecules for inspection of the body
Class I MHC:
self-antigens
appear on almost all body cells
Class II MHC:
found on APCs
involved in presenting antigen to T cells
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B lymphocytes
Antigen presentation:
1)
Phagocytosis
2)
3)
4)
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QUIZ #5
[Learning Objective 1] the innate defences
Phagocytes
A. alert the specific defences to a foreign threat using MHC II
B. are antigen presenting cells
C. alert the specific defences to a foreign threat using MHC I
D. Both A and B are correct
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CD4
Helper T cells:
Communication with APCs
B lymphocyte:
focus on exogenous threats
produce antibodies
CD8
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte:
focus on infected host cells
Endogenous: viral/cancerous
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LYMPHOCYTE DEVELOPMENT
Origin of Immunological Diversity B & T lymphocytes
Lymphocyte development
= immature lymphocytes produced in bone marrow
Differentiation:
B cells in Bone marrow
T cells in Thymus
Migration:
= both immunocompetent B & T cells
migrate to lymphoid tissues
Activation:
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LYMPHOCYTE DEVELOPMENT
Second Stage in Details enables recognition of numerous antigens
Each lymphocyte:
Lymphocyte selection:
those w/ non-self receptors mature
those w/ self receptors are destroyed
Immunocompetent lymphocytes:
= mature lymphocytes that react to
only foreign, NOT to self!
Figure 15.5 Cowan MK 2012
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LYMPATHIC SYSTEM
a network of lymphatic vessels, lymphoid tissues & organs
During inflammation:
= excess tissue fluid & phagocytes drained
by lymphatic vessels (lymphatics)
Lymphatics, also important for:
Non-specific & specific cell communication
Surveillance of body fluids
Modified from Figure 12.7 Moore, KL, Dalley, AF & Agur, AMR 2014, Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 7th edn
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LYMPHOID TISSUE
Lymphatic tissue largely composed of reticular connective tissue
Lymphoid tissue, consists of:
Lymphoid macrophages
Dendritic cells
lymphocytes
Reticular cells
Reticular fibres (stoma)
Reticuloendotheliar system:
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LYMPH NODE
Lymph node the principal lymphoid organs in body; cluster along lymphatics
Structure:
= consists of many afferent & fewer efferent
lymphatics (Afferent > Efferent)
slow fluid flows through lymph nodes
important for surveillance of lymph (fluid)
also allows filtering of lymph
Site of communication:
= between non-specific cells (APCs) &
specific cells (B & T lymphocytes)
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SPLEEN
Spleen blood-rich organ, responsible for blood screening
Immune-related roles:
Spleen
Other roles:
Pancreas
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THYMUS
Thymus the site of T cell maturation (No surveillance function)
Essential during childhood
Less important from adolescence ~
T cell maturation:
Immature T cell differentiate
Self-reacting T cells are destroyed
Blood-thymus barrier:
= prevents entry of blood-borne agents,
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QUIZ #6
[Learning Objective 1] the innate defences
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QUIZ #7
[Learning Objective 1] the innate defences
D. macrophages
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QUIZ #8
[Learning Objective 1] the innate defences
D. bone marrow
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HUMORAL IMMUNITY
Humoral provided by antibodies which are secrete by B cells
Humoral, liquid
= antibodies circulate throughout body & act separately to B cells
Activation of B lymphocyte
= activated by either (a) helper T cell or (b) antigen directly
I
Cytokines
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Alternative pathway:
1)
Specific B cell
phagocytises microbe
2)
3)
4)
Release cytokines
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B clone proliferation:
Transforms into blast cells
Blast cells proliferate
B clone differentiation:
Differentiate into plasma cells
Undifferentiated cells become
memory cells
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Memory B cells:
undifferentiated
long lifespan (year ~ entire)
produce immediate 2nd response
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ANTIBODY
Antibody form antigen-antibody complex; have several different functions
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ANTIBODY CLASS
Antibody also known as immunoglobulin (Ig)
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SECONDARY RESPONSE
Humoral responses to a specific antigen over time
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Lag period the time required for clonal selection & differentiation
Memory cells sensitised to the specific antigen
Antibody titre concentration of antibody in blood
Antibody titre rises steeply much higher (than during primary response)
Antibody circulates longer time (than during primary response)
Modified from Figure 15.14 Cowan MK 2012
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QUIZ #9
[Learning Objective 1] the innate defences
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QUIZ #10
[Learning Objective 1] the innate defences
current infection
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CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
Cell-mediated reliant upon cytotoxic T cells (CD8) to directly kill target
Targets:
Virus-infected host cells
Intracellular-bacteria-infected host cells
Parasite-infected
Cancer cells
Introduced foreign cells (blood transfusions or organ transplants)
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CELL-MEDIATED RESPONSE
Cell-mediated activation of T cells
Activation of T lymphocyte
= activated by the APCs with antigens from dead cancer/infected cells
Processed antigen
MHC-II receptor
APC
APC
Tumour-specific T-cell
receptor (TCR)
MHC-II
Cytokine
Antigen
TCR
TH cell
Helper T cell
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CELL-MEDIATED RESPONSE
Cell-mediated differentiation of T cells into subsets
cytokines
Activated B cell
Memory CD4
cytokines
CD4
stimulate
cytokines
macrophages
promote
inflammation
CD8
Memory CD8
Activated CD8
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CELL-MEDIATED RESPONSE
Overall scheme T-cell activation & differentiation
stimulate
Macrophages
TH subset
promote
(infected/cancerous)
CD4
phagocytised by:
Inflammation
TH subset
(MHC II)
Clone formation
(in thymus)
amplify
B lymphocytes
TH subset
Memory CD4
APC
Cytokine activate
Memory CD8
CD8
Clone formation
(MHC I)
(in thymus)
directly kill
Activated CD8
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QUIZ #11
[Learning Objective 1] the innate defences
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QUIZ #12
[Learning Objective 1] the innate defences
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IMMUNE SYSTEM
Summary innate & specific immunity
: stimulate
: primary exposure
: secondary exposure
Plasma cells
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REFERENCE LIST
All copyrights are reserved. No copyright infringement intended
Cowan, MK 2012, Microbiology: A Systems Approah, 3rd edn, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Hansen, JT 2009, Netter's Clinical Anatomy, 2nd edn, Saunders, Philadelphia.
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