UNIT-I (Highway Planning & Alignment)

What are the various surveys to be carried out before planning a highway system for a given
area? Explain briefly?
What are the various requirements of an ideal highway alignment. Discuss briefly?
Briefly outline the role played by 20 year plans in road development in our country and bring out
the differences between various twenty year road plans.
What are the various methods of classifying roads?
What are the sailent features of third twenty year road development plan?
What are the different road network patterns? Explain them in detail with neat sketches.
What are the objectives of Preliminary Survey? Explain the conventional methods of Preliminary
Survey?
Explain the necessity and objectives of highway planning?
Explain obligatory points. With sketches, discuss how these control the alignment.
Explain various highway road network patterns followed in India.
Describe various engineering surveys required for highway alignment.
Write a note on highway development taken place in India. Explain the significance of first road
development plan India.
Explain the concept of mobility and accessibility. How do you classify the highway system in
India?

Explain with sketches the various factors controlling the alignment of roads.
Enumerate the various design factors controlling the vertical alignment of highways.
What are the significant recommendations of Jayakar Committee Report?
Explain the necessity and objectives of highway planning?
Explain obligatory points. With sketches, discuss how these control the alignment.
Explain the engineering surveys needed for a highway project and data to be collected.
What is the importance of Nagpur road plan in highway planning of our country?

Explain the plan formulae and the salient features of the plan.
Briefly discuss the historical development of road construction?
Discuss the special care to be taken while aligning hill roads.
Explain the salient features of the second 20 year plan? Give the formulae for calculating the
lengths of different categories of raods?
What are the basic requirements of an ideal alignment?
What is the importance of Nagpur road plan in highway planning of our country? Explain the
plan formulae and the salient features of the plan?
Explain obligatory points? What are the uses of map study in engineering surveys?

7. Write short notes on :

(a) Central road fund
(b) Nagpur road plan
(c) Indian Roads Congress
(d) Jayakar Committee

UNIT-II (Highway Geometric Design)

1. (a) Explain obligatory points? What are the uses of map study in engineering surveys?
2. (a) Explain the summit and valley curves and the various cases when these are formed while
two different gradients meet.
2. (a) Determine the length of the vertical curve between two gradients meeting in a summit, one
rising at the rate of 1 in 120 and other falling at the rate of 1 in 150.
(b) Explain summit and valley curves and the various cases when these are formed while two
different gradients meet?
3.a) Explain various sight distance elements considered in Highway geometrics. Derive an
expression for stopping sight distance.
b) What are the effects due to horizontal curve when vehicle is negotiating the curve? Derive an
expression for super elevation.
3. (a) What is camber & what is its need on pavement. what are factors on which camber is
chosen. Give IRC Recommendations.
3. Explain camber. What are the objects of camber? Discuss the factors on which the amount of
camber to be provided depends. Specify the recommended ranges of camber for different types
of pavement surfaces as per IRC. [16]
2. (a) Discuss the factors governing the width of carriage way. State the IRC specifications for
width of carriage way for various classes of roads?
(b) Explain summit and valley curves and the various cases when these are formed while two
different gradients meet?
b) Discuss about overtaking zones and Intermediate sight distance. [12+4]
(b) What is stopping sight distance. What is the need to have SSD and factors on which it is
based. [8+8]
4. State factors on which the overtaking sight distance depends. Explain briefly under what
circumstances the need to put up sign boards `over taking prohibited' is required. [16]
3. (a) What is over taking sight distance? Discuss about the overtaking zones.
2. Explain total reaction time of driver and the factors on which it depends. Also explain PIEV"
theory. What is lag and brake distance. [16]
2. (a) Explain the summit and valley curves and the various cases when these are formed while
two different gradients meet. [8 M]
2. (a) Explain the ruling, maximum and exceptional gradients. [8 M]
(b) Derive an equation for finding the super elevation required at a horizontal curve of radius
R. [8 M]
(b) Derive an expression for calculating the overtaking sight distance on a highway. [8 M]
2. (a) Write a note on design of Transition Curves. [8 M]

2. (a) Explain with the help of neat sketches the methods of eliminating camber and introduction
of superelevation?
(b) Explain total reaction time of driver and the factors on which it depends.[8+8]
2. (a) Enumerate the design elements to be considered at the horizontal alignment?
2. (a) Explain the summit and valley curves. [8+8]
(b) Derive an equation for finding the super elevation required at a horizontal curve.
2. (a) Explain the vertical curves with the help of neat sketches. [8+8]
(b)Differentiate stopping sight distance, overtaking sight distance and stopping sight distance.
2. (a) State the objectives of widening pavement on horizontal curves? What are the factors on
which the design of widening depends? Explain.

UNIT-II (Traffic Engineering)

2. What are the various objectives and applications of spot speed studies? [16]
7. (a) What do you mean by channelization? What are the purposes of channelization?
(b) Explain various features of channelizing islands.
4. (a) List out the general principles of signal design.
6. (a) What are the details collected in Origin and Destination survey? Describe the most
commonly adopted methods of origin and destination survey.
(b) Explain how road and road user are the major factors contributing to road accidents? By what
measures the road safety can be increased? Explain.
2. What are the various types of at-grade intersections possible? Describe the same with suitable
sketches showing their lay out. [16]

6. What are the various types of parking facilities designed for traffic needs? Compare kerb
parking with off street parking. [16]
2. Indicate how the traffic volume data is collected (mechanical) and presented and how the
results are used in traffic engineering. [16]
(b) What is skid resistance? What are the factors on which it is depending? [8+8]
5. What are the different types of traffic signal system? Mention the warrants for traffic signal
installation? [16]
7. (a) Describe the possible layouts for three leg interchanges with the help of neat sketches and
indicate the situations where they are suitable.
(b) Discuss the advantages and limitation of rotary intersection.
[8+8]
1. What are Road Marking? What is the need for road markings. What are the types of road
marking. Discuss. [16]

2. With the help of a neat diagram indicating the various geometric elements of a traffic rotary,
explain about the design elements of a rotary intersection. [16]
5. Explain various measures that may be taken to prevent accidents. Write about condition and
collision diagram? [16]

5. With the help of neat sketches, indicate the traffic movements of all directions in the following
types of grade separated interchanges:
(a) Diamond Interchange.
(b) Trumpet Interchange.
(c) Half Cloverleaf.
(d) Full cloverleaf. [16]
6. What are the applications of location file, spot maps, collision diagrams and condition
diagrams? Draw neat sketches and explain? [16]
8. What is the design procedure for designing a pedestrian and traffic signals by IRC or webster
method? [16]
5. Define channelization and explain the objectives of channelization at intersections.
Show the typical channelization possible for a T intersection, Y intersection and four-legged
intersection with the help of at least one sketch for each type. [16]
3. With the help of a neat diagram indicating the various geometric elements of a traffic rotary,
explain about the design elements of a rotary intersection. [16]
8. Discuss the various traffic studies and their importance. [16]
6. What are the various types of traffic Islands used? Explain the uses of each. [16]
7. (a) Explain different vehicular characteristics which a_ect the road design.
(b) Explain 85th percentile speed, thirtieth highest hourly volume [10+6]
7. What are the various types of traffic Islands used? Explain the uses of each. [16]

3. (a)Enumerate the different methods of carrying out traffic volume studies. Indicate the
principle of each. [8 M]
(b)What are the various types of traffic accidents and explain the various measures to prevent
accidents. [8 M]
4. (a)Explain at grade intersections, the advantages and limitations. [8 M]
(b) How are the traffic signal times decided based on the Websters method.
3. (a) What are the various types of speed and delay studies? Explain. [8 M]

(b) With neat sketches show various types of traffic signs, classifying them in proper group. [8
M]
4. (a) What is traffic rotary? What are its advantages and limitations? [8 M]
(b) Explain grade separated intersections, the advantages and limitations.
[8 M]
8. Write short notes on the following.
(a) Road Patterns
(b) Accident Studies
(c) Construction of WBM pavement
3. (a)Enumerate the different methods of carrying out origin and destination studies. [8 M]
(b)Write a note on road accidents. [8 M]
4. (a)Explain grade separated intersections, the advantages and limitations.
[8 M]
(b) How is the traffic signal times decided based on IRC method? [8 M]

8. Write short notes on the following.

(a) Traffic Rotary
3. (a) Write a note on parking studies. [8 M]
(b) With neat sketches show various types of road markings. [8 M]
4. (a) Explain the design steps involved in Rotary intersection. [8 M]
(b) Compare grade separated and at grade intersection with the help of neat sketch. [8 M]
8. Write short notes on the following.
(a)Road Patterns
2. (a) Discuss the factors affecting friction between pavements and types of vehicles?
[6+10]
3. (a) How does the physical and mental factors affect the road user characteristics.
(b) How are spot speed studies carried out. [8+8]
4. Explain with neat sketches various types of signs by classifying them into proper
groups. [16]
5. Enumerate the various types of intersection and the basic principles involved. [16]
3. (a) What are the objectives and scope of traffic engineering? Explain briefly.
(b) Explain traffic capacity, basic capacity and practical capacity. [10+6]
5. What are the advantages of one-way traffic movements? Draw a right angled four
arm intersection of two roads show therein various conflict points ,if
(a) One road is with one-way movements.
(b) Both roads are with one-way movement. Classify the types of conflicts. [8+8]
3. (a) What are the objectives and scope of traffic engineering? Explain briefly.
(b) Explain traffic capacity, basic capacity and practical capacity. [10+6]

4. (a) Explain the various types of traffic signals and their functions. How are the
signal timings and decided?
(b) Discuss about the shape and colour of the following signs
i. Stop sign
ii. Restriction End Sign
iii. T-intersection
iv. Facility Information Sign.

5. What are the differences in design steps of turbine shaped central island ( rotary)
with respect to circular shaped island? [16]

3. (a)Enumerate the different methods of carrying out speed and delay studies [8+8]
(b).With neat sketches show various types of traffic signs.
4. (a) Explain various types of traffic islands with the help of neat sketches [8+8]
(b) How are the traffic signal times decided based on the IRC method.

8. Write short notes on the following. [16]

i. Extra Widening
ii. Engineering surveys
iii. Lad repetition
3. (a) What are the various types of traffic volume counts. Explain. [8+8]
(b) What are the various types of traffic accidents and explain the various measures to prevent
accidents.
4. (a)What is a traffic rotary. What are its advantages and limitations? [8+8]
(b) Explain at grade intersections, the advantages and limitations.
3. (a)Enumerate the different methods of carrying out origin and destination studies.
(b)Write a note on design of transition curves. [8+8]
4. (a) Explain the design steps involved in Rotary intersection. [8+8]
(b) How are the traffic signal times decided based on Websters Method.

8. Write short notes on the following. [16]

i. Drawings and reports
3. (a)Write a note on parking studies. [8+8]
(b) What a note on road accidents and its preventive measures.
4. (a).Explain grade separated intersections, the advantages and limitations. [8+8]

(b) Write a note on traffic islands.

(b) Enumerate the various design factors controlling the vertical alignment of highways. [12+4]
6. What are the various types of traffic Islands used? Explain the uses of each. [16]
7. (a) Explain different vehicular characteristics which a_ect the road design.
(b) Explain 85th percentile speed, thirtieth highest hourly volume [10+6]
1. (a) Briefly outline the highway development in India.
(b) Briefly explain the engineering surveys needed for locating a new highway.
2. (a) Derive an expression for finding the stopping sight distance at level and at grades.
3. What are the different causes of traffic accidents? Explain various measures that may
be taken to prevent accidents.
4. Explain the various types of traffic signs with neat sketches.
5. (a) What are the objects of providing channelized intersections?
(b) Explain the advantages and limitations of a Rotary intersection.
2. (a) Enumerate the steps for practical design of superelevation.
1. (a) Explain the necessity and objects of highway planning.
(b) What are the various objectives of preliminary survey for highway alignment?
Enumerate the details to be collected and the various steps in the conventional
method.
2. (a) Derive an expression for calculating the overtaking sight distance on a highway.
(b) The speed of overtaking and overtaken vehicles are 70 and 40 kmph, respectively on a two
way traffic road. If the acceleration of overtaking vehicle is 0.99 m/s2,
calculate the safe overtaking sight distance
4. (a) Explain the Websters method for the design of traffic signal cycles for fixed time
traffic signals at cross roads.
3. Explain how the speed and delay studies are carried out? What are the various uses of
speed and delay studies?
2. (a) Derive an expression for finding length of transition curve on horizontal alignment
of highways.
3. Explain spot speed, running speed, space mean speed, time mean speed and average speed.
How are spot speed studies carried out?
4. (a) What are the advantages and disadvantages of traffic signals?
(b) Explain IRC method for the design of fixed time traffic signals at cross raods.

2. (a) Derive an expression for finding the extra widening required on horizontal curve.
3. (a) What are the objectives and uses of volume study.

(b) What are the various types of traffic accidents and explain the various measures to
prevent accidents.
4. (a) How are the traffic signal times decided based on Websters Method.
2. (a) What are the objects of highway geometric design? List the various geometric
elements to be considered in highway design.
3. (a) Explain briefly the various aspects investigated during parking studies. What are the
uses of these studies?
(b) What a detailed note on road accidents and its preventive measures.
2. (a) Explain the ruling, maximum and exceptional gradients.
3. (a) Write in details about the traffic counting.
(b) Write the various IRC equivalent factors of vehicles for Rural roads.
4. (a) Explain at grade intersections, the advantages and limitations.
3. (a) Discuss briefly the various factors affecting the practical capacity of road.
(b) What are the various types of traffic marking commonly used? What are the uses of
each?
4. (a) What is traffic rotary? What are its advantages and limitations, in particular reference
to traffic conditions in India?
1.a) Bringing out the efforts made in India for planned development of Highway
system. Explain the salient features of Nagpur road plan.
b) What are the various engineering surveys required for fixing the final alignment
of a highway? Explain. [16]
2.a) Derive an expression for the overtaking sight distance. Draw a neat sketch of the
overtaking zone and indicate the sign board.
3.a) Discuss the various traffic studies and their importance.
b) Explain the term traffic volume. What are the objects of carrying out traffic volume studies?
[16]
4.a) What are the uses of road markings? And List out different type of road markings with the
help of neat sketches.
5.a) How traffic islands can be effectively used at an intersection to bring in more
orderly and safe movement? Explain by giving suitable examples supported by
diagram.
b) What are the advantages, disadvantages and limitations of rotary Intersection?
[16]

4.a) Why the transition curves are needed on highway horizontal alignment? Which
types of curves more suitable for highways?
b) Describe the basic relationships among various traffic stream parameters with
neat sketch. [15]
5.a) Explain the procedure for conducting spot speed studies. How do you analyse the
spot speed data?
b) Describe the need for traffic markings. Explain various Types of Road Markings

as per IRC specifications. [15]

6.a) Describe various types of intersections with neat sketches along with merits and
Demerits. What is channelization and its objectives?
b) Explain the Concept of Rotary intersection and its Design Criteria as per IRC.
[15]
2. (a) Discuss the factors governing the width of carriage way. State the IRC specifications for width of carriage way for various classes of roads?
3. Explain how the speed and delay studies are carried out. What are the various
uses of speed and delay studies. [16]
4. (a) Explain the various types of traffic signals and their functions. How are the signal timings
and decided?
(b) Discuss about the shape and colour of the following signs
i. Stop sign
ii. Restriction End Sign
iii. T-intersection
iv. Facility Information Sign. [10+6]

3. Explain spot speed, running sped, space-mean speed, time mean speed and average
speed. Explain the various methods of carrying out speed studies. [16]
5. What are the various types of traffic Islands used? Explain the uses of each. [16]
3. Explain about various traffic studies and their importance. [16]
4. (a) Explain the various types of traffic signals and their functions. How are the
signal timings and decided?
(b) Discuss about the shape and colour of the following signs
i. Stop sign
ii. Restriction End Sign
iii. T-intersection
iv. Facility Information Sign. [10+6]
5. Enumerate the various types of intersection and the basic principles involved. [16]
3. Explain how the speed and delay studies are carried out. What are the various uses of speed
and delay studies. [16]
4. (a) Discuss with neat sketches about the Informatory signs.
(b) What are the advantages and disadvantages of traffic signals. [8+8]
5. What are the types of channelized and unchannelized grade intersections? List out various
advantages and disadvantages. Explain with neat sketches. [16]