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Piping systems
Piping systems
Contents
System analysis
Bernoulli equation
Hydrostatics
Hydrodynamics
Pressure loss
Pipe friction
Minor losses
Pipe characteristic
Pipe selection
1 / 25
Piping systems
Contents
System analysis
Bernoulli equation
Hydrostatics
Hydrodynamics
Pressure loss
Pipe friction
Minor losses
Pipe characteristic
Pipe selection
2 / 25
Piping systems
Contents
System analysis
Bernoulli equation
Hydrostatics
Hydrodynamics
Pressure loss
Pipe friction
Minor losses
Pipe characteristic
Pipe selection
3 / 25
Piping systems
Contents
System analysis
Bernoulli equation
Hydrostatics
Hydrodynamics
Pressure loss
Pipe friction
Minor losses
Pipe characteristic
Pipe selection
4 / 25
System analysis
System with through-flow
Nomenclature
dU
------- = Q + W + E i + W v i (conservation of energy)
dt
U internal energy
Q heat flow rate
W work rate
u
v
p
W v = F p v = pAv = m --
v1 , p1
Q
1 2
Q + W + m i h i + --- v i + gz i
= 0
2
i
p
with h = u + --
[J/s]
2
[J]
[J/s]
z
m
h
p
[kg/s]
[J/kg]
[Pa]
density
[kg/m3]
z1
v2 , p2
z2
5 / 25
System analysis
W v =
p
1
pv dA = pA --A- v dA = pAvavg = m ---
2
r
v r = v max 1 ------
2
R
--2- v
1 2
v dA m ---
v avg
2
r
turbulent pipe flow v r = v max 1 ---
R
1n
laminar
turbulent
n=6
1.077
n=7
1.058
n=10
1.031
6 / 25
System analysis
Steady system with through-flow but without
external heat flux and work
dU
------- = 0 ; Q = 0 ; W = 0
dt
i
+ ---
v
m i ui + --- 2 i i
i
Nomenclature
U internal energy
Q heat flow rate
W work rate
[J]
[J/s]
[J/s]
+ gz i = 0
u
v
v1 , p1
pi 1
2
+ ---
v + gz i = 0
m i ---i 2 i i
v3 , p3
z1
z
m
h
p
[kg/s]
[J/kg]
[Pa]
density
[kg/m3]
z3
v2 , p2
z2
7 / 25
Bernoulli equation
Nomenclature
pi 1
2
+ ---
v + gz i = 0
m i ---i 2 i i
i
U internal energy
Q heat flow rate
W work rate
steady flow
For
pipe flow
(conservation of mass)
v1 , p1
i = 1 2
z
m
h
p
streamtube
[J/s]
m i = 0
[J]
[J/s]
[kg/s]
[J/kg]
[Pa]
density
[kg/m3]
so
2
--p- + 1
---
v + gz = const
2
z1
v2 , p2
z2
8 / 25
Hydrostatics
No fluid velocity :
p + gz = const
patm
z2
p atm + w gz 2 = p + w gz 1
so
p = p atm + w g z 2 z 1
z1
p = p atm + w gh
z=0
Buoyancy force
patm
p t = p atm + w gh t
p b = p atm + w gh b
F buo = p b p t A = w g h b h t A = w gV
Fbuo
pt
pb
ht
A
hb
A
F buo = m w g
(Archimedes)
9 / 25
Hydrostatics
No fluid velocity :
p + gz = const
Examples
z2
Barometer :
p 2 = p v T p atm
p atm = gh
z1 = 0
Manometer :
p A + 1 gz 1 = p B
pB = pC
p D + 2 gz 2 = p C
z1
p A = p atm + 2 z 2 1 z 1 g
( p D = p atm )
z2
C
2
z=0
10 / 25
Hydrodynamics
p1
Bernoulli equation
2
1
p + ---
v + gz = const
2
p1
g
v1
v1
2g
p2
z1
p2
g
2
v2
z1
z2
v2
2g
z2
Examples
Fountain :
z2
1 2
p atm + --- v + gz 1 = p atm + gz 2
2
v
h = -----2g
z1
Pump :
1 2
p atm + gh = p s + --- v + gH
2
1 2
p s = p atm g H h --- v
2
v
patm
11 / 25
Pressure loss
Inviscid flow asssumed (no losses)
patm
1 2
p atm + gh 1 = p 1 + --- v
2
h1
p1
H
1 2
1 2
p 1 + --- v + g H h 1 + h 2 = p 2 + --- v
2
2
gH = 0
patm
1 2
p 2 + --- v = p atm + gh 2
2
p2
h2
1 2
2
p1 1 2
p2 1 2
p1 1 2
p loss
p2 1 2
u 1 + ----- + --- v 1 + gz 1 = u 2 + ----- + --- v 2 + gz 2 or ----- + --- v 1 + gz 1 = ----- + --- v 2 + gz 2 + --------------- with p loss = u 2 u 1
2
2
2
2
modified Bernoulli equation
In the example above : p loss = gH
12 / 25
Pressure loss
p1
p1
g
v1
z1
p2
ploss
p2
g
z1
v2
2g
z2
v1
2g
v2
z2
13 / 25
Pressure loss
v
(Newtonian fluid)
dv
= -----dy
Couette flow
p p + dp r = 2rdx
dv
= -----dr
D
(laminar flow)
pr2
(p+dp)r2
leads to
dx
2
2
R
L1
D2
64
Re
vD
14 / 25
Pipe friction
Force balance in pipe flow
p p + dp r = 2rdx
2
r
v r = v max 1 ------
2
R
dv
= -----dr
r
turbulent pipe flow v r = v max 1 ---
R
dv
= + t -----dr
1n
64
vD
f = ------ ; Re = ----------Re
vD h
Re = -------------
4A
D h = ------O
15 / 25
Pipe friction
Re - number
1 . 10 2
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
1 . 10 3
1 . 10 4
1 . 10 5
1 . 10 6
D/ = 20
0.05
50
0.04
friction factor f
1 . 10 7
100
0.03
200
500
0.02
1000
2000
5000
10.000
20.000
50.000
100.000
inf
0.01
Moody diagram
laminar
L 1 2
p loss = f ------- --- v
Dh 2
transition
f = f Re D h
turbulent
;
vD h
Re = -------------
4A
D h = ------O
16 / 25
Pipe friction
Pipe roughness
material
state
new, smooth
0.0013-0.0015
new
new
0.0013-0.0015
0.0016
steel
rolled (seamless)
rolled (welded)
galvanized (seamless)
galvanized (welded)
corroded, moderate
corroded, extensive
0.02 - 0.06
0.04 - 0.1
0.07 - 0.16
0.008
0.15 - 0.2
tot 3
cast iron
new
new with bitumen
corroded, light
corroded, extensive
0.2 - 0.6
0.1 - 0.13
0.5 - 1.5
tot 3
concrete / clay
new
0.3 - 0.8
[mm]
17 / 25
Minor losses
Minor losses I
p loss =
Ki 1--2- vi2
basket strainer
K = 1.3
foot valve
K = 0.8
exit
K = 1.0
D2
K = 0.1 (1 - D2 / D1)
D2 / D1 from 0.5 to 0.9
90 elbow
threaded
flanged or glued
regular
long radius
regular
long radius
K = 1.4
K = 0.75
K = 0.31
K = 0.22
45 elbow
regular
regular
K = 0.35
K = 0.17
regular
regular
long radius
K = 1.5
K = 0.3
K = 0.2
return bend
T-joint
line flow
branch flow
line flow
branch flow
K = 0.9
K = 1.9
K = 0.14
K = 0.69
18 / 25
Minor losses
coupling
check valves
Minor losses II
p loss =
Ki 1--2- vi2
threaded
: K = 0.08
swing type
: K = 2.5
flanged or glued
: K = 0.08
ball type
: K = 70
reducing bushing
p = K 21 v22
K = 0.5 - 0.167 (D2 / D1) - 0.125 (D2 / D1)2 - 0.208 (D2 / D1)3
D1
D2
6 < D < 25 mm
sudden expansion
D1
D2
p = K 21 v22
K = 0.93 - 0.592 (D2 / D1) - 3.625 (D2 / D1)2 - 2.803 (D2 / D1)3
6 < D < 25 mm
angle valve
globe valve
fully open K = 10
gate valve
fully open K = 2
fraction closed :
K :
ball valve
0.15
o :
K
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
485 inf
19 / 25
Remarks
Developed pipe flow
Friction factors f only valid for fully developed pipe flow.
Inlet length l A for circular pipes
b
l A A Re D
v gem D
Re = -------------------
with
A 0.06 ; b 1
K = 2 fF K 90
20 / 25
Pipe characteristic
Modified Bernoulli :
pump
ppump
ploss
gHs
Qv
21 / 25
Pipe characteristic
Modified Bernoulli :
pump
gHs
pump
pipe
Qwp
Qv
22 / 25
Pipe selection
Maximum system pressure
dF r = p L r d
; p = p i p o gauge pressure
dF x = p L r cos d
po
2
F x = p L r
cos d
= pLD i
-Fx
Fx
pi
2
pD i
Fx
! = --------- = ------------- ; s pipe wall thickness
2sL
2s
2! max s
p max = -----------------Di
Nominal pressure PN
! 20 o C s
PN = ----------------cD i
dFr
; c safety factor
23 / 25
Pipe selection
Economic pipe diameter
From max. system pressure
pDi
s = ------------2!
Material cost proportional with pipe cross section A p = Di s
fixed
p 2
A p = ---------- Di
2!
variable
Dopt
C1 C2
L
1 2
P pump = Qv p pump = Qv f ------- + K i --- vi = ------- + ------5
4
D
2
h
Di Di
i
4Q v
with vi = ----------
Di
24 / 25
Pipe selection
100
80
60
50
40
30
h
hi g
avg. velocity
[m/s]
fluid
avg. velocity
[m/s]
acetone
1.0 - 3.0
glycerine
0.4 - 0.9
ethyl alcohol
1.5 - 3.0
heptane
1.5 - 3.0
methyl alcohol
1.5 - 3.0
hexane
1.6 - 3.2
benzene
1.4 - 2.8
kerosine
1.4 - 2.8
castor oil
0.5 - 1.0
propane
1.7 - 3.4
chloroform
1.5 - 3.0
propylene
1.7 - 3.4
ether
1.5 - 3.0
turpentine
1.4 - 2.8
water
1.4 - 2.8
20
fluid
10
8
low
6
5
4
3
p
re (
ssu
pre
p
re (
ssu
pre
>>
=1
1 ba
low
)
bar
-6
y (
osit
visc
r)
.10
=1
2 )
m /s
liquid
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
s
isco
hv
hig
=
ity (
2
- 6 m / s)
.10
100
0,2
0,1
10
4 5 6 8 100
3 4 5 6 8 1000
25 / 25