You are on page 1of 45

Unit 27 Site Surveying

Procedures for Construction and


the Built Environment

Lecture 1
(21 October 2014)

Aims and Objectives of Lecture 1


1. To introduce to students the land surveying
profession in Hong Kong.
2. To overview the syllabus of this unit and the
learning outcomes expected.
3. To launch the assignment and clarify the
criteria for pass, merit and distinction grades.
4. To review the basic mathematics that are
essential to solving surveying problems.
2

Contents
Part 1 Introduction to Surveying
Part 2 Syllabus Overview
Part 3 Learning Outcomes and Pass Criteria
Part 4 Assignment and Assessment Criteria
Part 5 Pre-requisites in Mathematics
Part 6 Reference and Further Readings

Part 1

Introduction to
Surveying
4

Plane Tabling (a pretty old method of surveying)


5

GPS Surveying (a modern surveying method)


6

Definition of Surveying
Surveying or land surveying is the technique,
profession, and science of accurately determining
the terrestrial or three-dimensional position of
points and the distances and angles between them,
commonly practiced by surveyors, and members
of various engineering professions. These points
are usually on the surface of the Earth, and they
are often used to establish land maps and
boundaries for ownership, locations (building
corners, surface location of subsurface features)
or other governmentally required or civil law
purposes (property sales). (Source: wikipedia)
7

Definition of Surveying
Surveying is the the science and art of making
all essential measurements to determine the
relative position of points or physical and
cultural details above, on, or beneath the
surface of the Earth, and to depict them in a
usable form, or to establish the position of
points or details. (American Congress on
Surveying and Mapping)
8

X-Y-Z coordinates

Total Station
9

Professional Bodies
Royal Institution of Chartered
Surveyors (RICS)

Hong Kong Institute of Surveyors


(HKIS)

10

Branches of Surveying

Building (809)
General Practice (725)
Land (114)
Planning and Development (14)
Property and Facilities Management (65)
Quantity (1,238)

(Number of Registered Professional Surveyors in Hong


Kong as at 15 September 2014; Source: Surveyors
Registration Board <www.srb.org.hk>)
11

Manpower of the Land Surveying


Sector in Hong Kong (2013)

Land Surveyor (958)


Surveying Technician (Land) (1,573)
Leveller (1,768)
Chainman (1,128)

For comparison: Civil Engineer (4,414); Quantity Surveyor


(2,069)
(Source: VTC, Manpower Survey Report for the Building and
Civil Engineering Industry 2013)
12

Branches of Land Surveying

Geodetic Surveying
Topographic Surveying
Hydrographic Surveying
Cadastral Surveying
Engineering Surveying

(Reference: http://theconstructor.org/surveying/branchesof-surveying/6351/)
13

Plane v. Geodetic Surveying


Plane surveying considers the earth to be a flat
surface--a plane, which works well for jobs
spanning a short distance (a few miles), because
calculations are relatively simple. Surveys of this
nature account for much of survey work being done.
Geodetic surveying takes into account the true
shape of the earth. These surveys are usually of a
very large scale and most often performed by
government agencies.
<http://www.answers.com/Q/What_is_plane_surveying>
14

Plane surveying ignores the earth curvature


15

What is Geodesy?
Geodesy is the science of accurately measuring and
understanding the Earth's geometric shape,
orientation in space, and gravity field. To measure
points on the Earths surface, geodesists assign
coordinates (similar to a unique address) to points
all over the Earth. In the past, geodesists determined
the coordinates of points by using Earth-based
surveying tools to measure the distances between
points. Today, geodesists use space-based tools like
the GPS to measure points on the Earths surface.
<http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/geodesy.html>
16

What is Site Surveying?


A site survey is an inspection of an area where
work is proposed, to gather information for a
design or an estimate to complete the initial tasks
required for an outdoor activity. It can determine
a precise location, access, best orientation for the
site and the location of obstacles. The type of site
survey and the best practices required depend on
the nature of the project. (wikipedia)
17

Part 2

Syllabus Overview

18

Unit 27 Syllabus Overview


1. Principles of Site Surveying
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5

Linear measurement
Levelling
Angular measurement
Traverse
Setting-out
19

Levelling principle
20

Horizontal and Vertical Angles


21

Prism on target station

Theodolite/Total Station on
observing station

22

A closed traverse
23

Unit 27 Syllabus Overview


2. Site Surveying Instruments
2.1 Linear measuring instruments: steel bands,
sonic devices, EDM
2.2 Levels (optical and digital), Theodolites,
Total Station, Optical plumb and laser devices
2.3 Electronic and laser instruments, GPS
24

Level on tripod

Theodolite

25

Unit 27 Syllabus Overview


3. Cartographic Detailing
3.1 Plotting contours
3.2 Area and volume measurement
3.3 Angular measurement and plotting of
traverse survey
3.4 Setting-out including curve ranging
26

Contour Map
27

Unit 27 Syllabus Overview


4. Computer Software for Site
Surveying
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

Software for capturing data


Software for setting-out
Commercial software and spreadsheet
Geographical Information System
28

Who is doing the survey?


29

Part 3
Unit 27

Learning Outcomes and


the Pass Criteria
30

Learning Outcomes/Pass Criteria


LO1 Understand the principles of site
surveying
[P1] Describe procedures and instrumentation
for transferring control points
[P2] Describe procedures for producing large
horizontal curves used in road construction
[P3] Explain the use of electronic surveying
instrument
31

Learning Outcomes/Pass Criteria


LO2 Be able to use site surveying
instruments
[P4] Set up and use appropriate instruments
[P5] Record readings to produce contoured
plans and traverse surveys
[P6] Set out horizontal and vertical controls and
small radii horizontal curves
[P7] Check the verticality of perpendicular
members of construction frames
32

Learning Outcomes/Pass Criteria


LO3 Understand cartographic detailing of
construction works
[P8] Evaluate the benefits of computer software
to solve typical surveying problems
[P9] Explain the use of information taken from
digital mapping database
[P10] Evaluate the use of GPS within
construction and civil engineering work
33

Learning Outcomes/Pass Criteria


LO4 Understand the software available for
site surveying
[P11] Explain how to determine contours and
ground sections for an area of ground, using raw
survey data
[P12] Explain how to determine areas and volumes
of cut and fill, using survey data
[P13] Explain how to correct coordinate points
within control traverse network
[P14] Explain how to determine setting out data for
coordinated points
34

Part 4
Assignment and
Assessment Criteria

35

The Assignment
Make sure that you
Have a copy of the brief cum questions
Understand the questions
Know the submission due date
Know the penalty for late submission
Know the format of presentation
36

Assessment Criteria
Pass Grade: Completed [P1] [P14] (Total 14
questions) with satisfactory performance.
Merit Grade: In addition to Pass Grade
requirements, completed [M1] [M3] (3 questions)
with good performance, demonstrating application
of theories to practice.

Distinction Grade: In addition to Merit Grade


requirements, complete [D1] [D3] (3 questions)
with good performance, demonstrating the ability of
critical analysis and problem solving.
37

Tips for high marks


1. Write in your own words. No verbatim
copying from reference materials.
2. Provide detailed working steps and justify
your choice with in-depth analysis.
3. Use sketches or photographs to aid
explanation.
4. Make good use of your site experience to
strengthen/support report writing
5. The report includes information more than
what the lecture notes provide.
38

Tips for high marks


6. Further readings in addition to the lecture
notes
7. Double-check your calculations
8. Pay attention to the format of presentation,
tidiness, sketching, spelling and grammar
9. Demonstrates application of theories to
practice
10.Demonstrates analytic ability and problemsolving skill
39

Part 5
Pre-requisite Knowledge
in
Mathematics
40

Pythagoras theorem
In a right angle triangle, a2 + b2 = c2

41

Trigonometric Functions
Source: <http://www.mathsisfun.com/sine-cosine-tangent.html>
Sine Function:

sin() = Opposite / Hypotenuse

Cosine Function:

cos() = Adjacent / Hypotenuse

Tangent Function:

tan() = Opposite / Adjacent

42

Properties of a Circle

Visit the following websites for a general revision on the


basic properties of a circle
<acad.wyk.edu.hk/~ekan/ppt_4_07_E.pps>
<http://www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/circletheorems.html>
43

Part 6

References
and
Further Readings
44

Anderson & Mikhail (2000). Surveying Theory


and Practice (7th edition), McGraw Hill
Bannister, A. (1998). Surveying (7th edition),
Longman
Lands Department, Accuracy Standards of
Control Survey (Version 2.0)
Lands Department, Explanatory Notes on
Geodetic Datums in Hong Kong
Lands Department, Information Paper of the
Hong Kong Digital Map
Muskett, J. (2005). Site Surveying, Blackwell
Scott, G.A. (1973). Construction Surveying,
Longman
45

You might also like