Professional Documents
Culture Documents
of
Financial Accounting
DEFINE BUSINESS
Any legal activity which is doing for the purpose of earning profit is called business.
TYPE OF BUSINESS
Manufacturing
Trading
Servicing
TYPE OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATION
Trading
Partnership
Joint stock company
DEFINE TRANSACTION
Any dealing between two or more person which can change the financial position of the business is called
Transaction.
Type of transactions
Cash Transaction
Credit Transaction
DEFINE BOOK KEEPING.
Recording of business transactions in books of account in prescribed manner.
DEFINE ACCOUNTING.
Accounting is an art of recording, clarifying, summarizing and interpreting the results from financial statements.
DEFINE PROPRIETOR.
He is the owner of the business. He gives time and invests money into the business.
DEFINE CAPITAL.
The amount of cash or the value of goods or both invested by the owner in establishing his business is known as
capital.
or
Owner contribution in business assets is called capital.
DEFINE THE TERM DRAWING.
Withdrawal of cash or goods from the business for private and personal use of the owner is called drawing.
WHAT IS GOODS (MERCHANDISE)?
Anything which is purchased for resale purpose is called goods e.g. cloths are goods for cloth merchant.
DEFINE PURCHASES.
Goods purchased are called purchases, purchases are of two type
Cash Purchases
Credit Purchases
DEFINE CASH PURCHASES.
Goods purchased for cash are called cash purchases.
DEFINE CREDIT PURCHASES.
Goods purchases on credit are called credit purchases.
DEFINE PURCHASES RETURN / RETURN OUTWARD / RETURN TO SUPPLIER.
If goods purchased are returned to the supplier, it is called purchases return. The good are returned when they
are:
Defective
Not according to sample
Damaged
Defective
Not according to sample
Damaged
Excess of the quantity ordered for
Accounting concept means the basic assumption upon which accounting is based.
DEFINE BUSINESS ENTITY CONCEPT.
According to this concept business is treated as separate person from its owner.
DEFINE GOING CONCERN CONCEPT.
According to this concept business will continue for a long period of time.
DEFINE MONEY MEASUREMENT CONCEPT.
According to this concept we record only those transactions which can be measured in term of money.
DEFINE COST CONCEPT.
According to this concept an asset is recorded in the books at the price at which it was acquired.
DEFINE DUAL CONCEPT.
According to this concept every transaction have two effect. (one is Dr & other is Cr)
DEFINE ACCOUNTING PERIOD.
According to this concept life of a business is divided into small segment (1 Year) and each small segment is
called accounting period e.g. 1ST JANUARY 2005 -------------------------- 31ST DECEMBER 2005
DEFINE MATCHING CONCEPT.
The concept of offsetting expenses against revenue is called matching concept.
or
According to this concept expense are match with income, we should consider only those expenses which are
incurred to generate income of that period.
Net profit (Year2005) = Income (Year 2005) Vs Expenses (Year 2005)
DEFINE REALIZATIONS CONCEPT.
Revenue should be recognized at the time when goods are sold or services are rendered.
DEFINE THE TERM CONVENTION.
It means those customs or traditions which guide the accountant in maintaining the accounting record.
DEFINE CONVERSION OF DISCLOSURE.
It means important information relating to transaction must be disclosed.
DEFINE THE CONVENTION OF MATERIALITY.
It means we should record only those events which are significant and insignificant events should be ignored.
DEFINE CONVENTION OF CONSISTENCY.
It means that accounting practice should remain unchanged from one period to another.
DEFINE CONVENTION OF CONSERVATISM.
It means that uncertain and risk inherit in business transaction should be given a proper consideration.
DEFINE ACCOUNT.
A summarized record of business transactions relating to a person or thing is called account.
DEFINE REAL ACCOUNT (PROPERTY ACCOUNT).
Real account deals with those things which tangible visible or which exist in reality like machinery, building etc.
DEFINE NOMINAL ACCOUNT (PROPRIETARY ACCOUNT)?
Nominal account deals with those things which are intangible or invisible or which do not exist in reality like
Salaries rent interest etc.
DEFINE PERSONAL ACCOUNT?
Accounts relating to persons firms companies and industries are personal account like.
EXPLAIN THE TERM OF DEBIT AND CREDIT.
If we divided the page into two part then left hand side will be called debit and right hand side will be called
credit.
HOW MANY NUMBERS OF ACCOUNTS ARE IN BRITISH APPROACH?
There are three types of account are in British approach:
Real account
Nominal account
Personal account
DEBIT
CREDIT
Real accounts
Nominal Accounts
Expenses
Income
Personal Accounts
Receiving person
Giving person
DEBIT
Increase
Increase
Decrease
Decrease
Decrease
CREDIT
Decrease
Decrease
Increase
Increase
Increase
DEFINE JOURNAL.
The book of account in which business transactions are originally recorded in chronological order are called
journal.
or
Journal has been derived from the French words Jour which means day.
Journal is the first book of accounting in which we record business transaction chronologically.
DEFINE ENTRY.
To enter the transactions in journal is called entry.
DEFINE JOURNALIZING.
The act of recording transactions in journal is called journalizing.
DEFINE NARRATION.
A short explanation of each transaction is written below each entry is called narration.
DEFINE SIMPLE ENTRY.
An entry in which one account is debited and one account is credited is called simple entry.
DEFINE COMPOUND ENTRY.
An entry in which more than one account is debited or more than one account is credited is called compound
entry.
WHY JOURNAL IS CALLED DAY BOOK?
Journal is called day book because all transactions are recorded on daily basis.
WHY JOURNAL IS CALLED BOOK OF ORIGNAL ENTRY / PRIME ENTRY / BASIC ENTRY?
Journal is called book of original entry because transaction first recorded in journal.
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DEFINE LEDGER.
The book in which individual record of each account is maintained.
or
The book in which all the business transactions are finally recorded in the concerned account in a
Summarized and classified form is called ledger.
DEFINE POSTING.
The process of recording business transaction in ledger called posting.
EXPLAIN THE TERM BALANCE.
The difference between the two sides of an account is called balance.
EXPLAIN DEBIT BALANCE.
If the debit side of an account is heavier. Its balance is known as debit balance.
EXPLAIN CREDIT BALANCE.
If the credit side of an account is heavier. Its balance is known as credit balance.
EXPLAIN ZERO BALANCE.
If the two sides of an account are equal then it will be called zero balance.
WHAT ARE THE KINDS OF LEDGER?
There are three kinds of ledger:
Debtor ledger
Creditor ledger
General ledger
DEFINE DEBTOR LEDGER.
It contains the accounts of all the customers (debtors) to whom goods have been sold on credit.
DEFINE CREDITOR LEDGER.
It contains the accounts of all the suppliers (creditor) from whom, good have been purchased on credit.
DEFINE GENERAL LEDGER.
It may contain the records of real and nominal account items.
DEFINE TRAIL BALANCE.
A trial balance is a list of debit and credit balance of all ledger accounts.
It has two purposes:
Check the accuracy of accounts
Prepare a summary of accounts
DEFINE FOLIOING.
When the page number of ledger is recorded in ledger folio column of journal & page number of journal is
recorded in journal folio column of ledger is known as folioing.
EXPLAIN AND DRAW ACCOUNTING CYCLE.
It refers to a complete sequence of accounting procedures which are required to be repeated in same order
during each accounting period.
Transaction
Final Account
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Journal
Trial balance
Ledger
CASH BOOK
(Bank Reconciliation)
(Statement)
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If goods bought on credit are returned to the seller for any solid reasons the buyer debit seller account and
inform the seller through a note. This note is called debit note.
DEFINE CREDIT NOTE.
If goods sold on credit are returned by the buyer the seller credits buyer account and informs the buyer through a
note. This note is called credit note.
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AMOUNT
(Rs.)
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Closing capital
Add: Drawings
Add: Interest on Drawings
Less: Fresh Capital
Less: Interest on Capital
XXX
XXX
XXX
(XXX)
(XXX)
Adjusted Closing Capital
XXX
(XXX)
XXX
Banking Transactions
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enchased at the counter but can be collected only by a bank from the drawee bank.
Type of crossing
Special crossing
General crossing
EXPLAIN PAY-IN-SLIP / CREDIT VOUCHER / DEPOSIT SLIP.
Pay-in-slip is used to deposit the amount in the bank.
DEFINE HUNDIS,
It is an instrument which is used for transferring money one place to another place. It is drawn by one
trading firm on its branch.
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Bills of Exchange
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TRADE BILLS.
These bills are drawn and accepted against the sale and purchase of goods.
DEFINE ACCOMMODATION BILLS.
These bills are drawn and accepted without the sale and purchase of goods. The purpose is to help
one party or both financially.
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PROMISSORY NOTE
BILLS OF EXCHANGE
It is promise to pay.
It is an order to pay.
It must be accepted
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Final Account
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Date
Particular
L/
F
Expenses account
To outstanding expense account
DEBIT(RS.)
CREDIT(Rs.
)
XXXX
XXXX
Date
Particular
L/
F
DEBIT(RS.)
CREDIT(Rs.
)
XXXX
XXXX
Date
Particular
L/
F
DEBIT(RS.)
CREDIT(Rs.
)
XXXX
XXXX
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Date
Particular
L/
F
Income account
To Unearned Income account
DEBIT(RS.)
CREDIT(Rs.
)
XXXX
XXXX
EXPLAIN DEPRECIATION.
Gradual and permanent decrease in the value of fixed asset is known as depreciation.
Date
Particular
L/
F
Depreciation account
To Asset account
DEBIT(RS.)
CREDIT(Rs.
)
XXXX
XXXX
Date
Particular
L/
F
Date
Particular
L/
F
DEBIT(RS.)
CREDIT(Rs.
)
XXXX
XXXX
DEBIT (RS.)
CREDIT(Rs.
)
XXXX
XXXX
Date
Particular
L/
F
DEBIT (RS.)
CREDIT(Rs.
)
XXXX
XXXX
Date
Particular
L/
F
DEBIT (RS.)
CREDIT(Rs.
)
XXXX
XXXX
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Date
Particular
L/
F
DEBIT (RS.)
Drawings account
To Interest on drawings account
CREDIT(Rs.
)
XXXX
XXXX
Date
Particular
L/
F
DEBIT (RS.)
CREDIT(Rs.
)
XXXX
XXXX
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Rectification of Error
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Depreciation
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Particular
Depreciation Account
To Asset Account
L/F
DEBIT (RS.)
XXXX
CREDIT(Rs.)
XXXX
Particular
Profit & Loss Account
To Depreciation Account
L/F
DEBIT (RS.)
XXXX
CREDIT(Rs.)
XXXX
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Consignment Account
DEFINE CONSIGNMENT.
Consignment is an act of sending goods by owner to his agent from one place to another for the purpose of sale.
ENLIST THE PARTIES INVOLVED IN CONSIGNMENT.
There are two parties involve in consignment:
Consignor
Consignee
DEFINE CONSIGNOR.
The owner who sends his goods for sale purpose to his agent is known as consignor.
DEFINE CONSIGNEE.
The person to whom the goods are sending for sale purpose is known as consignee.
DEFINE CONSIGNMENT OUTWARD.
When the goods are dispatched by the consignor to the consignee, it will be a consignment
outward from consignor point of view.
DEFINE CONSIGNMENT INWARD.
When the goods are dispatched by the consignor to the consignee, it will be a consignment
inward from consignee point of view.
DEFINE ACCOUNT SALE.
It is a periodic statement delivered by consignee to consignor about the goods sold; price realized his
commission and the expenses incurred in connection with the sale.
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It is that portion of subscribed capital which the company, through a special resolution, reserve to call in the
event of winding up.
DEFINE THE MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION.
This is a document defining the constitution of the company. It is known as the charter of the
Company.
DEFINE PROSPECTUS.
It is a valuable document issued by the company for raising the capital.
WHAT IS MEANT BY MINIMUM SUBSCRIPTION?
The minimum number of shares for which a person should apply if he want to purchase the
Shares.
DEFINE UNDERWRITER.
The person who take the risk of unsold shares.
DEFINE UNDERWRITING COMMISSION.
The commission which is paid to underwriter is called underwriter commission.
DEFINE OVER SUBSCRIPTION.
If company received application for shares more than it offered to public then such a condition is called over
subscription.
DEFINE UNDER SUBSCRIPTION.
If company received application for shares less then it offered to public then such a condition is called under
subscription.
DEFINE DEBENTURES.
It is an acknowledgement of debt.
DEFINE REDEEMABLE DEBENTURES.
Those debentures which are redeemable at the end of a specific period are called redeemable
debenture.
DEFINE IRREDEEMABLE DEBENTURES.
Those debentures which are not redeemable during the life of the company are called
irredeemable debentures.
DEFINE NAKED DEBENTURES.
Those debentures which carry no security are called naked debentures.
DEFINE MORTGAGE DEBENTURES.
Those debentures which are secured against fixed assets are called mortgage debentures.
DEFINE NON-CONVERTIBLE DEBENTURES.
Those debentures which are not convertible into shares are called non-convertible debentures.
DEFINE DEBENTURES STOCK.
The debentures which must always be fully paid are called debentures stock.
DEFINE REGISTERED DEBENTURES.
Those debentures which are registered in the name of specific person and they are not
transferable are called registered debentures.
DEFINE BEARER DEBENTURES.
Those debentures which are transferable and whose amount is payable to the holder are called
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bearer debentures.
DEFINE CONVERTIBLE DEBENTURES.
Those debentures which are convertible into shares are called convertible debentures.
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Partnership
DEFINE PARTNERSHIP.
According to Partnership Act 1932: The relation between persons who have agreed to share profit of a
business carried on by all or any one of them acting for all.
DEFINE THE TERMS PARTNERS.
The persons who form the partnership are individually called Partner and collectively known as Firm
EXPLAIN PARTNERSHIP DEED / PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT.
A document, which contains all necessary rules and regulations required to run the partnership business
DEFINE ACTIVE PARTNER.
Partner who takes active part in the management of the business is called active partner.
DEFINE SLEEPING PARTNER / DORMANT PARTNER / NON-ACTIVE PARTNER.
Partner who does not take active part in the management of the business is called sleeping
partner.
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