Properties of Unsaturated Porous Media - 1966

PROPERTIES OF UNSATURATED
POROUS MEDIA
by
G. E. Laliberte, A . T. Corey
and R. H. Brooks
Nove mbe r 1966
17
PROPERTIES OF UNSA TURATF:D POROUS MEDIA
By
G. E. Laliberte
A. T . Corey
and
R. H. Brooks
HYDROLOGY PAPERS
COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY
FORT COLLI!\lS, COLORA DO
November 1966
No. 17
ABSTflAC'T
Some of the problems associated with ~wli>lfyinf! tl1 th'ltlin~! < t'i1l rlo of tlu
Brooks-Corey modeling theory for partially saturull-d ponuN nwdi1o u rc tx:molrwd
critically.
The effect of the porosity of disturbed medin on tlw hydnnrlw propcrtl><
which are significant in the modeling theory is d(t,rmin!cl C'XJWI'lllll'lltnll y loy vai',Yln:
porosity. The results indicate that the pore -size di~o<t rlbuti<m lndcx 1 ~-: <'hau~ d onl~
slightly over a wide range of porosities but permeability nnd huhltlin~: pre~<flotr n oay
be changed several fold over the same range . Ev ide ntl y , uuhhlin~: pt'<'NIIlll'l' uod
permeability may be adjusted to suit the size of the- morJtl by chnnf{lng llw poto,..ity
without appreciably changing the pore-size distribution.
A functional relationship among the hydraulic prop<;rtit>~: w hl1; h a ro aignif cant in the modeling theory is de veloped, beginning with th< fundam.,nlol Njlla tion~-:
used in the Burdine approach for relati ng permeability, so.turat.vn and cnpillnry
pressure. The relationship, involving saturated permeability, effC'Ctiv(' porosity,
bubbling pressure and pore -si ze distribut ion index, is substantiateci C'Xp(rinwntull.Y
for three media. The relationship cal) be used to estimate permeability U!i a function
of either capillary pressure or saturation, the only information r e quired be ing
capillary pressure -de saturation data.
A study was made to de termine if disturbed mate rials are suitable for
modeling undisturbed porous media. The results indicate that a medium obtainl"c.l
by pulverizing the materia l at the site of the prototype would usually not uC' suitabll'
for a model because of changes in the pore-si ze distribution during pulvC'riza tion.
Unconsolidated media are available, however, which have the range of properties
necessary for modeling any of the undisturbed media found in this study. ThP most
difficult problem may be to simulate the transition from saturated conditions to partially saturated conditions which e vide nt l y is characteristic of some undisturbt>d
media.
PREFACE
Colorado State University's contribution to W-!'i 1 nC'~i o no.l Research Project
entitled "Factors Influe ncing t he Flow of Subsoil Watl' r in t he Immediate Proximity
of and into Drainage Facilities" incl udes a study of tile pmu.;ihility of using physical
mode ls of field drainge systems. Work presentt'd in llydrology Paper No. 9 indicated
that the theory of similitude proposed by Brooks and Corc-y in Hydrology Paper )Jo. 3
was valid and could be used as a basis for constructing modtls of subsoil drains.
The study presented here in was conductt'd to chli nl'"l<' and help solve some of
the obvious practical problems encountered in mo<ld i ng a.ct uu I ric ld systems involving
flow in partially saturated porous media. Additional d ctail::; of this study have been
presented in the senior author's dissertation with the same title, presented at
Col orado State Univers i ty in August 1966.
The a uthorc; are grateful to Dr. Arnold Klute. l'roft>SS(lr of Soil Physics,
Dep artment of Agronom y, University of Il linois for his critical r eview of this paper
and his many helpful suggestions.
iv
TABLF OJ C'OI"TJ:t>: I'S
LISf OF FIGURES . . . . . . . .
V I
LISf OF TABLES (TEXT) . . . . .

LIST OF TABLES (APPENDICES)
VIII
LISf OF SYMBOLS
. xi
INTRODUCTION . . . .
BACKGROUND AND THEORY .
EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES
Fluids and Media . . . . . .
Capillary Pressure-Permeability Measunn11nt for tho
Porosity Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Capillary Pressure- Saturation Measure mcnt for Uw
Porosity Experiment . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Capillary Pressure -Permeability Measurement for tluUndisturbed Media Experiment . . . . . . . . .. .
-I 0
RESULTS AND DIOCUSSION ..

Porosity Expe r iment . . . . . . .
Undisturbed Media Experiment
.t 0
. . . 24
CONCLUSIONS . . .
BIBLIOGRAPHY . .. .
. . 32
APPENDIX A. Properties of Wett ing F luid and Media . . .
. . '33
APPENDIX B. Capillary Pressure-Permeability Data.
- 34
APPENDIX C . Capillary Pressure-Desaturation Data.
. 39
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Page
Schematic diagram of saturation-capillary pressure a pparatus.
Sleeve -type sampler (ready for assembly) . . . . . . . . .
Und isturbed s oil sample during test show ing inflow and
outflow pressure controllers and tensiometers . . . . . .
Relative permeability as a function of capillary pressure for

Touchet silt loam (GE 3} packed at five dif!ferent porosities . . . . II

Columbia sandy loam packed at five different porosities . . . . . . 1 1

an unconsolidated sand packed a t five different porosities. .
. . 12
Saturation and effective saturation as functions of capillary

pressure for Touchet silt loam (GE 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

pressure for Touchet silt loam (GE 3) . 13
Saturation and effective satur ation as functions of capillary

pressure for Touchet silt loam (GE 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
10
Saturation and effective saturation as funct ions of capillary

pressure for Columbia sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
II

pressure for Columbia sandy loam .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 15
12

pressure for Columbia sandy loam . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . 15
13

pressure for Columbia sandy loam .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 16
14

pressure for an unconsolidated sand . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . 16
15

pressure for an unconsolidated sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
16
Saturation and effective saturation as funct ions of capillary

pressure for an unconsolidated sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
17

pressure for an unconsolidated sand . . . .
18
18
Saturated permeability as a function of porosity for three

disturbed media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . .. 18
19
Bubbling pressure as a function of porosity for three

disturbed media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
. . . . . 19
Pore-size dist ribut ion index as a funct ion of porosity for

three disturbed media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ! 9
vi
LIST OF FIGURES - contimad
21
Permeability as a function of caplllary pr<SRUJ't f o1

Fort Collins clay loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .. z:,
22
Permeability as a function of capillary pr<'s!'urt for

Weld loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. l !
23
Permeability as a function of capillary pressun for

Cass sandy loam (5 - i nch dept h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2fi
24
P e rmeability as a function of capillary pressure for

Cass sandy loam ( 12-inch depth) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
zr.
25
Permeability as a function of capillary pressure for

Cass sandy loam (20-inch depth) . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. 27
26

Valentine l oamy sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
27

a semi -consolidated sand . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
LIST OF TABLES (TEXT)

TablE'
Page
POROSITY, SATURATED PERMEABILITY, BUBBLING

PRESSURE AND PORE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION INDEX AS
FUNCTIONS OF BULK DENSITY FOR THREE DISTURBED
MEDIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2
POROSITY, BUBBLING PRESSURE, PORE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION INDEX, RESIDUAL SATURATION AND EFFECTIVE
POROSITY AS FUNCTIONS OF BULK DENSITY FOR THREE
DISTURBED MEDL~
21
COMPARISON OF BUBBLING PRESSURE AND PORE - SIZE

DISTRIBUTION INDEX DETERMINED FROM K(p ) AND S:P )
DATA FOR THREE DISTURBED MEDIA . . . . . .c . . . . . . . c... 22
SUMMARY OF HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES USED IN
tP
(T
CALCULATING THE PRODUCT K:pb
(x:
2)
FOR
THREE DISTURBED MEDIA (IT= 22.9 DYNES/CM) . . . . . 23

5

PRESSURE AND PORE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION INDEX FOR
SEVERAL MEDIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

PRESSURE AND PORE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION INDEX FOR
CASS SANDY LOAM . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
vii
LIST OF TABL~S (APPENDICES)

Table
A-1
DYNAMIC VISCOSITY AND DENSITY OF SOLTROL "C"

OIL USED IN EXPERIMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
A -2
GRAIN-SIZE ANALYSIS OF MATEIHALS USED . . .
33
A-3
PARTICLE DENSITY OF MATEHlALS USED. . . . . . . . .
33
B-1
CAPILLARY PRESSURE-PERMEA rm.ITY DATA FOR

TOUCHET SILT LOAM (GE 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
B-2
CAPI LLA RY PRESSURE-PEIIMEA 13JLITY DATA FOR

TOUCHET SILT LOAM (GE i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
B-3
CAPILLARY PRESStrRE-PEHMEKf3ILITY DATA FOR

TOUCHET SILT LOAM ((:E I) . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . 34
B-4
CAPILLARY PRES::itiHI:-l'EHMEABILITY DATA FOR

TOUCHET SILT I.OAM (GI!; i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
B-5
CAPILLARY PHESStiJ!E-J>EnMEABILITY DATA FOR

TOUCHET SILT LOAM (c;E J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
B-6
CAPILLAHY l'lH:S:>UHE-PERMEABILITY DATA FOR

COLUMBIA SANDY LOAM .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
B-7
CAPILLAI(V l'H!-;SSUHE-PERMEABILITY DATA FOR

COLUMBIA SANDY LOAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 34
B-8
CAP!LLAHY l'HI:SStilm-PERMEABILITY DATA FOR

COLl!Ml\11\ SANDY LOAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '34
B-9
CAPTLLA HY l'lli::SSUHE-PERMEABILITY DATA FOR

COLUMHIA SANOY LOAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
B-10
CAI'll.!.i\ ttY l'!!l':SSllHE - PERMEABILITY DATA FOR

COL! IMilll\ SAND Y LOAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 35
B-1 1
CAI'll.I.;\HV PHESSURE-PERMEABILITY DATA FOR

:\N l iNC'ONSOUDATED SAND . . . 35
B- 12
C;\1' 11.1 .,\ HY l'f\ESSURE-PERMEABILITY DATA FOR

i\ N !iNCONSOLIDA TED SAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
B-13
<':\l'!Ll.AHY l'HE SSURE-PERMEABILITY DATA FOR

:\N IIN<"ONSOI.!DATED SAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
B- 14
C 1\
B-1 :i
<':\ I'!LU\ HY I' RESSURE-PERMEABILITY DATA FOR
I'll .l .A HY PRESSURE-PERMEABILITY DATA FOR

AN l IN<"ONSOL!DATED SAND .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
AN l!NC< lNOL!DATED SAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 35

11-lti
<"AI 'Il . l.,\HY l'HESSURE-PERMEABILITY DATA FOR

H llri' CO! .LINS CLAY LOAM ( UNDISTURBED SAMPLE
J',\1\.Jo:N V!; HTICALLY) . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . 35
1\-17
('i\ !'I I.I .A liY PRESSURE-PERMEABILITY DATA FOR

H Jl! I' < '< ll .l.!NS CLAY LOAM (UNDISTURBED SAMPLE
I'AK I<N I!OHIZONTALLY) . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
viii
LIST OF TABLES {APPENDICES) - Ct)nlinued

Table
B-18
CAPILLARY P 'RESSURE -PER MEA BIJ .TTY DATA FOH

FORT COLLINS CLAY LOAM {DISTUHJ1El> SAMI'I.F
PASSED THROUq H A NO. 14 SIEVE) . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 31i
B-19
CAPILLARY PRESSURE-PERMEABILITY DATA FO!i

FORT COLLINS CLAY LOAM (DISTURBED SAM I'Ll-:
PASSED THROUGH A NO. 48 SIEVE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
'i i i
B - 20
CAPILLARY PRESSURE -PERMEABILITY DATA FOH

WELD LOAM {UNDISTURBED SAMPLE TAKEN
VERTICALLY) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3(i
B-21
CAPILLARY PRESSURE-PERMEABILITY DATA FOR

WELD LOAM {UNDISTURBED SAMPLE TAKEN
HORIZONTALLY) . . . . .. . . . . . . 3G
B -22

WELD LOAM (DISTURBED SAMPLE PASSED THROUGH
A NO. 14 SIEVE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
B-23

WELD LOAM (DISTURBED SAMPLE PASSED THROUGH
A NO. 48 SIEVE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
B-24
CAPILLARY PRESSURE -PERMEABILITY OATA FOR

CASS SANDY LOAM (UNDISTURBED SAMPLE TAKEN
VERTICA LLY AT 5-INCH DEPTH) . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . 36
B-25
CAPILLARY PRESSURE -PERMEABILITY DATA FOR

HORIZONTALLY AT 5-INCH DEPTH) . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
B-26
CAPILI..A RY PRESSURE - PERMEABILITY DATA FOR

VERTICALLY AT 12-INCH DEPTH} . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
B-27

':ASS SANDY LOAM (UNDISTURBED SAMPLE TAKEN
HORIZONTALLY AT 12-lNCH DEPTH) . 37
B-28

CASS SANDY LOAM (DISTURBED SAMPLE TAKEN AT
12-INCH DEPTH AND PASSED THROUGH A NO. 14
SIEVE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
B-29

CASS SANDY LOAM (DISTURBED SAMPLE TAKEN AT
12-INCH DEPTH AND PASSED THROUGH A NO. 48
SIEVE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
B-30

VERTICALLY AT 20-INCH DEPTH) .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
B-31

HORIZONTALLY AT 20- INCH DEPTH) . . . . . . . . . . 37
ix
LIST OF TABLES (APPENDICES) -continued

Table
B-32
CAPILLARY PRESSURE - PERMEABILITY DATA FOR

VALENTINE LOAMY SAND (UNDISTURBED SAMPLE
TAKEN VERTICALLY AT 12-INCH DEPTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
B-33

VALENTINE LOAMY SAND {UNDISTURBED SAMPLE
TAKEN HORIZONTALLY AT 12-INCH DEPTH) . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
B-34

VALENTINE LOAMY SAND (DISTURBED SAMPLE
TAKEN AT 12-INCH DEPTH AND PASSED THROUGH
A NO. 14 SIEVE} . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
B - 35
CAPIL LARY PRESSURE-PERMEABILITY DATA FOR

TAKEN AT 12- INC H DEPTH AND PASSED THROUGH
A NO. 48 SIEVE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
B - 36

A SEMI-CONSOLIDATED SAND ( tJNDISTURBED CORE) . . . . . . 38
B-37

A SEMI-CONSOLIDATED SAND (DISTURBED SAMPLE
PASSED THROUGH A NO. 14 SIEVE) .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 38
B - 38

A SEMI-CONOLIDATED SAND (DISTURBED SAMPLE
PASSED THROUG H A NO. 35 SIEVE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
C-1
CAPILLARY PRESSURE-DESATURATION DATA FOR

TOUCHET SILT LOAM (GE 3) .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 39
C-2

TOUCHET SILT LOAM (GE 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
C-3

TOUCHET SILT LOAM (GE 3) . .. . . . . 39
C-4
CAPILLARY PRESSURE - DESATURATION DATA FOR

COLUMBIA SANDY LOAM . . 39
C-5

COLUMBIA SANDY LOAM . . . . . . . . . . .. . 39
C -6
CAPILLARY PRESSURE -DESATURATION OAT A FOR

COLUMBIA SANDY LOAM . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 40
C-7

COLUMBIA SANDY LOAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
C-8
CAPILLARY PRESSURE-DESATURATION DATA F OR

AN UNCONSOLIDATED SAND . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
C-9

AN UNCONSOLIDATED SAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
~0
C-10
CAPILLARY PRESSURE-DESATURATION DATA F OR

AN UNCONSOLIDATED SAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -tO
C-11
CAPILLARY PRESSURE-DESAT URATIO~ DATA FOR

AN UNCONSOLIDATED SAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
X
LIST OF SYM BOI ..'->

Definition
J)i!l l('IIHlPII
Constant in Gardner's equation for permeability
Constant in Gardner's equation for
Subscript meaning "bubbling"
Subscript meaning "bulk" . . .
Subscript meaning "capillary".
V~ l J' it' .'- ,
pcrmeab il it~
1\01 I I '
1\01\1 '
Degrees centigrade ..
d
Differential operator .
nonv
Subscript meaning "effective" .
nont'
Acceleration due to gravity . ..
LT -2
Shape factor in the Kozeny- Carman equation
none
Permeability - the permeability to the wetting fluid when

the medium is occupied by more than one fluid phase
Saturated permeability - the permeability to the
wetting fluid at complete saturation
I..
Relative permeability - K /K .
none
General subscript . . . . . . .
none
mb
Millibar, a unit of pressure
Positive constant for a medium in Gardner's

equat ion for permeability .. . .. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . none
Number of determinations of capillary pressure and

relative permeability used i n calculating 11 . .
. none
Number of determinations of capillary pressure and

effective saturation used in calculating A.
none
Subscript meaning "at complete saturation"
none
Bubbling pressure - approximately the minimum

capillary pressure on the drainage cycle at which
the non-wetting fluid is continuous . . . .. . . . . . .
Capillary pressure - the difference in pressure across the
interface between the wetting fluid and the non- wetting fluid
FL -
Vol ume flu;;: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .
Saturation - the ratio of the volume of the wetting

fluid to the volume of t he voids .. .. .
none
Effective saturation - (S - S ) /( 1 - S )
none
se
xi
LIST OF SYMBOLS - continued

Symbol
Definition
Dimension
sr
Residual saturation - the saturation at which

K approaches zero .
none
Time . . . . . . . . . .
Tortuosity (L /L) ~ at complete saturation
none
Denotes a difference . . . . . .
none
- d(log K) /d(log p )
I)
Pore-size di stribution index,
Contact angle of interface between wetting and

non-wetting fluid at the medium solids . . . . .
Pore - size distribution index,
-d(log S ) I d(log p )
e
c
none
none
none
Dynamic viscosity of wetting fluid . . . .
FL- 2T
Square microns, a unit of permeability .
L2
Density of wetting fluid . . . . . . . .
FL - 4 T 2
Bulk density of the porous medium .
FL
Particle density - specific weight of the medium solids
4 2
FL - T
Surface tension (interfacial te nsion) of the wetting fluid
FL - 1
Summation
none
Porosity - the volume of the pore space expressed as a

decimal fraction of the bulk volume of the medium
none
~e
Effective pores ity ( 1 - S ) ~ .
none
'il
Gradient operator . . . . . . .
IT
xii
-4 2
-1
PROPERTIES OF UNSATliH!\TJ-:1> I'OI!<H IS 1\11"1>1.\
G. E. L aliberte, A . T. Corey anrl 1:. fl.
llrool\~<
INTRODUCTION
In 193 1, Richards (18) introduced an equation
combining Darcy's law and the continuity condition.
This s econd order non -linear differential e quation
de scrihes steady and unsteady flow in both saturated
a nd partially satur ated media. Because of the complexity of the mathematical analysis invol ved,
Richards' e quation has remained unsolved except for
simple cases.
When physical phenomena do not yield to
mathematical analysis , the use of models often perm its a n insight into them. At present, howe ver, the
use of models for sol ving particular problems that
deal with partially saturated me dio. is practically nonexistent . Many investigat ors interested in the solution of groundwater problems have used sand t anks
and Hele-Shaw models that do not adequately take into
consideration partially saturated conditions. In 1956,
Miller and Miller ( 14) presented a theory describing
the criteria of similitude for now in partially saturated porous media. The i r theory and analagous
theor ies developed by investigators in the petroleum
industry have been reviewed by Corey et al. (8).
Recently, similitude requirements have been
specified by Brooks and Corey ( 3) for modeling unsteady flow in partially saturated systems . They
developed the theory by scaling the Richards equation
with syste m parameters of length, pressure and time .
The permeability of the fully saturated medium, K0 ,
was chosen as the paramete r for scaling permeability,
K . The bubbling pressure, pb , of the particular
medium and fluid was proposed for scaling capillary
pressure, p . Bubbling pressure was found by
Brooks and CJorey to be closely related to the largest
pores forming a continuous network within a porous
medium . It is a constant for a given fluid and medium.
*Dra inage
The exact nwlh(KI or tlrltr'llllll:!lll>ll of huhhl illf' I II'I 'Hsure is discussc<l in t ln H<'t'liou uu <' XJwrr n wul.tl
techniques . Tlw It-rwth p;o rurrwlr HHt lo d "''" tlu
bubbling pressun d iviu.. d by till' difl't tttw t " ' Uu
s pec ific we ight s of tltt wttl i ns~ 1111d rwu-wc111 11 1: fl uid .
tlpg . The timr paranwtpr uc cNcHa r.v l<> cotnplot
the scaling t heory is giv<'n by tlw t'XI'rtHHiou
~IJtPe /K 0(.6pg) z . ln thi~ cxpns~o:ion, ,. IH lh
dynamic viscosity of the wC'tling flui d. <,. uc 1lu
"effective" or "drainable" por osity of u ... ml'tl runc
and the other terms arc as prPviouRly dl'l'irll'd. lo:
systems in which air is the non-wetting flu id. llw
specific weight of air may be ncgl t'C t<'d and .6 1'1:
may be replaced by pg , th' spC'cific wc ii!ht nl' tt ...
wetting fluid .
In order for th<> mod('} and prototyp to l,..h;v
s imilarly, the following scaling criteria must lw u.ct:
1, The functional re-lationships amonl.( sl':t i Pd
permeability, saturation a nd capill ary prt ss \ ll ' r
must be identical for both syst>m s ;
2. The macroscopic boundarirs or tlw nHKkl
must havt: a shape a nd orientation similar to tbos.
of the prototype;
3. The siz e of the m odC'l de fined by a cha rac t e ristic macroscopic dim ension, L. mu;.:l b<' ~ut'li
that pgL/pb is the same as for the prototype;
4. The initial conditions in terms or scaled
variables are identical in both systems, the scaling
factor for time, t , being ~IJ4le /K0 ( pg) z .
The last of these r e quire ment s can b<>
e liminated for steady- state systems . Scott an<l
E ngineer, Canada Agriculture Research Station, Lethbridge. Alberta, fo rmerly graduate studC' ni
a t Colorado State University: Professor of Agricultural Engineering. Colorado State University;
Agricultural Rese&.rch Engineer, USDA, r espectivel y.
Corey (20) used these criteria for modeling steady

flow in sand columns . Their results established the
validity of the theory for steady flow systems. Excellent verification of the theory for unsteady flow was
obtained by Corey et al. (8) using drainage from two
similar sand columns.
In order to empl oy the modeling tec hniques of

Brooks and Corey for studying prototype systems, it
is necessary to measure the pertinent properties of
the material as it exists undisturbed at the site. It
is also necessary t o locat e a suitable medium for a
model having a pore-size distribution similar t o the
medium at the site. In this connection, it would be
desirable to determine whether or not the pore -size
dist ribution of undisturbed earth materials can be
characterized by the index proposed by Brooks a nd
Corey.
However, there are still many problems

associated with satisfying these cr iteria that need t o
be overcome before the use of models for partially
saturated media can be made practical. This study
was initiated to resolve some of these difficulties.
The first criterion, that the func tional rela tionships among scaled permeability, saturation and
capillary pressure be identical in both systems, has
been found by Brooks and Corey to be satisfed by
media having similar pore-size distributions. They
found that if two material s have similar scaled capillary pressure -permeability relationships they also
will have similar scaled capillary pressure -saturation
relationships. In fact, the absolute value of the nega tive slope of the straight line on a log -log plot of
effective saturation as a function of capillary pressure,
symbolized by A , was called the pore-size distribution index: Evidently, the pore - size distribution
index is a parameter of considerable significance in
modeling partially saturated media.
This paper re ports the results of a study

designed to:
I. Develop theory for the purpose of

defining a functional relations hip among effective
poros ity, saturat ed permeability, bubbling pressure
and pore-size distribution i ndex;
2 . Experimentally test the validity of this
r elationship over a wide range of soil textures by
changing the bulk density;
3. Determine whethe r undisturbed earth
materials have properties that can be modeled using
disturbed earth materials and, in particular, to de termine if the pore-size distribution of undisturbed
materials can be characterized by a single dimens ionless number as is the case for most disturbed
materials ;
According to the Brooks -C orey theory,

significant porous medium properties (in addition to
t he bubbling pressure and pore-size d istribution
index) are the effective porosity and the saturated
permeability. In fact , Corey (7) suggested that there
must be some functional relationship among the parameters tPe , K0 , pb and A . Such a relationship
must exist in a given medium at least, if bulk density
is the only parameter which varies. Knowledge of
such a r ela tions hi p would permit calculation of unsealed permeability as a function of capillary pressure
from only the capillary pressure -desaturation function
for a medium. It also would provide an ins ight into
probable effects of disturbing porous media insofar
as disturbance changes the parameters indicated
above.
4. Dete rmine t he range of effective porosity,

saturated permeability, bubbling pressure and poresize distribution index that can be encount ered a t
field sites, providing undisturbed media can be
characterized by these parameters.
Hopefully, this information will permit the
construction of val id models of partially saturated
systems or at least yield a be tter understanding of
the hydraulic properties of porous media and their
interre lati.onship.
BACKGROUND AND THEORY

In a previous publ ication of this series,
Hydrology Paper No. 3, Brooks and Corey have revie wed theory publ ished in the petroleum engineering
literature which relates ptlrmeability of homogeneous
and isotropic porous media to pore-size distribution.
Critical portions of the the ory were contributed by
Kozeny (12). Purcell (17) and Burdine (4). Brooks
and Corey demonstrated that the t heory was valid f o r
the calculation of relative permeability K/K0 from
a capillary pressure -saturation curve .
According to Brooks and Corey (3). t l1

relationship between effective saturat ion and eap i llary pressure is given by
(pb
PC f
se
for pc > pb
and
Recently, several other schemes have been

proposed for the calculation of permeability val ues
for flow in partially saturated media from pore-size
distribution data . A method specifically pertinent to
soils was p r oposed first by Childs and CollisGeorge ( 6) and was later modified by Marshall ( 1 3)
and Millington and Quirk (1 5) . In eac h case, information on pore-size distribution is deduced from
capillary p ressure-desaturation data . Jackson et
al. { 11) compared the latter methods of calculating
relative permeability with direct measurements and
found tha t t he m ethod proposed by :Millingto n a nd
Quirk gave t he best results.
whe r e
(2)
se
= 1. 0 '
se
is related to
PC < pb
f or
by
s - sr
se
( 3)
1="""8r
in which the residual saturation, Sr, is that valuP

of S for which equations 2 hold.
It is a val ut of
S at which Pc is very large and K is ve r y small.
For some media. Sr has been found to be zen>.
Each of the latter methods requires that the

permeability of the fully saturated medium, K 0 ,
be measured in order to calculate t he per meab ility
at other saturations . T he method devel ope-d in the
petroleum indust ry provide.s the poss i bility of cal culating K 0 from pore -s ize distribu.tion data alone .
In order to accomplish this, simplifying assumptions
are made c oncerning the length of the actual flow path,
the pore shape factor and the funct ional relationship
between saturation and capillary pressure . The fol l owing development shows how this can be done and
also provides a theoretical relationship among the
parame t ers e , K 0 , pb and A .
From equation 3, it follows that

( 4)
dS = ( 1 - S ) dS
and from equation

1
-xpc = Pb SP.
, for pc
2: pb .
(5)
A drainable porosity, e is define d such that
(6)
( 1-S ) .
T he equation for permeability of a fully

saturated medium as pr esented by Wyllie and
Spangler ( 21) is
Equations 4, 5 and 6 are substituted into
e quation t. Neglecting val ues of S < S , the indicated integration gives
r
( 1)
in which is the porosity: cr is the interfacial

tension of the wetting and no n -wetting fluids; e is
the angl e of contact of the interfaces w ith the solid;
"k is a pore shape factor; T is to rtuos ity a nd S is
saturation. All of these terms are defined in the
List of Symbol s on page x .
This assumes that K = K
ll .
when pc
(7)
< pb .
Assuming further that the product kT is

approximately 5, as was found by Carman (5), and
that cos 'e is nearly unity,
transition exists from the range of invariant permeability to the range for which permeability is a
power function of capillary pressure. This fact was
pointed out by Gardner {9) who represent ed the
functional relationship of permeability to capillary
pressure by the e quation
(T2
e
K pt
\,5
(_A
X+ 21
.
(8)
In the approximate form, the relationship

contains onl y the properties e , K 0 , pb , A and the
easily measurable fluid property IT Apparently,
equation 8 represents the relations hip satisfying the
first objective of this study.
, for p
In a study of the Brooks-Corey modeling

theory for unsaturated flow, Corey {7) observed
changes in pore-size distribution with changes in
the packing density of disturbed soils. The trend
was for TJ to decrease as porosity inc reased, but
no conclusive data were obtained.
< pb
c -
and
(9)
Practically no information is available on the

range of pore -size distribution index and bubbling
pressure that can be expected under field conditions.
However, in a study of volumetric moisture content
as a function of suction, Perrier and Evans ( 16)
noted displacement of the moisture curves toward
moisture contents that were higher for disturbed
soils than for undisturbed soils. They concluded
that the effect was due to the greater compaction of
the undisturbed samples . Variability of the data for
t he undisturbed samples was attributed to structural
effects .
where TJ is an exponent characteristic of par ticular

media. By reasoning similar to that by which equation 8 was deduced, t hey showed that TJ is related
to A by
T)
2 + 3). .
( 11)
+ Pc
where n is a positive dimensionless constant and

a and b are also constants having units dependent
on the units of permeability and capillary pressure
and on the va1ue of n . This e quation represents
permeability as a smooth function of capillary
pressure and may often approximate the act ual rela t ionship very closely for many structured materials.
Brooks and Corey (3) found that thei r

measured curves of Kr as a function of Pc could
be approximated by the empirical equations
= K
For media having very uniform pores, A is

very large and the ratio A /(X + 2) approaches
unity. In this case, equation 8 reduces to a form
analagous to an e quation which, according to Wyllie
and Spangler (21), was first proposed in 1949 by
Rose and Bruce ( 19). Evidently, the .ratio X/ (A + 2)
can be regarded as a correction factor accounting for
the non-uniformity of pores.
( 1 0)
Data obtained by Brooks and Corey showed that

equation 10 is valid within experimental error.
In pr actice, it has b een found tha t with
presently ava Hable experimental techniques, TJ can
be m easured with more precision than A . Consequently, it is sometimes desirable to calculate A
from measured values of TJ
A device developed recently by Bouwer {2)

for measuring the "air entry value" of agricultural
soils in situ may be of some practical value in
determining the range of bubbling pressures encountered under field conditions. Additional
research is needed to determine whether or not the
"air entry value" det e rm ined with Bouwer's device
can be consistently related to the bubbling pressure
as defined by Brooks and Corey.
The most serious defect of equations 7 and 8

results from the assumpt ion that K equal s K 0
when Pc :=: ph . In certain cases, a significant
EXPERIMENTAL TECIINIQUJo:S
The validity of the funct ional relationship
ex pressed by equation 8 was tested b y meas uring
experimentally the values of K 0 , Pb and A for
different values of e . The effective porosity was
varied by altering the bulk density of three disturbed
earth materials. For convenience, this portion of
the study will be r eferred to as the porosity
expe riment.
Til~ rHHI-W1'1tinl: flui d in t.hiH Htudy wu.s n ir.

For all measure nunts, tlw cl istr1buticm of t he non wetting phast WUH I>IHli<'. C'tltiHI'CJlll'llti ,Y. ViHC:OSity
of the non-wctltng rluicl wa:-; not n ltv;_ont. Monovt' r,
because the df'nsi ty of air iH small compand to tha t
of Soltrol "C ", tilt RIH'Ci fw wtight of t i l t' wttling
flui d was ne glectcd in thi:-: invt.:;;t igution.
Ten media wcn wwd rn tlli;; study. For the

porosity expe riment, d islurlotcl sampl-;; of
three earth materials rangtng in tcxtun tron t ~<ill
loam to sand were used. For thC" und iHtuT'IJI'd nwd ia
experiment, s e ven undisturbed sa mplcs w<' rt t.a ken
at five locations. Six of the mE'd ia consi!<l of !Wil
materials a nd another came from an outcrc'p of
semi-consolidated sand. T he six soils includt a
wide range of textures from clay loam to loamy sand .
The semi -consolidated sand is fine in textun and
has a relativel y uniform pore-size distribution. Tlw
grain-size analyses obtained with a hydroml'\(t and
particle densities obtained with a pycnornctC'r art
presented in Tables A - 2 and A-3 of Appendrx A.
The parameters K 0 pb and n were

determined from capillary pressure -permeability
curves. Utilizing equation II relating n and A ,
val ues of A were calculated fr om the experimentally
determined values of , . Values of Sr were obtained from capillary pressure-desaturation curves
us ing a method suggested by Brooks and Corey (3).
In addition, these curves yielded a second set of
val ues for pt a nd A. However, because of the
gre ater reproducibility possible in the capillary
press ure -perm eability experiment s , the va lues of
Pb and of X calculated f rom n were used to check
equation 8. Effective porosity, e , was calculated
from measured values of bulk dens ity, % , particle
density, Ps , and residual saturation, Sr .
Capillary Pressure-Permeability Measunnwnt

for the Porosity E:xperi.rnent
Capillary pre ssur e-permeability c urves we re

also obtained for several undisturbed media to determine whether or not the pore-size distribution of
undisturbed earth m aterials can be characterized by
the index of Brooks a nd Corey and, if applicable, the
r ange of the hydraulic properties that can be encoun tered at field sites. This portion of the study is
referred to as the undist urbed media experiment .
A 11 capillary pressure -permeability tests on

disturbed media were made with columns of the
material packed into acrylic t ube s. The experimental equipment was similar to that used by A nat et
al. ( 1).
For the Touchet silt loam ( GE 3), the
Columbia sandy loam and the unconsolidated sand,
used in the porosity study, a soil column packer of
the type designed by Jackson et al. (10) was used.
To eliminate heterogeneity in horizontal planes
caused by filling and vibrating simultaneously. the
columns were first filled and later vibrated according
to the method described by A nat e t al. (I) . Even
this procedure resulted in large particl es and! aggr egates being concentrated at the wall of the column
near the upper end of the columns. This pr oblem
was resolved by maki ng the columns extra long and
then removing the extra length after the filling and
vibrating operations as described by Corey et al. ( 8).
In order to obtain the desired porosities, furthe r
pac king was usually necessary. This was accomplished by gently tapping the side and top of the
columns with a rubber mallet. Experiments later
showed that this procedure resulted in a uniform
porosity t hroughout the column.
Fluips and Media
The wetting fluid used was a 1ight hydrocarbon

oil called Soltrol "C". Soltrol "C" is a core test
fluid of a type commonly employed in the petroleum
industry for laboratory model .studies . This oil w as
obtained from the Special Products Divis ion, Phillips
Petroleum Company, Bartlesville, Oklahoma. It was
selected instead of water primarily because soil
s t ructure is much more stable in the presence of a
hydrocarbon than in water . The oil has more cons istent we tting and inte rfacial properties in the
prese nce of c ontaminants than water. Anothe r ve ry
important advant age is that the model size can be
reduced to one - half that required when oil is used as
the wetting fluid instead of water. This effect is
attributable primarily to the low (approximately Z2. 9
dynes/em) s urface tension of Soltrol "C " . The
dyna mic viscosity, the de nsity and the ratio of dynamic v iscosity to specific weight are tabulated in
Table A-1, Appendix A , for the range of temperatures encountered.
It
The porosity, rP , of each material was

determined using measured values of the bulk dens ity, pb' a nd particle density, ps' in the equation
pressure controllers used previously in t he perme a bility determinations and converted for use in this
study. These controllers, consisting of capilla.r y
barriers fitted inside 4-cm. sections of machined
acrylic tubing, served the triple purpose of pressure
control, pressure measurement and re moval of the
wetting fluid . A detailed diagram of the pressure
controller was presented by A nat et al. ( 1) in
Figure 1 0 of Hydrology Pape r No. 7. Later, when
it was disc over ed that the affect of column hei ght in
this static system was critical for the unconsolidated
sand, it became necessar y t o use different equipment .
(12)
T he bulk density was measured by weighing the

amount of air-dry soil in a known vol ume of the
column. It was realized that the use of a ir-dry soil
resulted in calculated values of bulk density which
were slightly high. However, if the small amount of
hygroscopic moisture (less than one percent by weight)
which adsorbs on the soil particles is considered as
part of the porous matrix, the use of air-dry soil is
justifiable. The particle density was measured using
a pycnometer bottle .
The difficulty arises with t he linear pressure

distribution associated with static conditions. For
media having relatively uniform pore-size distributions and low bubbling p r essures, the deviation from
a linear dist ribution of saturation is apprec iable.
Consequently, if the measured satur ation is a mean
or weighted value for the entire sample , as in this
experiment, the saturation value does not correspond
to the capillary pressure at the midpoint of the
sampl e. For materials having relat ively wide distributions of pore size and high bubbling pressures, the
error is negligible if the col umn height is small.
The procedure used in vacuum-saturating the

column and in obta~hing the capilla ry pressurepermeability data for the porosity study was the same
as that employed by Corey et al. ( 8). The method of
measuring permeability is identical in principle to
that originally employed by Richards ( 18) .
After the data had been collected and relative
permeability, Kr , had been calculated, the values
of TJ a nd pb were calculated using a least squares
analysis. The equation for TJ is
In this experiment, no diffic ulty was

encountered for the Touchet silt loam (GE 3) or the
Columbia sandy loam. However, for the unconsolidated sand, the error became apparent during t he
analysis, making it necessary to repeat the experi ment using a smaller column height . For the repeat
run, a col umn height of approximately I em . was
used instead of 4 em. a s in the original run.
The media in this study were packed manually.
The filling operation was accomplished usi ng a funnel with a long spout . The funnel was first filled
with the lower end of the spout resting on the bottom
of the container . As the funnel was slowly withdrawn,
a random motion was imparted to its lower end such
t hat a minimum of segregation of particles or aggregat es would occur. F inal adjustment of the bulk den sity was achieved by gentle tapping with a rubber
mallet as previously described . It was found that
using this manual procedure, homogeneous packing
was attained more consistently than if the mechanical
packer was used.
where N is the number of determinations of Pc and

K r, in the ra nge Pc > Pb, for which the relation ship approximates a straight line on a 1og-log plot.
The bubbling pressure, pb, was determined from
the same values of Pc and Kr using the equation
Capillary Pressure - Saturation Measurement

for the Porosity Experiment
After vacuum saturation, each pressure

contr oller was encased in clear plastic wrap in order
to minimize the occurrence of hydraulic gradients in
response to evapor ation. The wrap remained a r ound
the controller for the remainder of the experiment.
Initially, the capillary pressure - desaturation

curve determinations for the bulk density experiment
were made using columns of soil packed into the
In all measurements, capillar y pressures

were controlled and measured by s ystems of leveling
tanks connected t o the pressure controllers containing the media a s shown in F igure 1. The saturations wer e determi ned by weighing the entire
controller containing the medium after clamp ing off
the pressure control lead a nd disconnecting it from
the pressure regulation system.
The analytical procedure used in determining

the r e s idual saturation involved a trial and error
technique that is outlined by Brooks and Corey ( 3).
After tht> e ffective saturation, Se , had been calculated , the value of X and Pb were calculated using
a least squares analysis. The equation for >.. is
The capillary pressures we re changed in

increments by adjusting the elevations of the leveling
tanks. The advance of the meniscus in a horizontal
ind icator tube connected to the pr essure controller
provided a measure of the response of saturation to
change in c ap illa ry pressure. When the advance of
the meniscus ceased following each incremental
change in capillary pressure, the system was considered to be in e quilibrium and capilla ry pressure
and saturation measurements we re made. Before
wei ghing the sample each time, any air in the pressure control lead was removed. Corrections t o the
capillary pressure were made for difference in
pressure across the meniscus in the indicator tube
a nd for difference in elevation between the meniscus
and the midpoint of thE> column.
where N is the number of determinations of Pc and

Se . in the range Pc > pb for which the r elationship
approxima te s a straight line on a log- log plot . The
bubbling pressure was determined from the samt>
values of Pc and Se using the equation
pb
r f (log pem) + ~"~

~ (log Sem.
) Jllr
m- 1
l m-- 1
J( 16)
antilog {-N
Oil
Leveling
Tonks
Desoturot ion Tube
Oil
Air
Flexible
Pressure
Controller
Tubi ng
Figure I. Schematic diagram of saturo tion- copillory pressure apparatus

7
Capillary Pressure -Permeability Measurement

for the Undisturbed Media Experiment
A11 permeability measurements on the

undisturbed material were made in the laboratory
without removing the soil from the sleeve. A photograph of the apparatus used is shown in Figure 3.
The methods of determining the capillary p~-;,ssure
permeability relations and bulk density were identical in principle to that used for the di.st urbed
materials. The procedure and equipment used have
been described by A nat et al. ( 1) in Hydrology Paper
No. 7. However, there were two significant innovations in equipment and technique that may be worthy
of mention.
For this experiment, undisturbed samples

were taken at five locations. At one location, sample.:;
were taken at three depths resulting in a total of seven
materials being included in this experiment. Six of
the materials consist of soil material and another
came from an outcrop of semi-consolidated sand.
The soils include a w ide range of textur-es from clay
loam to loamy sand. The semi -consolidated sand is
fine in texture and has a relatively uniform pore-size
distribution.
The undisturbed soil samples were obtained
using a sleeve -type sampler, a photograph of whie h
is shown in Figure 2. At each site, samples were
ootained m both horizontal and vertical d irections.
The horizontal samples were taken such that the central axis was at the 12-inch depth and the vertical
sample extended from 10 to 14 inches below the soil
surface. At one site, horizontal and vertical samples
were also taken at the 5-inch and 20- inch depths .
Samples were obtained by fore ing the sampler
(with its sleeve i nsert) into the soil during a period
when the soil was relatively dry, at which time compaction of the sample was slight. The inner acrylic
sleeve containing the sample was removed from the
sampler at the site and protected from disturbance
during transportation to the laboratory.
Figure 3.
Undi sturbed soil sample during test

showing inflow and outflow pressure
controllers and tensiometers.
The tensiometers, for measuring capillary

pressures, and the hydraulic gradients during flow
were not an integral part of the acrylic sleeve confining the sample. They were independently detachable and this feature proved to be a convenience of
some importan.ce. Openings in the sleeve of appro priate size permitted the tensiometers to be placed
in contact with the soil flush with the inside wall of
the acrylic sleeve . In the event of any malfunction
of the tensiometer, such as air entrapment, the
tensiometer could be quite conveniently removed and
either restored or replaced.
Figure 2.
The second innovation involved a change of

technique. In the procedure described by Corey
e t al. (8), the capillary pressure is changed in incre ments by changing the elevations of the supply and
the outflow siphon, keeping the elevation of the sample constant. [n this experiment, however, the
capillary pressure was changed by raising the elevation of the sample after pinching off the manometer
l eads , keeping the elevation of the supply and the
outflow approximately constant except for minor
Sleeve -type sampler (ready

for assembly).
adj ustments necessary to compensate for change in

head loss in the system. The manometer leads were
reopened after a sufficient time had lapsed to permit
the fluid in the sample to equilibriate under its new
regime. This procedure r equires a much shorter
time for the manometers to reach equilibrium since
the level in the manometers is controlled by the
elevation of the inflow and outflow siphons and these
were changed only slightly.
1\ ft.'t ~omp!Pting fWrnwahility II H'<I!WrtmentS

on tlw undisturbtd t'arth matcrials, fivt wt r crushed suffic i<'nll.v 1n pass through 11 nurnlwt I 4 s il'v<' and
the m<'asurtm<nts wtn rtpC'at<d. Tb<.v wtn lal<'r
crushE'd to pass throu1~h u 1111111hrr 4!1 ~:ir v and th
measurements wcn: t't'fHat.t c! ngain. T lu pn <~king in
this phase of th<' study Wets JW r-fornll'd nmnua lly.
In each case, an a1ttmpl was rnarh ICJ rofll'odw:<' tit<
original porosity of 1h unc!tst III'IJt'd mattl'iu I.
The procedure used for the case of the semiconsolidated sand differed from that of the soil
materials in detail but not in princip1e . A block of
the outcrop was removed and transported to the
laboratory where a specimen was obtained with a
diamond core drill. Measurements of permeability
of the semi-consolidated sand were made using an
apparatus operating on t he same principle as that
used for unconsolidated soils.
Determination of bulk d rnsity and purlrt'l<'

density in the determination of porosity for th~ un disturbed media was accomplish<'rl at the <:onrplctiott
of the permeability measurements. Calculation of
, TJ , and pb was carried out using ~quaUons 12,
13and 14 as in the case of the disturb<'d soils.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Values of A obtained from capillary pressuredesaturation data were compared with corresponding
values obtained from capillary pressure -permeability
dat a . The val ue of A from the permeability data
were calculated using values of TJ taken fron,
Figure 20 for the appropriate porosity value substituted into equation t 0. Similar comparisons we re
made for bubbling pressure using the curves of
Figure 19. The results of t he comparisons are
tabulated in Table 3,
The experimental results are discussed in

terms of how well t he hydraulic properties of disturbed media satisfy equation 8, and whether the
measured properties of undisturbed earth materials
permit the hydraulic behavior of soils and rocks under
field conditions to be modeled using a scaling theory
developed from equations describing the hydraulic
behavior of undisturbed media.
Porosity Experiment
:for the Touchet silt loam (GE 3) and t he
Columbia sandy loam, the bubbling pressure values
differ in each case by less than 4 percent and the
agreement for pore -size distribution index is within
3 percent in all cases but one. Evidently, equation
10 relating A and TJ is valid. Such a statement
substantiates the findings of Brooks and Corey ( 3),
that if two materials have similar scaled capillary
pressure - permeability relationships, they also will
have similar scaled capillary pressure -effective
saturati on relations hips . The limited variation in
corresponding values of pt and A is also indicative
of the magnitude of the analytical and experimental
error involved in the determination of these
parameters.
The capillary pressure-permeability data for

this experiment are tabulated in Tables B-1 t o B-15,
Appe ndix B. The data are presented graphically in
F igures 4, 5 and 6 .. The capillary pressuredesaturation data are tabulated in Tables C - 1 to
C-11, Appendix C . These data are presented graphically in Figures 7 to 1 7.
For the three media s t udied, it was found
generally that saturated permeability increased,
bubbling pressure decreased, and pore-size distribution i ndex decreased slightly as porosity increased,
or what amounts to the same, as bulk density de creased . Table I summarizes the data obtained i n
the capillary pressure -permeability determinations.
Figures 18 to 20 demonstrate the dependence of these
paramete r s on porosity for the t hree media studied.
Definite rel ationships were i ndicated for
saturated permeability and bubbling pressure. For
pore - size distribution index, however, the relationship was not so obvious . In fact , the results indicate
that pore- size distribution index is changed only
slightly over a range of porosities. For modeling
purposes, one requi rement of similitude is identical
values of 7J Evidently, bubbling pressure- and
permeability may be adjusted to suit the size of the
model by changing the packing density without
appreciably changing the pore-size distribution index.
The results from t he capillary pressuredesaturation data, which are summarized in Table 2,
were indicative of the same general relationships
obtained from the capillary pressure-permeability
data for bubbling press ure and pore-si:ze distribution
index. The results also disclosed that, in this experiment, residual saturation showed only a slight dependence on bulk density or porosity for a particular
material.
For the unconsolida ted sand, howe ver, the

difference in bubbling pressure is almost 8 perce nt
in one case and for pore -size distribution i ndex the
difference approached 6 percent. Although these
differences are not great, they are slightly higher
t han the corresponding differences measured for the
Touchet silt loam. The values of A obtained from
the capillary pressure -desaturation data are
generally lower than the values calculated from the
capillary pressure-permeability data. Since differences of much large r magnitude but in the same
direction were observed for the columns of 4-cm
height, it is quite probable that the differences
observed for this material using a col umn of 1-cm
height reflect the errors associated with column
height discussed in the section dealing with exper i mental techniques. It was concluded that an improved method of determini ng capillary pressuredesaturation curves for materials having low bubbling
pressures and high values of the pore -si ze distribution index is needed.
In order to check the validity of equation 8,
cP
(l'z
e
values of the product K pz
0
10
were
0.1
~
:X:
,..
~ 0 .01
..E
..
:.:;
0
"'>
ljJ 0 . 395
ljJ =0. 4 23
ljJ0.449
ljJ 0 -478
ljJ0.503
Qi
K0 0.177 p 2
K0
K0 0 . 328 p..2
K 0 0 . 563 p.. 2
K 0 0. 695_~.~.- 2
~ 89.5mb
Pb" 75.6 mb
Pb 63. 5 mb
Pb 50. 7 mb
Pb41.3 mb
.,., 7.1
.,., 6 . 9
.,., . 6 .8
.,., 6.4
.,., 5.1
-~
a::
10
100
1000 10
Figure 4 .
0 . 257 f2
100
1000 10
100
1000 10
Capillary pressure Pc , mb
100
1000 10
1000
100
Relative pe rmeability as a function of capillary pressure for

Touchet silt loam (GE 3) packed at five diffe rent porosities.
0.1
~
:X:
~
2
:.:;
0 .01
.,
>
0 .001
ljJ 0. 449
.!:?
a::
"'
K0 0 . 4 05~t2
10
' " 0 . 4 71
K0 0 .630J.L2
ljJ 0 . 48 5
c/J 0. 527
ljJ 0.559
K 0 0.811 ,u. 2
K 0 1.60 p.. 2
K0 2. 47 1'-2
Pb 58.7 mb
pb: 50.7 mb
pb . 45.2 mb
Pb 33.4 mb
pb. 26.5 mb
.,., . 7. 1
.,., = 7. 4
.,., 6.5
.,., 6 . 4
.,., 5.8
100
1000 10
100
1000 10
100
Capi llary
Figure 5.
pressure
100010
100
100010
Pc ' mb
Relative permeability as a functi on of capillary pressure for

Columbia sandy loam packed at five different porosities .
11
100
1000
0 .I
:.::
:0
:;:
.,~
0 .0 I
Q.
.~
0
"il
0:
0 .00I
0.000I
~
.; 0.417
.;0.434
.;0. 444
.; 0.452
K 0 9I.0~2
K0 =103.6 JJ- 2
K0 113.5 ~2
K 0 124 .2 JJ-2
K 0 139. 2~2
Pb 5.9 mb
., 16.2
Pb 5.6 mb
., 15.1
Pb 5.4 mb
., 15.5
Pb 5.2 mb
Pb 4 .9 mb
., :14 .1
10
100 I
10
1001
10
.; 0.460
~14. 4
100 I
10
100 I
Capillary pressure Pc, mb
Figure 6.

an unconsolidated sand packed at five different porosities.
12
10
100
300
300
250
.a
.D
e.
a,"200
.."'"'
~
"'"'"'
~
Q.
!!
g. 100
~
100
0
(.)
(.)
50
50
0~------~------~------~~----~~----~
0
0 .2
0 .4
0 .6
0 .8
LO
Saturation S
...,
..
I
150
0 .2
0.4
0.6
Saturation S
0.8
1.0
VI
i
.~
VI
0.5
i!
0
;0.430
"'
> 0 .2
.;:
.:!
i::i 0 .2
pb 72.81'1111
l. 1.67
I&J
20
Figure 7.
s, 0.22
Pb 59.2 mb
). 1.47
0.1 '---"'"'""'-----1----L-----1..-~--....I..-----...J
10
; 0 .463
s,o.22
0 .5
50
IOQ
200
Capillary press..e Pc , mb
500
1000
Saturation a nd effective s atura tion as functions of

capillary pres sure for Touchet silt loam (GE 3).
0 .1;"----L..- - - -L-----L..-----1- - l ' - -- -L...- -......J

10
20
50
100
200
500
1000
Capillary preuure Pc , mb
Figure 8.
Saturation and effective saturation as functions of

capillary pressure for Touche t silt loam (GE 3).
160~---------------------~
120
.s:>
u
Q.
a.
...
"'
...
...
.,
..
~ 80
~
150
Q.
a.
.!:!
a.
Cl
a.
8 40
100
50
oL------L------~--------~------~-----~
0 .4
0 .2
Saturation
ol>
0 .6
0 .8
e o.5
-~ 0 .5
~
...
..
..
....
E
0
0.493
s, 0 .19
ti
0.2
10
20
F igure 9.
~ 0 .2
1.0
s,o.22
Pb" 55.6 mb
). 1.76
1.23
O.IL---- . . . l - --
0 .8
+ 0.458
pb 45.8 mb
~
06
..
-~
0 .4
Saturation S
Vl
0.2
IJ)
tLI
1.0
L----.....L..-----'---l.--.....L..-----.J
200
1000
100
500
Capillary prea~~n Pc , mb
Saturation and effective saturatio n a s functions of

capillary pressure for rouchet s ilt loam ( GE 3).
0 .110
20
100
20 0
50
Capillary oressure Pc, mb
50 0
1000
Figure I 0 . Saturation a nd effective saturation as functions of
capillary p r e s sure for Columbia sandy loam.
160~------------r-----------------------------~
..Q
1201-
160r------------r------------------------------~
120
...
..Q
t:f
......::>
.....
f
E
u
Q.
80
...::>
Q.
"'~
Q.
.!:!
to
g
0
80
.!:!
:a.4o
c
40
o~------~o~
. 2~----~o~.4~----~Q~6~----~o~.~a_______JLo
00
0.4
0.2
1.0
0.8
0 .6
Saturation S
Saturation S
Ul
en
c: 0.5
. 0 .5
g
~
b...
~
::>
..
0.496
s, 0 .22
.!!!
pb 42.!1 mb
~0.518
s, 0 .22
~0.2
Pb 34.1 mb
). 1.!17
l. l.63
'ro
20
50
100
200
500
1000
Capillary preasure Pc, m b
F igure II . Saturation a nd effective satur ation as funct ions of
c apilla ry pressure for Columbia s andy loam.
01
10
20
50
100
200
500
1000
Capillary pressure Pc , mb
Figure 12. Saturation and effective saturation as functions of
capillary pressure for Columbia s andy loam.
~ 25r---,---------------------------------------------,
16~----------or--------------------------------,
cf 20
:! 15
a.
120
>-
a.
&>
10
5
8 0~------~~--------~~------~~------~~------~
0
0 .2
0 .4
0.6
0.8
1.0
...
..
a.
Saturation S
~eo
"'"'
~
a.
>....
2
g. 40
0 .5
00
0.2
0 .4
0.8
0.6
1.0
Saturation S
c% 0.2
0'>
c:
:2
f
:0
..
.,
O.lr-------------\~--------------J
.~
Vl
c:
.g 0.5
w 0.05
-e
:0
.,
0.544
.~
0.2
LLI
s,
4>0.424
0.19
s,
0.02
pt, 29.2mb
).1.52
O. IL-----~--------~------L-~---L--------~----~
10
20
50
Capillary
100 .
200
500
1000
pressure Pc , mb
Figure 13. Saturatio n and effective saturation as functions of

capillary pressure for Columbia sandy loam.
0.090
pb5.7mb
).4. 38
O.OI.L------:-----------:~-----:'.:-----"---=''=-------+-~--~
10
20
50
100
Capillary pressure Pc, mb
F igure 14. Saturation a nd effect ive saturation as functions of

capillar y pressure for an unconsolidated sand.
~ 2 ...
o;
~ 25
....
20
ci?20
~ 15
~,..
...
15
10
~ 5
..~
-....;
00
0.2
0 .4
0 .6
Saturation
0.8
..
1.0
04
06
0.8
1.0
0.5
..
0 .2
(f)
0 .2
-~
~
.,
0.2
Saturation S
(/)
5!
~0
0 .5
-.J
10
:::J
0.1
..
..
0 .1
"'
~
<>
w0 .05
~ 0 .05
<>
0 .43'
s, 0.088
pb . ,.4mb
0 .02
4>0.439
s, 0.087
0 .02
Pb" , .1mb
>..28
O.OII
). 4.3 1
10
Capillary pressure
20
50
100
Pc:, mb
Figure 15. Saturation and effective saturation as functions of

capillary pressure for an unconsolidated sand .
O.OII
10
20
50
100
Copillory pressure Pe, mb
Figur e 16. Saturation and effective saturat ion as fJnc t !ons of

capillary pressure fo r an u nconsolidated sand .
25
..0
~20
15
,.,~ 10
Saturated permeability K 0
~ 5
'a
0 .2
0 .4
0 .6
QS
p2
o. ___~2ro---~4To~~6~o~~a,o~~,~~~---~-r~~~..r~~
~8 r
L-----.1..-- --...I-----'-----'------J
1.0
Saturation S
0 .5
0>
i 02L
0
.."'
\I
0 .1
;;;
0
a..
-~
w 0.05
0.02
0 .011
LEGEND
0 .5 4
0.445
s, 0.086
Touchet sill loom
pb 4.9 mb
Columbia sandy loom
>. 4.16
;:,.
Unconsolidated sand
20
Capillary pressure
Pc
50
100
mb
Figure 17. Saturation and effective satura tion as functions of

capillary pressur e for an unconsolidated sand.
0 .58~----~----~------~----~----~----~
0.5
1.0
1.5
Sa turated permeability
2.0
Ka
2.5
1
3.0
}J-2
Figure 18. Saturated permeability as a function of porosity

for three disturbed media.
100
20
LEGEND
16
.Q
E
D
Q.
Touchet silt loam
Columbia sandy loom
..c
Unconsolidated
80
sand
12
GO
Cl
...
o)
;:,
Iii
Iii
Iii
en
Q)
....
01
40
.Q
.D
:;,
CD
20
0 ~----~----~----~-----L----~----~------L-----~----~----~o
0.38
0.42
0.46
0 .50
Poro sity
0.54
0 .58
Figure 19. Bubbling pressure as a function of porosity for t hree disturbe d media .
50~-----------------------------------------------------------------,
LEGEND
o
c
.2 10
:;
---o
.Q
:0
:::::tc:
'
Touchet si lt loom
Columbi a sandy loom
t:.
Unconsolidated
sand
Q)
N
"iii
e'
&
Q.
01
:0
.Q
Iii
...
Q)
Q.
-=
Q.
2
0.38
0 .42
0 .50
0 .46
0.54
Porosity
"'
Figure 20 . Pore - size distribution index as a function of porosity for three
dis turbed m edia .
!9
0 .58
TABLE 1.

PRESSURE AND PORE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION INDEX
AS FUNCTIONS OF BULK DENSITY FOR THREE
DISTURBED MEDIA
pb
gms/cm
pb
mb
IJZ
Eq. 12
Touchet silt loam (GE 3)

1. 57
1. 50
1. 43
1. 36
1. 29
0. 395
0. 423
0.449
0.478
0. 503
0. 177
0.257
0. 328
0.563
0. 695
89.5
75.6
63.5
50. 7
41. 3
6.9
6. 8
6.4
5. 1
1. 70
1. 64
1. 59
I. 47
1. 02
7. 1
7.4
6. 5
6.4
5. 8
1. 70
1. 81
1. 50
1. 49
1. 27
16.2
15. 1
15.5
14.4
14. 1
4. 75
4.37
4.49
4. 13
4 .02
7. 1
Columbia sandy loam

I.
1.
1.
1.
I.
47
41
37
26
18
0.449
0.471
0.485
0.527
0.559
0.405
0. 630
0. 811
1. 60
2. 47
58 . 7
50. 7
45.2
33.4
26.5
Unconsolidated sand
1. 58
1. 53
I. 51
1. 48
1. 46
0. 417
0.434
0.444
0.452
0. 460
91.0
103. 6
11 3. 5
124.2
139. 2
5 .9
5 .6
5.4
5 .2
4.9
20
TABLE 2 .
POROSITY, BUBBLING PRESSURE, PORE-SIZE

DISTRIBUTION INDEX, RESIDUAL SATURATION
AND EFFECTIVE POROSITY AS FUNCTIONS OF
BULK DENSITY FOR THREE DISTURBED MEDIA
pb
3
gms/cm
pb
sr
mb
~e

1. 48
1. 40
1. 32
0.430
0.463
0.493
72.8
59.2
45 . 8
1. 67
1. 47
1. 23
0.22
0.22
0. 19
0. 335
0.361
0.399
0. 22
0. 22
0.22
0. 19
0. 357
0.387
0.404
0.441
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.386
0. 397
0.401
0.407
Columbia sandy loam

l.
l.
l.
l.
44
34
28
22
0.458
0.496
0.518
0. 544
55.6
42.5
34. 1
29.2
1.
1.
1.
1.
76
63
57
52
Unconsolidated sand
1.56
1. 53
1. 52
1. 50
0. 424
0.435
0 . .439
0.445
5. 7
5.4
5. 7
4.9
4. 38
4.26
4. 31
4.16
21
090
088
087
086
TABLE 3. COMPARISON OF BUBBLI NG PRESSURE AND PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTION INDEX DETERMINED FROM
K( pc) AND S(p ) DATA FOR THREE DISTURBED
c
MEDIA
pb(mb)
K(p)
c
S(pcj
K(p j + Eq. 12
c
S(p )

0.430
0.463
0. 493
72.1
57.0
44.9
72.8
59. 2
45.8
l. 53
l. 52
1. 26
l. 67
I . 47
l. 2 3
71
1. 76
l. 63
l. 57
Columbia s andy loam

0. 458
0.496
0.518
0. 544
55 . 2
42.2
35 . 5
29.4
55.6
42.5
34. 1
29. 2
l.
l. 54
l. 55
I . 41
1. 52
Unconsolidated sand
0. 424
0.435
0. 439
0. 445
5.8
5.6
5.5
5. 3
5. 7
5.4
5. 7
4. 9
22
4. 67
4.50
4. 4 3
4. 33
4 . 38
4. 26
4 . 31
4 . 16
calculated. Inspection of the calculated values

indicates t hat the e rror introduced by s ubstituting a
value of 5 for kT /cos 2 0 is less than 25 pe rccnt for
the three soils studied. Accepting this level of a<' curacy, it is possible to write an equation for l'latuirated permeability, that is,
q, (T'
e
Ko = 5p;
17 provides a means of calculating saturated permeab ility from capilla ry pressure -desaturation data
alont . The capillary pressure-permeability relationship of equations 9 .
and
X l
(x + 2)
(17)
A s ummary of the hydraulic properties used in th(

calculatio11S along with computed val ues of this
product is presented in Table 4. The values of r es t dual saturation, Sr , us ed i n computing effective
porosity, 1/Je , we re obtained by interpolation of
val ues of Sr in Table 2.
is ddinE'd completely by capillary pressurede-saturation data if K 0 is calculated using equation

1 7, TJ Is calculated using equation 10, that is,
In equation 17, val ues for all of the unknown

quantities in the right - hand membe r c a n be obtained
from capillary pressure-desaturat ion data. If a
direct measurement of K 0 is not available , equation
TA BLE 4 .
T)
2 + 3:>.
and X in this equation and Pb are obtained directly

from the capillary prcssure-desaturation data . Of
SUMMARY OF HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES USED IN
q, r:r'
CALCULATING THE PRODUCT Ke 2

opb (x: 2)
FOR T HREE DISTURBED MEDIA (O" = 22. 9 DYNES/CM)
pb
gms /cm 3
sr
q,e
pb
mb
0
/.1 2
X
Eq. 12
q,e(T' ( X )
K p~
1. 5 0
o. 22
o. 22
1, 4 3
1. 36
1. 29
0, 22
0. 20
0. 18
1. 5 7
0. 308
o. 3 30
o. 34 9
o. 38 2
0. 4 12
o. 177
89. 5
75. 6
63 . 5
50. 7
41, 3
0. 257
o. 328
o. 563
0. 695
1. 7 0
1. 6 4
1. 59
1, 4 7
1. 02
5. 2
5. 3
6. 1
5. 8
6. 2
I. 70
1. 8 1
1. 50
1. 4 9
1. 27
6. 0
5. 6
5. 1
5.2
5. 4
4 , 75
4 . 37
4.49
4. 1 3
4. 02
4. 4
4. 3
4. 4
4, 4
4. 4
Columbia sandy loam

1. 4 7
1. 41
1. 3 7
1. 26
1. 18
0. 22
o. 350
o. 22
o. 22
o. 2 1
o. 18
0. 367
o. 37 9
o. 4 16
0. 458
0.405
o. 63 0
o. 8 11
1. 60
2, 47
58.7
5 0. 7
45.2
33 . 4
26. 5
Unconsolidated s and
1. 58
1. 53
1. 5 1
1. 4 8
1. 4 6
o. 09 1
o. 379
0.
0.
0.
0.
0. 395
0. 405
0.41 3
0, 422
088
086
085
084
91. 0
1 03. 6
11 3. 5
124. 2
139. 2
5. 9
5. 6
5. 4
5. 2
4. 9
23
nurse, it is necessary to know the values of u and

to determine e for calculation of K 0 in e quatio n 17.
Undisturbed Media Experiment
The use of equation 8, along with the e quations

of Brooks and Corey, could be used as a method of
predicting permeability as a function of capillary
pressure (or of such related variables as saturation
and volumetric moisture content) from po re -size
distribution data . The calculat ions r e quire d a re much
simpler than in the existing methods of Childs and
Collis - George (6). Marshall (13) and Millington and
Quir k ( 15) . This technique needs to be t ested to de termine its general applicability to other media.
The capillary pressure -permeability

relationship has been represented by Brooks and
Corey (3) by the equations 9,
A consideration of equation 7 and closer

uz
examination of the measured values of K:p~
(>..: 2) ,
suggests that, for a particular soil, there is a

characteristic relationship between the quantity
kT /cos ze and porosity. For the unconsolidated sand,
kT /cos ze. deduced from e quat ion 7 , remained alm ost
invariant about a mean value of 4. 4 for the range of
porosities studied. For the Columbia sandy loam,
the quantity first decreased with increasing porosity
and then increased slightly about a mean of 5. 5. For
the Touchet silt loam, the values of kT/cos 2 9 in creased about a mean of 5. 7 as porosity increased.
This trend was consistent for this soil, with the
exception of one value.
Upon inspection of Figure 18,
it is apparent that the measured value of saturated
permeability for this porosity was unusua ll v low .
Accepting the possibility that the val ue of saturated
permeability obtained was lower than the true value,
unique relationships between kT /cos 2 6 and por osity
were obst!rved for each of three soils.
K = K
o'
and
K = K
as previously stated . E quations 9 des c r ibe two

straight lines on a log- log plot int ersec t ing at the
coordinates K ., K0 a nd Pc pb . In the range
Pc ~ Pb , perm eability is invariant with capillar y
pressure while in the range Pc ::::_ Pi) , permeability is a power function of capillar y pressure,
plotting as a straight line having a slope of minus TJ
on a log-log plot.
Capillary pressure-permeability curves for
this experiment are i ncluded in Figures 2 1 to 27 .
For undisturbed materials having large pores between
large aggregates or in cracks or holes, the relationship between permeability and capHlary pressure is
not well described by equations 9 . In these cases,
there ts a gradual transition from the invariant permeability to that represented by a straight line of
slope minus T) In all cases, however, the curves
approach a straight line at the higher capillary
pressures.
Samples having a much larger rat io of
volume to boundary area might have a less signiHcant transition. The probability that large por es
associated with structure, worm holes , cracks and
r oot cavities will drain at capillary pressures less
t han pb, might be dec rea sed with samples having a
much larger volume.
Isolation of the variation within t he quantity

kT/cosze can not be made wit h certainty. However,
it is possible to conjecture wit h som e de gree of
confidence that neither k nor 9 should vary appreciably wit h porosity for a particul ar soil. T he
value of shape fac tor, k, probably varies w it hi n
narrow limits ln most cases . In any case, it is
doubt ful that much variation in k could be a tt ribut ed
to variation in porosity. The value of contact angle
is a function of the wetting and non-wetting fluid properties and of the chemistry of the surface of the
solid particles. Since these factors are also independent of porosity, the value of contact angle should
also be independent of porosity. On this basis, most
if not all of the variation can be attributed either to
tortuosity or to the transition from the range of in variant permeability to the range for which permeability is a power function of capillary pressure.
The proper-ties of the materials studied are

tabulated in Tables 5 and 6. A somewhat surpr ising
result for the soil materials is that, with the exception of the saturated permeabilities, the properties
of the undisturbed horizontal and vertical samples
differed only slightly. The vertical samples for
some soils had larger permeabilities when fully saturated than did the corresponding horizontal samples.
This could result from a preponderance of vertical
over horizontal cracks in these soils .
24
10
100~-----------.------------------------,
LEGEND
o Undisturbed vertical
0
Undisturbed hor izonta I
" Passed No. 14 sieve
Passed No. 48 sieve
L EGEND
o
o
"
Undisturbed vertical
Undisturbed horizontal
Passed No. 14 si eve
Passed No. 4 8 sieve
""
10I
~~
~
~
S'\
N
::t.
\\
k T
:.::
.~
:ii
.~
:0
N
(II
::1.
:.::
.....
..
0..
0 .1
0
G>
0.
'
Il
0..
II
I
i
I
0. 01~----------~--------~~------------i
0.001 ~----------~----------~----------~
10
Capillary
100
1000
0.0I
0.00 I
I
10
Capillary
'
pressure
100
1000
Pc , m b
pressure Pc , mb
Figure 21 . P ermeability as a function of cap illa ry

pressure for Fort Collins clay loam .
Figure 22. Permeability as a function of capillary

pressure fo r Weld loam.
100
100~----------~----------------------~
LEGEND
LEGEND
a
Uldisturbed
vertical
-u
t:.
l)ldisturbed hor izontal

10)
I Or-----------~-----------.------------4
~\
Undisturbed
Uldisturbed
A:lssed No.
Passed No.
vertical
hOI'izontol
14 sieve
4 8 sieve
~~
::1.
C\1
:s..
::.1:
::.::
:00.
.t
>-
:a
0
E...
:.0
N
0>
"'
0 .1
0.I
0..
0 .0~I1 f--
0 .011------- - - --+- - - - --+-+----+-- - - - --1
0.001
I
0 .0 011
10
100
Capillary pressure Pc , m b
1000
F igure 23. Perme abilit y as a f unc ti on of ca pillary pre s s ure

for Cass sandy loam (5 - i nc h depth) .
10
Capillary
100
pressure
1000
pc , m b
F igu re 24 . P e r meability a s a functio n of capillary p r essure

for Cass s a ndy l oam ( 12-inch depth).
100
100
LEGEND
o Undisturbed vertical
o Undisturbed horizontal
t. Passed No. 14 sieve
Passed No. 48 sieve
LEGEND
0
Undisturbed
[]
vertical
Undisturbed horizontal
10I
10I
-u...a..
"I:
b..
'\~
(\J
:t
:I..
l:'
:D
>.
IV
-J
..0
0
"'~
"'
~
...
0 .I
"'
o.I
0..
0...
o.oI
0 .0 I
tJ
0.00I
0 .00I
.
I
I
10
Capillary pressure
100
Pc , mb
1000
Figure 25. Permeability as a function of capillary pressure

for Cass sandy loam (20-inch depth).
10
Capillary
100
pressure
1000
Pc , m b
Figure 26. Permeability as a function of capilla r y pressure

for Valentine loamy sand.
100
LEGEND
0
"
Undisturbed
Posud No. 14 sieYe

Possed No. 35 sieve
10
l
N
::1..
!>
,..
:<;
.,
.,E
n.
0 .I
0.0I
0.00I
10
100
Copillory pre ssure
1000
pc , mb
Figure 27. Permeability as a function of capillary pressure

for a semi-consolidated sand.
28
TABLE 5. POROSITY, SATURATED PERMEABILITY, BUBBLING

PRESSURE AND PORE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION INDEX
FOR SEVERAL MEDIA
Treatment (orit'ntat.iou)
IJ Z
pb
rnb
TJ
Fort Collins
clay loam
Undisturbed (v<'rlical}
Undisturbed (horizont31)
Passed No. 14 Si(V(~
Passed No. 48 sieve
0. 454
0. 46 ~
0. 472
0. 460
27.6
I 3. I
3.99
1. 58
3. 4
4.2
20. 0
38. 1
3.5
2. 7
6.8
9.4
Weld loam
Undisturbed (vertical)
Undisturbed (horizontal)
Passed No. 14 sieve
Passed No. 48 sieve
0.504
0.486
0. 483
0.502
18.9
6.08
4. 81
15.4
19. 8
27. 1
27. 2
7.9
8.2
12.8
12.0
Valentine
loamy sand
Passed No. 14 sieve
Passed No. 48 sieve
0.
0.
0.
0.
398
383
396
382
1 3. 2
1 3. 3
9.59
6 . 75
13.8
13. B
19. 0
21. 3
10. 3
11. 0
15. 6
15. 3
Semiconsol ida ted

sand
Undisturbed
Passed No. 14 sieve
Passed No. 35 sieve
0. 304
0.505
0.543
0.24
7.87
9.30
59. 3
19. 9
20. 3
16.4
8.2
11. 4
I 0. 3
TABLE 6. POROSITY, SATURATED PERMEABILITY, BUBBLING

PRESSURE AND PORE~SIZE DISTRIBUTION INDEX
FOR CASS SANDY LOAM
Depth
Treatment {orientation}
p2
inches
pb
mb
TJ
0.446
0. 477
8.08
16.0
17. 2
13. 5
6.8
7.5
12
Passed No. 14 sieve
Passed No. 48 sieve
0. 463
0.471
0.473
0.469
27. I
26.2
14. 9
5.66
9. 1
9. 1
10.0
18. 1
5.8
5.8
6.5
7.6
20
0.520
0. 496
70.2
40.3
6.0
8. 7
5.3
7.5
29
The samples of the material reported i n

Table 5 were taken just below the plowed la yer. In
order to determine if greater isotropy might exist
at other depths, samples of the Cass sandy loam
taken from three depths were stud ied . In this phase
of the study, heterogeneity between horizonta l a nd
vertical samples camouflaged whatever isotropy may
have been observed. Unusually large differences in
porosity between horizontal and vertical sample s
were obta ined and, although the measured values of
K0 , Pb and TJ were consistent with the porosity
values, the effect of porosity differences undoubtedly
was largely responsible for the variation in the
properties.
pulverized. For the Weld loam and the Valentine

loamy sand, little change was observed. For all four
soils, permeability decreased the finer the soil was
pulverized, as was expected. Again, failure to obtain
exactly the same porosity i n some cases probably
masked whatever effect t he finer sieve might have
produced.
In the case of the semi- consolidated sand,
pulverization produced a large increase in K and a
0
large decrease i.n pb and TJ This is no doubt, a
result of the fact that the pulverization did not break
down the weak cementation of the sandstone com pletely, so that the pulverized material had more
secondary porosity than the original material in the
outcrop. The resulting porosity and average poresize, t herefore, was greater in the disturbed material. Si nce the sand studied had an unusually uniform
pore size in the undisturbed state, contus ions can not
be made from this study concerning the effect of
pulverizing sandstones in general.
In each case, the saturated permeability was

lower for the disturbed soil samples tha n for the
corresponding undisturbed material. The bubbling
pressure was higher and the value of the TJ was
higher, indicating a more limited range of pore sizes.
For the Fort Collins clay loam and the Cass sandy
loam, Pb and TJ increased the finer the soil was
30
CONCLUSIONS
Tlw pon -s1zc distribution index A was calculated
fJ'Oll t111 capillary pressure -desaturation data using
Pquation I 0,
Some of the problems associated with

satisfying the scaling criteria for modeling partially
saturated porous media were examined c r itically.
The findings should resolve some of the problems
e ncountered in making practical use of models . Thf'
theory developed describes how the hydraulic proper ties of porous media are related to each other.
T)
2 + 3).
Fol' tw< soils having high bubbling pressures and

lnl!-rn H'diatC' values of A, the bubbling pressures
difftJ'I'Cl by l ess than 4 percent and, except for one
CU!'t . the; pon' -stzc distribution indexes diffe r ed by
lcs!' t han 3 perc<'nt over a wide r ange of porositie s.
l'o1 an unconsolidated sand, the bubbling pressures
diff<nd hy a h out 8 percent a nd the pore -size distrihut i<lll in<k xcs by 6 pe r cent. The la rge r differences
in t ht CO!-Il' of the sand we r e att ribute d to e r ror s
int r octucl'd b y the non -uniformity of capillary pr e s S lit'<' (a nd t herdorC' saturation) which exists under
stntic conditions.
Significant properties in a t heory de velope>d by

Brooks and Corey ( 3) for m odeling flow i n partially
saturated porous media are saturated permeability,
effective porosit y . bubbling pressure and pore -siz<'
distribution index. In the prese nt stu dy, a relat ionship was developed relating these hydra ulic properties to each other. The relationship is given by
equation e. that is,
(A: z)
Tn ordC'r to apply the modeling theory of

HrC>oks and Corey (3) for studying p r ototype systems,
it i~> n<c<'ssa ry to measure the pertinent properties
of thC' mat'ri.al as it exists undistur bed at the site.
In this phase of the study, it was found that u ndistul"llf'd !'arth materials have properties producing a
wicl< r angt> of hydraulic behavior. Although disturho.nc!' by pulverization may produce very large
changes in the properties of materials from a particular sit<', the range of properties ob s erved is not
widPr than that previously observed by Brooks and
Corey, for disturbed mater ials.
5 .
The validity of this relationshi p was tested

experimentally by determining the dependence of
these hydraulic properties on porosity. By varytng
the bulk density, it was found that as porosity in creased for a particular soil, saturated pe rmeabilit.v
increased, bubbling pressure decreased and pon size distribution index and residual saturation
dE'creased only slightly over a wide range of porosit ies . Moreover, the relationshi p was valid within
acceptable limits for estimating saturated perm(ability f rom values of the ot her hydra ulic prop( rt u~>
obtained from capillary pressure - desat ur ation datn.
T he use of this relations hip, combined with equation!;
described previously by Brooks and Corey ( 3), was
prop osed as a s implified procedure for det('r m ini ng
permeability as a function of capillar y pressun fo r
partially saturated media. The only data r equir(' d
can be obtained from capillary pressurc -dtsaturalion
data.
It appears, therefore, that it usually will be

poss ible t o fi.nd a s uita ble medium for use i n a
laboratory model for most naturally occurring earth
materials. II the prototype is an aggregated soil,
however, unconsolidated s ands s hould not be used in
t he model since the latter have a much narrower
r a nge of pore sizes t ha n structure d soils.
The most difficult problem m ight b e to s i mu late the port ion of the r e lat ionsh ip between perme ability and capillary pressure occurring at low
capillary pressures . Brooks a nd Corey, however,
previously have observed somewhat similar behavior
for crushed (but not pulverized) clays . It is possible
that the transition in the capillar y p ressur e permeability function is affected by the ratio of
sample volume to boundary area. Until the significance of this effect has been determined, it is not
possible to conclude whether or not the capillary
pressure-permeability function for undisturbed soils
with structur e can be characterized adequately by
the pore-size distribution i ndex alone.
In a ddition, some definit<' trends w<'rP obse r ved in t he dependence of the product kT /cos ze
on porosity. On the basis of thesC' t rends, thC'
general equation was proposed as a tool of determining tortuosity.
In testing the validity of this r elationship, it
was necessary to obtain bot h capillary pressur e permeability data and capillary pressure desaturation data. Comparisons we re m ade of
bubbling pressure and pore- size distribution index
values obtained separately f r om each set of data.
31
BIBLIOORAPHY
1. Anat, A., Duke, H. R. and Corey, A. T.,
Steady upward flow from water tables .
Hydrology Paper No. 7, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado.
June, 1965.
11. Jackson , 'R. D., Reginato, R. J. and

van Bavel, C. H . M., Comparison of
measured and calculate9 hydraulic conductivities of unsaturated soils. Water
Resources Research, 1:375- 380. 1965.
2.
12.
Kozeny, J .. Stz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien,

Abt. IIa. 1927. As quoted in reference 5.
13.
Marshall, T. J., A relation between

permeability a nd size distribution in
pores . Journal of Soil Science, 9:1-8.
1958.
14.
Miller, E. E., and Miller, R. D., Physical

theory for capillary flow phenomena.
Journal of Applied Physics, 27( 4): 324332. April 1956.
15.
Millington, R. J. and Quirk, J. P. . Transport

in porous med ia. Transactions, Intern.
Congr. Soil Sci., 7th, Madison,
Wisconsin, I. 3:9 7-106. 1960.
16.
Perrier, E. R. and Evans, D. D .. Soil

moisture evaluation by tensiometers.
Proceedings, Soil Sci. Soc . Amer.,
25: 17 3-175. 1961.
3.
4.
Bouwer, H., A field device for rapid measurement of air e ntry value and hydraulic
conductivity of soil as significant
parameters in now system analysis.
Publication pending in Water Resources
Research.
Brooks, R. H. and Corey, A. T., Hydraulic
properties of porous media. Hydrology
Paper No. 3, Colorado State University,
Fort Collins, Colorado. March 1964.
Burdine, N . T., Relative permeab ility calculations from pore size distribution data.
Petroleum Transactions, Amer. Inst.
Mining Metallurgical Engrs., 198: 71-78.
1953.
5. Carman, P. C., Fluid flow through granular

beds. Transactions, Inst. Ch ern. Engrs .
(London}, 15 :150-1 56. 1937.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Childs, E . C. and Collis-George, N . , The

permeability of porous materials. Proceedings, Roy. Soc., London, A, 201 :
392-405. 1950.
17. Purcell, W. R., Capillary press ures- their

measurement using mercury and the
calculation of permeability therefrom.
Petroleum Transactions, Amer. Inst.
Mining Metullurgical Engrs., 186: 3948. 1949.
Corey, G. L., Similitude for non- steady

drainage of partially saturated soils.
Ph. D . dissertation. Colorado State
University, Fort Collins , Colorado.
August, 1965.
Corey, G. L . Corey, A. T. and Brooks, R. H.
Similitude for non-steady drainage of
partially saturated soils. Hydrology Paper
No. 9, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, Colorado. August, 1 965.
Gardner, W. R., Some steady-state solutions
of the unsaturated moisture now equation
with application to evaporation from a
water table . Soil Science, 85:228-232 .
1958.
Jackson, R. D., Reginato, R. J . and
Reeves, W . E., A mechanized device
for packing soil c ol umns. U. S. Dept.
Agr. - Agr. Res. Serv. 4 1-52 . 1962.
32
18.
Richards, L. A ., Capillary conduction of

liquids through porous mediums.
Physics 1. 1931.
19.
Rose, W. and Bruce, W. A.. Evaluation of

capillary character in petroleum
reservoir rock. I. Pet. Teck. V1N5,
Sec. 3. May 1949. (Trans . A IME,
Vol. 186, pp. 127-142.)
20.
Scott, V. H. and Corey, A . T.. Pressure

distribution during steady flow in
unsaturated sands . Proceedings, Soil
Sc i. Soc. Amer., 25:270-274. 196 1.
21.
Wyllie, M . R. J. and Spangler, M. B.,

Application of electrical resistivity
measurements to problems of fiuid now
in porous med ia. Bulletin, Amer. Assoc.
Petr . Geol.. 36:359-403. 1952.
fii'Pt:NrHX II
Propt"rtit.tt of WtHw~t l'l uid and Medta
TABI.t: /\1 .
IIY:-iA~1W Vf~ 'OSrJ
OIL
1tmJ'-
"<:
Vut CJ~C II)'.
22.
s
0
5
0
5
0
IN
26. 0
26. 5
27. 0
27. 5
28. 0
28. 5
29. 0
2e.
30. 0
Y AIW Ot:NSJT\' Ot' SOl.TROl. "C"
t:X PF:III~U~I'TS
rrn~li)IJtJJ ~
20 0
20 s
ZL 0
21 s
22 0
23.
2J.
24.
24.
25.
25.
1:s~:11
.....,.,...,..
I !J,.I)
I 511
""m-seronds
'~".!
ll7
108
2 089
2 . 070
2. 051
2 . 0 JZ
2 . 014
I , 896
I , 879
I. 962
0 151U
0 . 1511;
I.~:.:.
I.~ ),
1. 5H
0 7!iGO
0. 7~r.r.
1. ~O~l
t - 494
0,
1~7 I
,~,62
0 , 7~:.1
0 . 75~C
0 75 ~) J
I . 481
I. 46~
I . 454
I. 440
1. 4Z1
I. 414
0 7 ~ 1U
0. 1540
0, 151l
0, 75 10
o. n16
0, 7~ ).j
0. 7529
0, 7526
0. 7SZZ
o. 7519
0. 75 15
I. 401
I , 388
I. 315
I. 362
I. 349
I . 337
I. JZG
I. liS
..
..,
c:ramrr/n\1
t . 9 o4 5
I. 927
I . 910
1 ' t:f.U ~
I , 877
I. 8GI
I , 845
I . R2~
I , 814
I . 711 ~
I. 78J
TABl.E AZ. GRAIN-SIZE ANI\l.YSIS OF MATERIAl.$ USED
Sampl~
De-sc riptlo:-.
Sand (d> SO..)

percent
Touch~t silt l oam (GE 3)

Columbia sandy l oam
Unconaolldated !lnd
F' ort Collins clay loam
Weld loam
Cass sandy loom (5 in.)
Cau aandy loam ( 12 ln.)
Coss sandy loam ( zo in.)
Val entine l oamy sand
Semi .. consolidated sand
32
54
90
44
55
64
66
Silt (5u<d<50u)
perc en~
Clay (d<Su)
percent
53
35
IS
11
4
30
21
16
16
18
16
13
26
H
64
20
18
18
80
73
14
TABl.E AJ. PARTICl.E DENSITY OF MATERIALS USED
Sample Dt:sc rtptton
Touchet silt loam (GE3)

ColumbU. sandy loa-m
Unconohda!-ed sand
Fort Collins clay loam
Weld loam
Cass sa!ldy loam (5 in.)
Cau aandy loam ( 12 tn.)
Cau undy loam (lO ln.)
Valentine loamy sand

Semi-consolidated sand
Run N o . I
Run No. Z
gme /em,
ems /em'
sms/cm'
z. 601
z. 667
2. 587
2. 660
2 705
2.558
2. 590
2. 628
2. 864
2. 689
2 . 63Z
2. 613
z. 599
2. 707
z. 568
z. 601
2. 6ZZ
2. 68Z
2. 673
z. 6)2
2. 589
33
Mean
2 664
2 706
z. 568
z. 596
2 625
2 . 66l
2 . 671
2 . 632
2, 601
APPE~OIX B
Ca pillary P r-es sure-Pe rmeability Data
..t.J 'H,
.\ ! q'
, l'( Hr. l
1'10 .ru r: l ' !.ll:\1F:A ntLY f Y DA T A F OR

, f J. I I 1 !1\ :'\l (< ;r: t) 41
...
'I ' I o~
. n1/ H
t r111
( f1.!8
II_ nO~I5S
.'.4tl
()0~40
1.~
I I tO
I , U47
ll I
:Il l
., I
.lll
1\~...
U ' tttO
0. ~ 7 11
0 1J7)
1 HI '1
1 Hi' I
I . I IR
0, 0011 4
0, 1180
0. 000466
,,
I ,, .,~"'" '''" ~~
I,
.1!1. l i n d,, l l
l . ()O
II, rl0871
0, U0789
0 . 0067 1
0 , 00268
wma;oe.
~ .
Pc
TgCmp .
mb
0, [ 77
o . 1n
0. I $6
1 . 000
0, 968
0 . 880
5. 3
20. 6
0. [ 47
0 . '26
0. 0520
0. 0185
0. OJ 0!
0. 828
66. 6
88. 4
o. 395 ,
TABLE B - 5 .
4),
0 . 713
0 . 293
0. !04
0 . 0368
28.
25.
27 8
28. 0
26.
106 . I
12 4 . 1
25. I
zs. 7
26 . 0
26. 4
1 33, 2
CAP ILLARY PRESSURE - P E RMEABILITY DA T A FO R

TO'liCHET SILT LOAM (GEW
~/Pg X 10-'
x to:
.!IIi
~ m - se- c
~L
m/ $- t~.:O.
I . 8-15
0, 890
0 . 917
1. 002
1'
l.
1'
l.
l.
920
~5 1
84 5
9 10
94 1
1. 320
l. ~10
t. 897
0 , 0)34
0 03 ! 9
0, 0371
0 , 0349
0 . 0 168
0, 0 11 7
0.00493
0 . 00228
0. 000778
0. 9l7
o. ass
I. 293
I, 04 0
1' 083
0 , 978
,.'
0 . 999
I , 000
0. 6 94
0. 695
0 . 11116
0 . 688
0, 362
0. 176
0 . 09 1!
0 . 0402
0. OJ 51
2, 4
8. I
0, 987
0 , 990
:.!4 . 3
0 . 520
47 . 8
0 25)
0 1)!
5 3. 6
(;0, 8
0. 0578
0. 0217
P.8. 8
35. 6
7Z. 2
Ko. 0. 177 ~ .
Pb'"' 1 Zi.J gms tec, P : Z. 60 gmsjce, o 0 . 503, K,.. ; o. 695 IJ. 2
8
~, 5 . 1
7. 1
Pb' 4 1. 3 ml>,
1',\ lll.f: fll .
r l llJ).
''c
CAI' IL!.ARY P RESSURE - PERMEABILIT Y OATA FOR

T OUCHET SILT L.OAM (CE l)'
JA f r,g x 1 0~
I
21. I
I 975
-~ '
I. 975
.!4 .
! 4,
l L
)'
..
0 . 980
0. 953
~) 75
o. 990
0. 902
I . 96Z
.:.;.
1. 95:9
1' 969
25 .
1 ' 962
1 g}4
!. 931
1'
~.
10 :
0. 94.)
0. 943
0. 99)
0. 967
0. 997
I . 020
996
,.
cm/src
m '-Sf'('
IJ/Pg x ~ l..l'!!>
0, 965
0, 982
2.;}, 0
1,
~ 4 .j
II , J
2. ~
I ,
000
o. 974
H.Z
58 . G
7.7. 6
MH
H.; I
ll45
0 , 90V
0 . 899
0, 577
67 . 6
o. 007!11
0, Zll
0, 231
0 , 148
26.0
l7. 9
1
I ,
J.
!.
0. 0026'1
0 , 0529
0. 205
0, 001 41
0 . 00072 I
o. 02n
0. 106
0 0549
0123
0! 22.
01 Z9
0115
0111
0111
0, 248
0. 014 1
4. 7
za. o
76. 7
8~ ' i
~9
'!5 . 8
29.0
27.
104. oi
tO .!
n )t l.;(
(mMF;f'(
0, 252
0, 257
0, 250
0.
0.
0.
0.
0
0.
PRESSt :HE - i'l':H ~1EA[l]J.JTY DATA FOR

SA:-illY I. OAM"
COL.I:~Hl ! A
Pe
mb
CAP IL L.~HY
TABL.E B - 6.
0 . ~ 56
0 . !f57
I , 000
0 . Ot:J9
0. 40:1
1. t)OO
IIi, .?.
0. 974
0. 0 17
0 (\ ~1 0
.'II , 6
l?. tl
0 . 701
()() , 8
1: 6.
~ !);.
0 . 's72
OlOI
01 90
0 ,\61
0. 284
9 10
0 . Q74
0. !;3-t
0.:! l
0 . OJ 0~
14
< A~
0 0 ().1()0
1 ' ij14
! . 8 48
1 ' 0 \J
0, 9 4 6
0 07 I \
0 . 0! 6l
0 , oo l 7 1
0. OOO!lll
0 000 100
1 ~) 1
Ph
2 . fjQ gms ,Jcc, cP = 0 . 4Z3., !(
o . .!571J:.,
"/P~
X 10
<'m - sec
1 ' 877
27. 3
Zl. 5
Z6. l
26 . 4
1 868
1. 86 1
1. 9 00
I , 897
1. 900
I , 98 6
1. 8 71
1 . 86 1
!. 989
6H
~L
0, 937
0 . 860
0, 956
0 , 947
0. G55
1. 0 00
t o'
TABU; 8-7.
0 136
0 16 4
0 180
0 15 2
0. 01 62
0 . 01 :!t)
0 . 00822
0, 302
0. 305
0. 3~8
0 , 005 65
0 . 00169
0. 000524
o. 108
0,
0.
0.
0,
0, 309
0. 31 7
0. 291
0 . !65
0. 031 ~
0. 0101
2. 60 gms;cc, ' 0 . ~49, K0
._.
26. 1
7. I
26 . 2
14. 8
Z5. 4
.!6, 2
.!6. 8
2.
0 . 9ZO
0, 931
I. 000
0 . 9-!2
0. 91i0
0 . 889
0 , 504
0 , 330
0 , 0972
0. Cl !-08
B. 5
4B. 0
6l. l
i 4, 8
:!7. t
2 8. 0
26 . 4
811 . 0
zn. 5
iO.
li .0
106 .
~. 328 u ,
pb
~b
K
,,
#l / Pg X 10.:1'
~: m- sec
Z6. 9
~6. g
I. 907
1. 897
0 . 9i8
0, 978
0 . 0287
0, 0290
I . 880
0 , ~08
0, 0264
0 , 967
0 , 0274
I. 160
o. 0199
27. 5
1. 880
1. 877
I. 86 1
27. 4
I . 864
0, ~93
I . 052
0 , 00407
O.OO I HO
1. 858
0 . fl7!)
0 . 000)07
27. 0
27. 6
,.
"'.!
K I'
1. 9 07
I . ~04
0 . ~PO
I . 007
0, 03 17
0. 0327
0 . ~ II
0 . GI S
1. ~ 31
I.
OlO
0 . fi J,O
1. 904
1. ~81
I . ~ 74
1. 8 4 5
1. 1~ 3:!
1 ' 0 \3
0 . 033)
0. 0336
r.l. l)'q 2
0 . SlO
0. t;r,t-;
0. 0302
0,
I . 7 9H
l. 877
0. ~'70
0. ~ 77
t . Ot:,
'-~l O
0. !110
I ' .
0. !18Z
1' 0 00
0 . 084
'0
3. ~
~!, 5
0 . Hti.!
0 . ':1.! 1
l7.!)
J7 .
0 . 5\0
55. z
0 . 004 2
0 , (.17\fl
0. I l!l
oj j'
o.9P
0, 0008U7
0, Ot C9
o. ozr,u
A,. l
0. 5 45
0 , 000058 9
0, 002 0'i
O.OOlU
0 . O U~4
0 . 3\4
j
1. 41 gm~ {cc. p l . 66 gme:cc, ~ 11.47 1, K

8
t . 36 gmsft;c. JlH
ph .:-,tl, 7 m b, n
.! . CO J! r1l t4f<:l:, ~
0. 630 ~'.
C A PJ!.I.\HY
l' H E~ SIJ!H;
- P J:H~WAHJUTY
SMH)Y LOAM
IJ.\ T.~
FOR
mh
22 . 3
2.
0~0
1 . !172
1. 917
c. ~ 4 3
1. !138
1. e84
1'
06)
I ,
025
~7. 4
48.8
0 , ;7 :
55. 7
25 . 3
26. 8
sa. s
0. 0!\66
1~.
0. Oil R
1 o:. 8
0 . 039 J
2i. 2
0 , 947
0. 1 )6
0, 0)(17
0. 9;;
0. 64 )
1. 9! 7
!. 9 14
0 , 533
0. 321
G. 07nl
0, 0318
0. J%5 1
4. l
ll. 8
o. ~ 15
Z5 . 9
25. 8
0 , 993
1 . 000
17:;, ;.:"'I(
li)!J. tl
?c
0. 5 6 3
0, 56 0
t).
= 5 0. 7 m1), n .., 7 . 4
25 . 2
0 , 083
0 , 0 304
Q. OHB
0. 02 )2
o. 0064 7
0. 001 OJ
0 . 8 11
0, 789
0 , 7; 6
o. c:as
0. -t,S l
0 , 11 8
0. OJ 69
I . 000
0 . S72
o. ~0 7
o. 5b.s M::.
Pb 45 . 2 mil, n 6 . 5
IL ..;.
3-i
7. 3
16 . 4
H. 0
~ -15
J8 . ~
o. ;;ss
4~ .
6 1. 0
80.5
0.
0. H 5
0, 023 J
pb . l . l7 gms,'CC , r8 . ;:. r.G r.;m;cc , 0 ' 0.48.5 , K,. ' 0. 3 1 1 ...
''n
t.o n
COJ .U~lBlA
0. 559
0. 994
q x tO'
<.m /se..;.
c m - S l"C
T ABL E B-8 .
TABLE B-4. CAP I L LARY !'RESSURE- I'E RMEABIL!T"( OATA l'OR

TOUCIJET SILT LO.~M (GEl)*
0 . -10;)
CAPILI..ARY PRSSUHF. l'ER MEADIL ITY OA'rA l'OR
T~.~ P "/Pil ><t O"'
pb = 6 3. 5 mb, n 6. 8
~G .
"o ~
COI.t:MllL~ ~A i"DY LOA~!
c m / ser:.
0, 939
0. 974
1 . 02l
0, 905
pb 1. -12 g rns;ce, p
26 . 1
''I
11 '\.
75 . t; mb, n" 6 . 9
27. 0
26 . 3
2 3. 8
27. 2
27. 5
23. 7
H .
1H 1
0400
0 . 00915
pb "' 58. 7 mb, 11 7. l
TAnLE B- 3. CAPIL I..ARY PRESSURE Pf:H)AEABILITY DATA FOR

TOUCHET SILT L OAM (CE 3)"
Temp.
C
:,~.:;
0 471
115, l
"b oil 1.-i7 !P1Hilct.., "s 2 . 6ti g mli /CC:, 6 ,_ 0 . 44tl,
Pb 1.50 gmsf cc, p

8
mb
D. Ot ~Ht
1, :i-.tM
I, ~
P~.
(" ,11' 11 .1,.\ 1~\' J>1n:.'~ l'BF - P~:H~I ~::\JJll.ITY n ,\'(',\ HIB
TABI.E A-9.
l"<.Jl.l'~IBI.-\ ~..I
r.mp.
0
C"
21. a
l1 . j
l7. 2
l 7. 2
,!.;, 0
l~. 8
z~. 5
2 .). 5
~6. -l
ZJ. 3
pb
~loa' 10...
~II
I. 8:i!
I. 861
I. 871
! . 871
I. ~)7~
I.
q'
31.
,m -!!lb
o. on:.11
0. 08 II
9~ 4
0 . 0817
0. 0796
0. 077~
0 . 012 1
~:""1 -l;
1 . 0 17
~17
I. 0 l l
0, 9l&
I. 927
1. S96
I . 8!17
~- 003
l 038
t ' 0.!7
o. sua
l,2., gmijiCC.,
;:
I W'
J.
,.
~~r,l/1'1
0 , 0!18
0 . 9 UO
0,
0,
f'A UI.E B-1 J.
CAP!I.LARY PRESSURE - PERMEABIL.!TY OA.TA FOH

AN UNCONSOl.!OA TEO SAND
'Ill\ 1.(1\\1'
~~P~ x
'
t,:\J;
(J
l , (t fl
I ' . ~~ I I f
I. ('lfHl
0, fl 7 ;.
II
l. fiO
t, :,rj
!IH
'
:.
.....
0. 505
I . 9l7
0 , 457
2, 96
2. 69
I I J. Z
II}, 5
0 . 943
2. 29
0. 933
0. 895
45.5
18.)
0. 872
0,
0.
0.
0.
0. J7(1
0 . 0 1!1!..
0 . 23H
21' 1
1. 9 1 ()
I . 8 74
I. lj7'1
I , lj74
0 , OOiilt&
0 , 130
0 . OR! 0
l. t, 1
t . 9r,7
0. 006:&1
0. 000472
0. 0464
0. 02b!l
0. 006:lli
0. 0! 05
2.6G gm11/cc, o
0.~.~7.
Kv
1i
lfo Cl
l,(;()jJ;: ,
0 . 900
0, 890
0, 855
"I
: . :.1 ..: ~ / l 'C., ps
1'1
:t,l ' " " , ,
Ill
0281
00756
00145
'a
3. 6
0, 997
I. 000
0. 4 10
0, 16 1
0, OZIO
0. 00516
0.00142
0. 000285
2. 39
0. 586
0. 161
0. 0324
l . 71 gmsfee, ~
=-
l<
1 . u ~-~
II I
i,'l, (J
~~ ... ' I
l<
I . ~~~ i
t 52
0 , 607
0. 4 t j
() '
q x 1 o
cm/se1
ao"
rm-Ft'('
= 0 , 444, K
~ 113.5
5. 8
6. I
6. 8
7. 6
8. 3
9. 3
f.j
1
,
1:,,!1
p - JJ. 4 mh, n ' 6. 5

0
TA AI.E lJI 0.
C:.U'lt.I.A IH' PIU!:SSVI!I:

COL!'C<IBL\
"/1~ > I 0
:6.2
l6. 6
26. a
?.0. 3
26.'
24 . )
l5 .
Z\.
I.
I.
t.
I.
I.
1.
q , 1
Al l
'&"
t' fl"l S ~
U04
8 :10
3fH
R:l'l
8'17
f\6 :1
S.-\~OY
PR~ 1'" A H!L!TY
(),\ T,\ l"ClU
o'
lm t
''t"
~. mls<"t '
o. 1~4
.!. -iO
0 . )71
(l, fl tl.>
0 . 1 10
0. l l2
2 . 47
2. 47
I . 000
0, 9;1~
0. 108
2..
-1~
0 , 9~0
0. 12 3
2. 43
o. 98>
!. 50
0, )49
0.
6~7
22. 6
30. 2
0, 0159
0 , 14 1
0 , 04 30
0. 0106
0. 00461
0. 0~0717
I. 01 z
0. B40
~:i7
I. 112
I. 0 -! I
o. 064 7
1. 9Z7
0. 00'\6!>
0. t O'i
0 0014'
0. 000708
0 . OOOIIS
o. O~GZ
26. 7
l4 . 5
I . 982
1. 887
I,OH
1. 04!1
1 !Hi:!
:n.
2. OOJ
I, 2:!0
I. 433
l't\ l'll .t.A H\' I"RESSI)RE PERMEABILITY DATA FOR

At-< IINCON SOLIUATEO SANO"
o. aR,
0.
11\llt.l I< 11
{.(),HI'
0. 0114
0. 00177
q' tO'
(m/sf'('
&I
124.
1. 6
t.ll.'-1
fl()'l
(i,
4, 4
I . U.' l
I, !11 7
I UfH1
6.
~!I
IZ 3. 0
I , (IIi'
~.
87
I , U(HI
1. 111
II, 14 1
54 . 0
Z2. 5
I 0. 2
15.9
l 1)111
1 u..:r,
37 . 0
I IJI"t
1. 1111 1
I , H'l i
I Ul ~.
~a
I , U'II
I , U ()1t
0. 00 14 ~
0 . 0004ijil
57 . 2
10.l
92. I
I . 81ll
II ~K.<
0, (1001!11
1 (ll
2. 60
0. 198
0. 02 76
0 . O!Ofl
~t
Pc
mb
' 000
0. 990
0. 9
0 . 435
5. 5
0,18 1
0, 02 14
0. 00160
6. 0
6. 8
2.4
a. z
9. t
10 . 2
II. 0
0. 0002Z2.
o. 00669
0. 0000700
0, OOOOZ94
0. 00 365
pb"' 1. l fl gmstc'\'. , ~)s- Z. 'ifJ gms'cc , 0 .! 0.559, ;.::
ph,.. 26,1i mb. "' - ~l . ~
TABLE R ll.
AN IINC ONSO!.!DATED
u/pg x 10
23. 4
23.4
23. 4
pb '
2. 003
l
10 :
0, 865
0, 8 10
00)
2. 000
2. 000
2. 000
I.
017
0. 973
0 . 987
1.!1SgmR tcc. 1.,
3. 93
3. 60
3. 36
I . 17
0 . 00072Z
t.,7l gm~'cc:, fr
91 . 0
89. 0
66. 0
24. 0
-~-..~
0 , 4 1"1, K
Zl. 4
lJ. 4
1.8
5. 6
0. 7lG
0, 2 64
0.000144
0 . 01 J l
Temp.
C
I. 000
0, 9'19
23. 4
6. I
6. 4
10 . 2
23. 4
:! J. 4
.. pb ..
16.2
pb 5. 9mb, n 16 . 2
~. 10~
q X 1 0 :.
cml$'-t'
e m-sf'<'
sr.o
q " 1 0~
cmf,.u-1
j.l/pg x 10 ..
em - s<'
2 . 000
2. 000
2, 000
Z. 000
l . 000
0.
~~
6 . ~I
I,
04~
.; , (!.'
I, 01 ~'
i,!)t
1 ~~ '.
~I I ~I
fi.!l, fj
0. 91l
t. 04 '
l.ZH
ttl. -1
0. OOH;I1
1.~6 cm~/cc. ps .! . 7 1 gmJo>/t'C.
u'
Tomp. I'IP"- 10,.

C
e m -srr
61 1
q :\ 1 0.:'
F.
('nl/t'-1'1
I . 880
0 . 930
0. 961
5, 11
5. ll
I 03, 3
: O.J.. 6
0 .9S7
I . 000
1.4
26. 9
3. I
23. 7
I . 91l.H
o .9B4
I.
27. 0
I , 877
0.
~~0
5. 18
96 . 2
80. 2
46. "
0 . !HS
0. 774
5. 6
5. 5
23.7
Z3. 7
I. 98\1
!. 1 ~
I.
98 ~
I. 000
I, 000
0. 458
0. 0386
0. 00128
5. 0
6. 8
23. 7
ZJ. 6
23. 6
I.
98~) .
1.
27. 0
26. 9
I . 874
I. 877
I , 877
I . 880
26. I
I.
27. I
27. 0
907
o. 973
0. 950
0. 95 3
o. a;a
o. 787
4, 16
2 . 45
0. 201
3. 96
0. 0060)
0. I ll
0. 0143
0. 000592
0. 0001 }8
8. 9
10. I
0 . 975
I. 038
0. 975
1~ e r~ 3
I. 9(l3
ph= 1. 40 gmS/C':C: ,
pb 1, 53gm8/CC, " ; .. Z. 71gmstcc. c o.~J4, "'... 10.3. 6uel
ph - 5, 6 rnb, ,., 1:>. l
l<
O, Hi V,
1.8
I , 000
0. 661
0, 500
4 .9
5. 2
~- 5
8. 4
0. 190
0. 000490
0. ()(;!10
"~I ~ IJ!J.l
IJ
2,
TABU: IJ- Ifo. ('JI I' 11.l .AIH I'IW ~~ l'IW - l ' I:UMI-:1\1<11.1'1'\' !lilT /\ F OR
FOI< I COI.1 .1NS Cl ./\ Y J,(l,U1 ( \li':D!STUllHEIJ
S/\MI't.E T AKr:N l'l"HTI( 'l\1,1.)') '
\ TA FOR
AN UNCONSOLIDATED SAt-:D
26. 9
DATA FOR
pb =- 4 , 9 m h, 11 =- 14.. 1
TABLE 8 1 2 . CAP1LJ.,\RY l-'RESSVRE PERMEABILIT
ulpg
l'll~;:<~ t 'H I: I 't-:HMI',\Bl l.ITY
AN UNCONSCH.I IJATJ-:1) 'f;f\.NI )"
S.~:-<D
('ffi/S('('
~m - Rt ('
23. J
23. 3
TABLE 8- 15. CAI'ILI.I\ 111
CAPILLARY P RESSURE PERME ABILITY DATA FOR
pb . l , 7 mb, ,
35
1o
3. :1
z: . 57
0.
~~
3Z~
o. oz~o
0. 0146
0. 00360
l<
I'
!. 000
0. 808
0.5
0. 41
0. 5 11
o. 2J~
0. Z80
o. 0776
0 , 0 101
4. 9
ll . 5
ll . 9
0. OOZHO
19 . 7
27. 6
u. 3
gms;cc , ~ -! 0,454, K
z. 6
G. Ol8f1
!.7, 6
J.J;,
TABLE B-21.
lA 111.1-: 017. CAPILLARY PRESSURE PERMEABILITY DATA FOR

FORT COLLINS C !.A Y LOAM (UNDISTURBED
SAMPLE TAKEN IIORIZONTALLY)'
J'/pg x 10'
em-sec:
I. 952
.!4. 8
I. 952
I . 952
H.
24 .8
H. 7
I. 095
0.968
I. 025
I , 036
o. 95 1
I , 0 12
o. 960
0. 939
I, 955
.!4 . 9
!.4, 9
I. 94$
I. 9.48
'1, .948
~- 89
24.
em/sec:
I. 952
13. I
9. 78
7. 52
3. 95
1.24
0.377
0. 141
o. 04))
o. 395
0.209
0. 0604
0. 0 196
0. 00696
0. 00208
0. 736
0. 485
pb 1. 38 gmofec. p 2. 57 ~IIJcc,
pb 4. 2 mb,
...
10 1
AH
ire"
o 0. 463,
Temp. ~I PI x I OS'
C
cm*e
25. s
zs. 8
o. 574
2.0
3. 2
.1
l6. 0
0. 301
0. 094 3
o. 0287
0. 0108
o. 00330
6. 3
I. 000
O.H5
CAPILLARY PRESSl:RE PERMEABILITY OATA FOR

WELD LOAM( UNDISTURBED SAMPLE TAKEN
HORIZO:-ITA L L Y)
9. 9
15. 2
1
33.7
zz.
13. 1 ,.,
2. 7
I. 927
I 017
l6 . .s
I. 91 0
I. 018
I. 027
1. 008
I . ADJ
I.
26. 7
.!fi , 1
.!5, I
I.
AB7
I . 867
I , 94 1
I. I 05
I, 010
.H.J
1. H75
0. UJS
H.O
Z4. l
~79
I.
969
0)0
000
I,
24.1
I , 97$
030
0. 967
1 082
H .7
I. 955
o. 095
'b
I.
q x 1 o'
' ml ec
"'
0 . 54 )
0 , 525
0 . 510
0.473
I 0. 3
~- 83
9. 66
8. 69
7. 83
0. 4~8
o. ) 44
6. 30
4. 95
2. 88
0.255
0. I 36
0. 0340
o. 00170
o. 000722
0. 000194
0. 654
o. 0316
0. 01 )2
0. 00382
1. 000
0. 957
0. 940
0. 846
0. 762
o. 6 14
o. 482
0. 28 1
o. 06 )7
o. 00))6
0 . OOIZI
0. 000371
I. I
2. 4
4. 0
6. 4
8. 4
I 0. 'I
12. 8
18. 6
27 . 6
39. a
45. I
~I. 8
I. 34 (me fee, p 2. 60 amo; ec, ~ 0 , 486, K 10. l '

8
0
T) 8. Z
pb 19. 8 mb,
TABt..E BZZ.
'!'ABLE 818. CAPILLARY PRESSURE PERMEABil..ITY DATA FOR

FORT COLLINS CLAY LOAM (DISTURBED SAMPU:
PASSED THROUGH A NO. 14 SIEVE)"
1
Tgcmp. 11/pg x 10
U. l
25.0
25. 0
l~. 0
25. 0
24.9
25. 0
25. 0
fb
ire"
1. 941
945
0. 850
I. 017
0. 968
0. 957
I . 050
0. 987
0. 900
0.958
I.
I . 945
I.
945
I. 915
I. 948
I. 945
I. 945
I. 36 gms/cc, p
...
q X 10'
em/se c
AH
em-sec
l. 09
I. 000
0. 178
0. 154
0. Ill
o. 0423
0. 0114
0. 00333
0.00127
3. 40
1. 10
2. 26
0. 783
0. 226
0. 0719
0. 0257
o. 853
o. 778
2. 57 ptfcc,
Pb 20. 0 mb, ~ 6. 8
Ttrnp. ~I PC._ 10~

C
cm-ec
o. 175
0. 566
o. 196
o. 0566
0. 0180
o. 006-15
CAPJI.L,\RY PRESSURE PERMEABIL.l1'Y DATA FOR

WELD LOAM (DISTURBED SAMPLE PASSED
THROUGH A ;>;O. 14 SIEVE)
25. 7
Z5. 9
Z6. 5
Z6. 6
26. 6
26. 4
22:. 1
22.6
24. 6
Z.4. 1
2~ . 1
24. 7
5. 8
9. 5
13.0
18. 5
25.8
30. 3
35. 9
42. 7
0. 472, K 3. 99 .,,
0
I, 920
I. 9 14
I, 893
I . 893
I. 890
I,
897
z. 04 7
z. oza
AH
l)"i7
1. 017
0. 995
I. 010
0. 995
0. 993
o. 992
0. 953
0. 978
I. 9:>V
l. 075
I, 95>5
I. 94 1
I. V55
1. 029
t . 114
I . 064
pb 1. 34 ~motce, p
q XI
6. 07
6 . 08
6 . oz
5. 62
5. ~ I
0. 3Zl
0, 315
0. 32 1
0. 306
0. Z90
0 . ZS9
0. 199
0 . 048)
0. 0157
I . 000
0. 988
0. 957
o. 906
o. 81)
0. 704
o. 578
o. 145
0. 0489
0. 880
0 . 298
0 . 0697
o. 0208
o. 00400
o. 0011)
~ 0. 483, K
o. 997
4. 95
. 28
1. 52
0. 170
z. so gma;cc,
,.'
em/tee
0. 0114
o. 00342
0
0. 8
2.0
5. 9
10, 1
l l. I
16.5
22.0
27.7
31. 6
34.2
38.)
4Z l
>. 08 '
pb l7. 1 mb, rt 1 :!. g

TABLE :S-19. CA PII.I.ARY PRESSURE PERMEABIL.IT'l DATA FOR
FORT COLLINS CLAY LOAM (DISTURBED SAMPLE
PASSED THROIJCH A NO. 48 SIEVE)'
AH
em -sec
ire"
em/sec
I. 989
I , 010
2. 007
2. 007
2. 0 11
2. 0 11
2. 007
2 . 011
I , 000
o. 0787
0. 980
0. 967
o. 963
I. 012
I. 008
0. 947
0. 0756
0. 0740
T&Cmp. I' I Pix 10'
23. 7
Z3. z
23. 2
~).
23. 1
l3.l
23. 1
23. 0
23. 2
23. 5
2. 01 4
2. 007
I. 996
o.uz
I. I 00
X 10'
0. 0784
o. 07l~
0. 0721
0. 0479
0. 0137
o. 00342
o. 00125
,.K
I. ~ 4
I. ~8
I. ~7
I. 54
I. ~I
10~
lC
AL
o. 933
l ,ij
Zl. 2
Zl. 3
z. 007
z. 003
Z'l. 0
I, 979
23. 9
Z4. l
I. 982
0. 90~
0.605
o. 185
o. 0 4 )8
O.OI H
AH
cm-e-e
5. I
10.3
16.8
21.4
30.5
39.0
45.8
~2. 7
60. z
o. 8~8
o. 0227
Tmp. IPR
0. 978
o. 99'1
I. 4)
CAPILL.;HY PRESSURE PERMEABILifY DA rA FOR

WELD LOAM (DISrURBEO SAMPLE PASSI':D
THROUGH A NO 48 SIEVE) "
1 . 000
0, 974
0. 955
0. Z9Z
0, 069Z
TADI.E B 23.
I. 969
23. l
z. 003
23. l
! . 003
0. UZJ
0. 773
I . 033
I. 117
l. 1 l 2
0 . 888
q x 10'
cm/ser
0. U4
0. 220
0. 181
o. 0263
o. 00305
0. 000926
0. 000243
'
. 81
4 . 78
4. 64
o. 50~
o. 0538
0. 0164
o. 00548
I. 000
0. 994
0. 965
0. 105
0,0112
0. 00341
0. 00114
3.1
8.
16.7
32 . 9
)9, 4
4).8
49. I
pb 1. JO grno;cc, p 2. 60 ffMI/CC, ~ 0. 5DZ, K 4.81 ~.

6
0
27.2mb,~ 12.0
pb
pb 1.36 im8fCC, p 2 . 57 fftn&fCO, ~ 0. 469, K I.~A~'.
0
0
T) 9. 4
pb 38. I mb,
TABLE :S20. CAP!t.I.ARY PRESSURE PERMEABILITY OATA FOR

WELD LOAM (UNDISTURBED SAMPLE TAKEN
VERTICALLY)
TABLE B24.
rgcmp.
Temp ,./pg x 10 5
C .
cm ec
24.
Z4.
l-1.
.!5.
7
6
6
0
~5.
,../ pg
x 10'
I,
~55
I . 359
I. 959
AH
AI.
em-sec
o. 978
0. 998
I. 010
I , 045
045
o.nz
o. '185
.!S. 1
I. 941
1. 941
!6. 2
I.
0. U81
I . 0!8
I. 0 18
I, IH8
.!:5. 1
!4. 8
I.
004
I. 95l
jlh .. I , Z9Jjffit:J/<.:C , ''H

Ph
t 5 , 4mb, '1
7.
,..
0. 046
0. 884
o. 806
0. 297
0. 143
0. 0807
0. 0190
o. 00)16
0. OOOZZ4
I. 000
0. 917
0. 826
18. 9
17. 4
15. 6
5. 91
2. 83
I. 60
0. 356
o. 0578
o. 00431
o. ) I )
0. 149
o. 0843
0. 0188
0. 00306
o. 000228
.! ,/l(JWll:r4/~ ~~ . ~ " 0. ~ 04, K
1. )
). 2
25. 0
25. I
Z5. 0
Z5. 6
26. 0
Z4. 8
5.4
10.2
IS. 6
19,2
zs. 7
25. 0
24. 6
25. z
31.7
44.8
18. 9;.Jz,
CAPILLARY PHESSURE PERMEABIL.ITY DATA !"OR

CASS SANOY LOAM (!.'!'!DISTURBED SAMPLE T.AKEN
VERTICA LLY AT 5-t:'IC!I DEPTH)'
!>H
AI..
I. 945
0. 959
I. 941
I . 94.5
0 . 948
1. 042
l. 924
0 . 985
I . 910
I. 002
0 . 931
I. 054
I. 9U
I . 945
I . VU
l. 938
I. 072
I. 031
q X I 01
rm/1ec
0. )97
0 . 39'1
0. 292
o. 124
O.OHI
0. 00420
0. 00102
o. 000264
o. 0000638
'
8. 06
8. 08
s. 45
2. 47
0. 839
0 . 0878
0. 0189
0. 00482
0. 00120
0. 997
1 . 000
0 . 675
o. 306
0.104
0. 0109
0 . 00233
0 . 000$81
o. ooou e
pb 1. 45 ,majee. p 2. 82 Rmat cc , ~ o. 446 , K 8. 08 ~ .

8
0
'I
pb 1 7 . Z mb, r'l = 6 . 7
36
2. 2
5. 6
10,7
14.9
2 1. 9
33.7
4 1. 5
51. 4
63. 4
TABLE B-~5. CAPILLARY PRF.SS lii~E - PERMEA!!II . !T Y DATA F Oil

CASS SANOY LO.~M (UNDISTUHHED SA MI'I.F TAK I:~
HORIZONT ALLY AT 5 -!NCI! DEPTII! '
Temp. ,./pgx t o
C
em -ser
~5 . 2
25. I
25. t
I. 9)8
I.
I.
I.
I.
24. 8
~4 .
24. 6
24. 3
24.0
25. 2
24. 7
24.9
I .
I.
1.
I.
!.
t.
l>ll
e;L
0. 991
0. 968
94t
94t
952
955
95 9
969
979
918
955
948
1 ' 005
t. 08t
1. 005
t. 025
I. 006
1.
on
t. 001
0. 985
t . 024
I O.t
0.
,,
('0'1, ~ ( ' \'
'
a. s
80~
TARI.F. 1;1-ZO. CAPILL ARY PRESSURE - PERMt;ABli.ITY DATA FOR

CASS SANOY LOAM (DISTURBED SAMPLE TAKEN A'r
12-INCH DEPTH AND PASSED T HROUG H A r-.10 . 4R
STEVE)'
o. tt<n
q x t o'
em/sec
I ~'
0. 786
1.
onn
1. r,
1. 98l
o. 995
0. 284
s.. 66
0. 787
0. 9!i.!
0 . 68!1
(if,
0. 98 3
0. 950
0. 897
0. 970
0. 277
ZJ. I
I . 986
I, 986
1 . 9nli
l , 000
l J. 4
4
l.t. !
2l, 7
l.
l .
I.
I.
ooo
l. 062
000
I,
99C
989
o. 9 75
5. 60
5. 57
s. 00
2. 83
0. 570
0. 11 4
0. 0346
0. 011t
t6. 0
15. 2
o. 606
I 0. 9
0. l98
7. 74
0. 164
J . 13
0. 0974
I. 90
0. 0165
0. 316
0. 00 304
0. 058~
0. 000584
0. 0 11 6
0. 000t20 0. 00229
0 . 484
0 . 1 96
0 . t t9
0. 019R
0. 00.\G ll
0. 000: 26
0. OOOt H
10 . 1
ll.
II. G
l !LO
t fi . ll
z \,
u. ~
ZB . II
15. I
4J. !I
033
0. 998
0. 266
0. 224
0, 137
0. 0306
0. 0059 1
0.00169
0. 000557
1. 000
2. I
o. 991
4. 3
0. 985
0. 884
I0. 3
IS. 9
19. 3
24. 6
30. 0
34. 9
0 . 500
0, 10 1
0. 0202
0 . 00611
0, 00196
1. 41 J.trn tcc , ps ~ 2. 66 gmstcc. ~ ~ 0. 469, K 0
''h
p ~ 2 . 62 gms j cc, ~ = o. 477, K ' 16. o 11 ',

8
0
pb 13. 5 mb, ~ 7. 5
= I. 37 gmsjec,
pb
"'
4 1. 4
5 . 66 ~.
pb t 1\ . t mlJ, r'l ~ 7. 6
TABI.E B-26. CAPILLAR Y PRESSURE - PERMEABILITY DATA FOR

CASS SANOY LOA M (UNOISTURBEO SAMPLE TAKEN
VERTICALLY AT 12 - INCH DEPTH)
Temp. 1'/pg X 10&

C
em-sec
25. 1
25. 2
25. t
25. 1
24. 9
25. I
25.0
25. 1
25. 0
t. 941
1. 938
I . 941
q ]( 10 .1
l>H
0. 861
I. 005
!. 000
I. 015
I. 0 18
0. 961
0.872
0. 912
0. 699
1. 941
948
94t
945
94 1
!. 945
l.
I.
l.
l.
K
,.
em/sec
20
27. 1
1. 05
20 . 2
0. 796
15 . 4
0 , 262
5 . 00
0. 120
2. 30
0. 0450
0. 909
0. 0065 t
o. 145
0.00 155
0. 0330
0. 000184
0 , 005 13
t,
000
0 . 746
0. S69
0. 184
0. 0847
0. 0335
0. 00535
o. 00121
0. 000189
I.
TA m .E H- 30. C APILLARY PRESSUR - PE HME.~BILITY DAT A F011

CASS SA NI)Y LOA M (UNDISTURBED SAMPLE TAKEN
v ~;RT ICA LLY AT 20-INCH OEPTii)'
2. 9
4. 0
5.0
9. 2
12. 3
t 6. 2
22. z
29. I
38 .8
1'cmp. u/pg x t o
C
c m -St;'t:
26. t
25. 2
2~. 6
Pb 1.43 gmsjec, p 2.66 gmsjcc , 0. 464, K

pb ~
Z5 . 7
25. 0
25. 2
t5 . I
26. I
25. J
TABLE B -27. CAPILLARY PRESSURE - PERMEABlLITY DATA F OR

CASS SANDY LOAM (UNOISTURBEO SAMPLE TAKEN
HORIZONTALLY AT t2 - !NCH DEPTH)
Tel!'lp. l'IPg x 10 6
C
em -..c
24. 0
24. 0
I , 979
23. 2
23. 7
Z4. 4
25.9
Pb
l. 41
q x to'
em{eec.
I. 000
o. 985
t . 32
1. 29
0. 658
0. BS
2 . 007
0. 994
l. 102
t . 029
1. 104
1. 989
1. 965
l. 045
l. 034
1. 9 14
0 , 991
I. 979
I. 986
I . 979
I. 969
ZJ. 8
24.0
24. 3
l>H
'6'L
o. 0583
o. 00824
0. 00224
0. 000984
0, 000209
gms fcc.' p ~ 2. 66 gmsfcc,

6
25. 9
Z6. 0
,.K
o~
0. 471 , K
I . 000
0. 991
0, ~OJ
0. 176
0. 0426
o. 00~72
0. 00163
0. 0 007t 3
o. 000 154
25. 0
25 . 8
25. 0
1. 945
1. 945
I. 945
0. 9 83
0. 748
0. 993
0. 950
0. 985
1. 000
945
94 5
1. 94 5
I . 917
I. 945
'I.
0. 728
0. 587
0. 131
022
0. 988
1. 017
0. 997
0. 9 77
pb l.40gmsfcc , p
. pb
13. 6 mb,
T)
6. 5
1. 000
0. 4 89
0. 434
0, 229
l. 84
I,
3. 1
4. 5
4. 7
5. 9
7.1
9. 2
9. 8
o. 129
o. oa~7
0. 0'167
0, OZ88
o. 0126
0. 00261
0. 000458
o. 0000972
0. 0000361
t l. z
13 . 6
18.6
25, 5
34 .1
41. 5
TABLE B - 31. CAPILLARY PRESSURE -PERMEABILITY DATA FOR

CASS SANOY l.OAM (UNDISTURBED SAJy!Pl.E TAKEN
HORIZ.Ol'<'TALLY AT 20 !NCH DEPTH)'
0. "177
0. 168
0. 102
0. 0 0317
0. 00128
0. 000425
q. 10 2
em/sec
Tscmp. ,./pg, t o"

em -!!Cc
I . 904
I. 931
1,920
I . 934
1 . 94 5
1. 920
1. 945
1.910
1 .934
1. 9Z4
1.. 948
1 . 934
1 . 924
I. 91 4
1..910
ZG. 2
25. 4
25. 7
25. 3
Pc
t;m{sec
I.
I .
70. z
34. 3
60
30. 5
0. 874
16. I
0. 452
9. 08
o. 207
J. 91
0. t 62
3. 28
2. 02
0. 105
0 . 0424
0. 888
0. 00952
0. 183
o. 00174
0. 0322
0. 000375
0. 00683
0. 000130
0. 00l5 3
2. 04
3. 0
5. 8
9. 8
15 . 3
22 . 5
27. 9
32. 2
42. 2
= 26.2 ,., .
q X 10 2
14 .
t 4. 9
tl. 6
2. 50
0. 007 71
0. 152
0. 00247
0, 0473
0. 000989 0. 0190
0. 000 318
0. 00634
1.'1
TABLE B-28. CAPILLARY PRESSURE - PERMEABILITY DATA FOR

CA SS SANDY LOAM (DISTURBED SAMP LE 1'AKEN AT
12-!NCH DE PTH Al'o"' PASSED THROUGH A NO. 14
S!F.VE) '
25. 0
25. 0
25 . 0
25 . 0
25 . 0
q X 10 1
em/sec
' Pb I. 28 fims jcc, p 2. 67 gmsjcc, 0. 520, K 70.2 ,.,

6
0
pb 6 . 0 mb, ~ 5 . 3
26 . 2
25. 9
13. 2
4. 59
1. 12
o. 150
o. 0427
0, 0187
o. 00403
pb 9. 1 mb , ~ 5. 7
I . 0 38
1. 010
1. 055
0. 964
I. 01 ,
0. 961
l. 008
0. 926
0. 990
I . 046
l. OS t
0. 970
924
938
1. 934
1 . 920
1. 945
I. 938
I. 94 1
t . 907
1 . 9 34
1. 9H
I . 910
I .
I .
25 . 3
27.1 ,.,
9 . 1 mb,ry 5 . 8
o. 552
1 . 907
I. 938
25. 2
All
AL
mb
25.0
z. 5
4. 2
8. 9
I J. Z
20. 6
24. 3
2a. 3
25. 0
26,0
25.3
25. 6
Z4 . 9
Z5. 3
Z5. 6
25.9
26. 0
2~ .
33. 2
2.6Srm f cc,. 0. 47 3, K 1 4.9~ '.
I. Olt
0. 998
0 . 98 t
0. 938
0. 929
0. 996
I. 035
I. 088
t . 026
I. 068
1 . OZ5
I. 021
1. 144
I . 039
0. 988
' pb I. 35 gmsfcc, p
37
pb
8. 1 mb. ry
7. 5
u'
2. 14
2 . 05
2. 02
40. J
39. 6
39, 4
1 . 92
39 . 6
l. 67
39 . 2
I. 96
37. 8
17 . 5
0. 931
0. 481
8 . 44
o. 145
2, 74
0. oz 79
0. soz
0. Oll9
0. 245
o. 00329
0, 0623
0, 0344
0. 00205
0. 000385
0. 00709
0. 00004 85 0, 000938
I. 000
I. 7
0. 984
2. 0
z. 8
0. 978
0 . 98Z
0. 974
o. 937
3. 0
5. 2
5. 5
0. 4 34
0, 0 0 1 5~
6.9
8.7
It, 9
15. 5
17. 3
2 0. 6
0. 0008~ 5
0. 000176
0. OOOOZ3l
28.2
35. 6
0. 209
0. 0679
o. 0125
0. 00608
2. 67 g ms jcc. 9 0. 496 , K
= 40 . 3
"',
zz. 4
TABLE BlS.
TABLE B -3Z. CAPILl.ARY PRE:SSUIIE PERMEABILITY DATA FOR

VAI,ENTINE LOAMY SAND (UNDISTURBED SA'.IPLE
TAKEN VERTICAI.LY AT 121NCH DEPTH)*
T gmp.
~~p~ X lOS
c m .. sec:
zs. 1
l. 9ZO
25 .6
U. 6
ll. 9
I. 924
I, 924
I. 98Z
I. 979
I. 962
I. 948
l. 948
I. 907
Z4.~
2'1. 5
Z4, 9
24.9
l6. I
pb
1\
AH
&;'("
0. 98S
I . 000
0. 975
0. 957
o . 963
I. 194
0. 835
0. 86Z
0. 953
q X I0 1
em / see
0 . 679
0. 663
0. 51)
0, 3)0
0. Ill
0, 0 198
0 . 00241
0. 000750
0, 000203
~'b
I . 000
0, 963
0. 8541
0, 5 16
0. 175
0. 02413
0. 004.ZS
0. 00128
0. 000 307
I 3. Z
IZ , 8
II , 3
6. as
2. 3Z
0 , 321
o. 0562
0. 0 170
0. 00406
Tt-mp. ~/Pax 10 ..
oc
0, 9
2. 6
6. 7
II. 8
16 . 2
23. 5
ll. 4
23. 6
ZJ. 6
n. 3
23. 5
.!3. l
zo. 4
23. 0
26 . I
30.4
I, 58 gmlfCC, p 2. 63 emsf cc, , o. 398, K 11. 2 .,,

1
0
I 3. 8 mb, ~ 10. 3
Z5. 0
l5. 0
25.2
25. 3
25.5
Z5.7
23.9
25. 0
25. 0
25.3
em-sec
AH
~
I. 945
I. 026
I . 945
I. 938
1.934
I. 9Z 7
I . 9ZO
I , 98Z
I , 945
I. 9-45
I. 934
I , 038
I . 019
I. 0 15
I. 067
I. OZ4
I . 129
I . 078
0. 872
0, 9 15
pb' I, 6Z rmsfcC, p
pb I 3. 8 mb,
1
II , 0
...
q X I Oz.
e m /see
0. 683
13.3
0. 6U
12. 3
0, 445
8. 67
0, 379
7, 4 1
0, 217
4 . 02
0, 0781
I , 46
0, 00676
0, 11 9
0. 00122
0, OZ27
0 . 000281
0 , 00624
0. 000103 0. 00217
2 , 83 rms/<C,
o. ns
0 !168
0. Rl2
0, 715
0 . 647
0. 693
0, 3Z7
0 , JZ7
0. 2 19
0, 0368
0, 0100
0, 00163
0, 000396
TAIII.E Bl6 .
25, 0
H.8
25. 0
25. 8
25.8
ZG. 0
25. 0
25.0
25.5
25. I
cm-aec
iii:"
I. 945
I. 952
I. 045
I . 9 17
I , 9 17
I. 910
I . 945
I. 945
I. 927
I , 941
o. 998
0. 935
0. 040
o. 958
0. 987
1. 03Z
0. 883
I. 040
I . 082
I 085
em/see
0, 454
0. 459
0, 46Z
0 . 473
0 , 386
0, 194
o. 0284
0. 0106
0. 00241
0 . 000421
...
a. as
9. 59
9 . 57
9. 46
7. 51
3. 58
o. 581
0. 188
0, 0428
0. 00754
I'IPI" to
AH
6L
em-sec
Z6. Z
Z1. 8
24.8
H. 5
Z6. I
1. 7
5. I
9. 7
10 . 0
14, 8
17 . 8
zz. 8
2$, 9
29.1
32. 4
I, 904
I. 07
I. 952
I. 952
1,02
1. 10
I, 0 1
I. 0 1
I. 01
I, 06
I, 09
I, 02
1. 14
1.17
1.10
I. I 0
I , 959
I . 907
1. ns9
I . 982
I . 94 5
I . 94 5
I. 9G2
I . 962
I. 94 5
I . 945
Z4. 6
24. 5
25. 0
Z5. 0
H. 5
24. 5
zs. 0
25.0
TABU~
~rmstcc, ~
= 0, 396,
Tg~P 1'/PJX 10
em-sec
q X tO'
cm/ec
0, 0138
0, 0128
o. 0138
0, 0124
0, 01 27
0. 0121
o. 011 5
0. 0108
0. 00425
0 . 00363
0. 00121
0. 000570
0. 000337
6. 75 .,,
"
0. 24$
0. 245
0, 245
o. 240
0, 24 1
0. 236
0. 214
0. 193
0. 0808
0, 0627
0. 0201
0. 0 100
0. 00594
1.00
1.00
I. 00
0. 98
0. 98
0. 97
O,a7
0. 70
0. 33
0. 26
0. 082
o. 041
0, 024
~'b
7. 7
19, 6
41 .0
4 5. 8
5 1, 5
54. 6
u. ~
60.0
64.2
64.7
67.8
72,0
74 , 6
~'b
0. 923
I, 000
0. 998
0. 986
0. 783
0. 37-4
0 . 0585
0 , OZ07
0. 0 0447
0 . 000786
I, 5
4,7
9. I
14. 3
17. 7
19. 8
22. 9
24.4
26.9
30 I
I, 945
25 . 0
25. 0
25, 0
zs. 0
25 . 0
25. 0
25. 0
25. 0
0. 97
0, 97
0. 93
0. 98
0 . 87
0.85
0 . 75
0. 05
I. 045
I, 045
I. 945
I. 945
I. 945
I. 94 5
I. 94 5
pb. I. 28 IMI/CC, p z. 60
~
8. 2
Tgmp. .,/pg x to"

c
cmse-c
I . 945
1. a45
I. 945
I. 945
I. ~45
I. 945
I. 945
AH
iii:"
o. U9
o. 9a
I. 00
I, 07
0. 99
I , 00
1.10
2. 60 (frii/CC, 6 0, 304, K 0, 245 .,,

0
IIH
OL
TABLE B- 38. CAPILLARY PRESSURE PERMEABIUTY DATA FOR

SEMICONSOL!OATED SAND (DISTUH BEO SAMPLE
PASSED THROUOH A NO. 35 SIEVE)'
z. 7
9. z
19 . 2
23. 6
26 . 0
29.5
32 . 6
= 16.4
K 9.59p 2 ,
Z5. 0
25.0
25.0
25.0
zs. 0
25. 0
25.0
0. 9 87
I . 000
0, 778
0. 152
0 , 0460
0, 00695
0. 00142
0 37. C APH,LA RY PRESSURE PERMEABILITY DATA FOR

A SEMI CONSOLJOATED SAND (DISTURBED SAMPLE,
PASSED T HROUOH A NO. 14 SIEVE)'
pb 19. 9 ml>,
pb I. 59 Cf11S{CC, p Z. 63
8
J>b 19.. o mb, n 15. e
6 . 66
6. 75
s. Z5
I. 03
0. 310
0, 0469
0. 00960
~'b
13. 3u'.
CAPII.LARY PRESSURE PERMEABILITY DATA FOR

A SEMICONSOL!DATED SAND (UNDISTURRED CORE)"
Pb I, 81 rma{ec, p
q X I Ol
o 0, 381,
onb
TABLE B-34. CAPILLARY PRESSURE PERMEABILITY' DATA FOR

VALENTINE LOA MY SAND (DISTURBED SAMPLE
TAKEN AT 12 -INCH DEPTH AND PASSED THROUOH
A NO. 14 StEVE )
AH
rmllec
I. 83 em tee, ps. 2. 03 IMI/CC,
1'/Pg X lOS
l. 0 05
pb 59.3mb ,
Tg~P
JC 10
l. 996
2. 000
I. (19 3
I . 993
I . fl!l6
2 003
Tg~P
I. 000
0, 928
0, 653
0. 558
0. 302
0. II 0
0. 008 93
0. 0017 1
0, 000472
0. 000 183
o o. 383, K0
iii:"
z. ocn
Pr
AH
tmsec
rb 1: lt.lmb, 11 t5 .3
TABLE B - 33. CAPILLARY PRESSURE PERMEABILITY OAT.~ F Oil

VALENTINE LOAMY SAND (UNDISTURBED SAMPLF:
TAKEN HORIZONTALLY AT I ZINCH DEPTH)"
Tgmp. ,../pg x 10 1
CAPILLARY PAESSURE- PERMEAB ILITY DATA FOR

TAKEN AT ll INCII DEPTH AND PASSED THROUOH
A NO. '18 SIEVE)*
10'
cm/aec
0. ~ 50
0. 470
o. 337
0. 138
0. 0428
0, 00715
0. 00211
~
8. 82
9. 2 1
6. 55
2. 5 1
0. 840
0. 139
0. 0372
0. 96
I. 00
0. 71
o. 27
0 . 091
0. 0 15
o. 0040
pb I, 19 flMI/CC, Pa 2. 60 cmofcc, 0, 543, K 9, 2 1 .-'.

0
~ = II, 4
pb ZO, l rnb,
38
~'b
9. 0
16.5
zo. 9
22 . 8
Z4 . 7
29. I
33.0
q X 10'
em/ace
o. 370
0. 369
0 . )49
o. 3~9
0. 226
0 , 168
o. 0759
o. 0220
em tee,
..
K
7.H
7. 42
7. 27
6. 5 1
5. 07
l. 8-4
I. 97
0, 450
KT
I. 0 0
I. 00
0, 98
0. 87
0. &8
0. 52
0, 26
0. 060
0. 50S, K 7,44.,
0
~'b
6. 5
10.9
17. 6
2 0, I
z o. 6
21. 8
24. 4
27.6
AI'I'EI\01' <'
CufHllur,y
TABLE C-1, CAPILLARY PRf:S.~llllF- l>f:SIITIIRATIO!<

TOUCH};T SII.T !.(JAM (C:t' J)-
Pc
!>~T1\
I. 000
I . OPU
0,!1 11'1
Pn ,.t;Uf' l~,.,,,ur,,titm
FOt ;
lJuw
TIIRI.F: C-l. Ci\Pll,l.ARY PRESSOR<:- DESATURATION DATA FOR

TOUCIIET SILT LOAM (03)
), 4
u.o
36.9
59.6
71.0
82.1
93. 0
104. I
120. 8
142.0
160, )
181. 6
ZOZ , 2
240. 3
276, 6
307. 9
0, 990
0. 993
I)I.6
119. I
169. 7
201 . 7
Z36. 2
271. 0
I. 000
0. 998
0. 982
0. 979
0. 946
0. 794
o. 724
0. 601
0. 5 1 6
0.446
o. 402
0. 372
0.348
0. 308
0. 290
o. 281
H . !-
o. 964
0. 877
0. 84!
~~~ - :
0. 731
0. 639
o. 545
o. 6!"~
'"''
7"
0. 978
...
-41 . b
o. 366
o. 3Zl
o. 308
0. 417
0. JZ l
0. 268
0.227
0. 187
0. I 31
0. 11 3
0, 287
0, OS 56
o.1n
0. 429
o. 397
0. 5 37
ltl. , ,:
Il l .;.
, ,,,
1 ~~ + ~,
1 74,7
i' 1 I H
l 1 1 4t
l't4 , ~.
1,.,., p.,
I. i.'
1-: 1 11 ~
.. :,,It
IIIII, "'
I,
2 . 60 gms /cc,
s.
I, 000
0. 998
o. 978
0.9H
0. 934
0. 745
0. 660
0. 507
0. 402
0. 317
0. 262
0. zzs
o. 195
0. 110
0. I 24
0. 112
o. 493,
z'
I'
' 0. 19,
( 'AI' ll .I .IIH\ PIH:SSURE- DESATURATION DATA FOR
11\llt. t: ("-4 ,
C'OI.IIMHIA SANOY LOAM"
s.
mb
116 . 4
fi. R
0. ~~~.
0. 971
0, 954
TABLE CZ. CAPILLARY PRESSURE- OESATURAT!Ol\ OATA FOR

TOtJCH~:T SILT LOAM (OEJ)
6, 1
17. I
36. 1
49. J
sz. 6
71. j
81. 4
91. J
104 , I
.,-;,:.
*pb c 1.4Bitntjcc, p 2,60gms(cc, ~ 0,430, s r ' 0, 22,

8
ph ~ 12. a mb, ~ 1. 67
p~
"
mh
mb
P,
s.
I , 000
0. 9~?
0, 997
I. 000
0. 996
0. 996
0. 99~
"'''
I , 000
I. 000
0. 993
0, 982
0. 917
0.174
0. 630
0. 493
I. 000
I . 000
0. 991
0. 986
o. 915
0. 821
0. 711
0. 60~
0, ~5~
0. ~00
o. 162
0. 4l8
0. 389
o. 346
0. 31.4
0. )00
4 , fi
~- ~~
II,!\
16.9
lS. ~
)1.11
37. G
4Z. 0
45. 6
1 9, II
51 . ..
58. 2
6Z. 0
70.0
79. I
90.2
0. 4 1.;
0. 36~
0, 3 10
0. Zti7
0, 217
0. 162
0. I l4
0. I 03
pb . I, 40 gms/cc . p 2.60 grnstcc, 4 . 0. 463,
sr.
0.~96
0, 98R
O.UG
0. 98-1
0. 981
0. 22 .
ph ~5. 6 mb, X 1. 71i
TABLE C-5. CAPILLARY PBESSURF.- DESATURATION DATA FOil

COLUMBIA SANOY LOAM
~'b
s,.
6. 7
I. 000
0. 998
0. 990
0. 97H
o. 973
o. 970
o. 966
0. 9Sb
0. 916
o. 873
o. 808
0. 702
0. 608
I. 000
1 2. 4
I S. 9
Z4. 0
27.7
31. I
3~. 1
39.8
4 3.8
4 G. 6
50.5
57.6
65.6
76 . 1
115 . 1
!?5. 2
102 . 4
116.
I 27. I
137. R
IS;!. 'i
1()7. 2
ph . 1. J.f gnttJ/CC,
.s
2.. ;.i
0.981
0. 979
0. 97G
0. 961i
0. 957
o. 9 15
0. H6~
0. 7l4
0, 640
0. 978
o. 9&n
0. 957
0. 944
0. 891
0. 8Z7
0. 646
0. Sl8
o. 5f\2
0 , 425
"pb - I.Himojcc , p Z. 66gmstcc . t ' 0. 458. Sr O. za,
pb .59.2mb. X 1.47
Pl,
o. 98~
0. Y97
0. 987
0. 972
0. 96G
0. 9fiZ
0. 95G
0. 942
0. ~92
o. 837
0. U4
0.61&
0. 497
O. SH
o. 1RP
0. 47 1
0. '127
0. 4 07
O.lN
0. 3~0
o. Jl6
0. )16
0. JlZ
0. 256
0. 24 0
0. 197
o. 167
0. 148
O. I ZJ
0, 105
(), 'O:t
,.4:
~ ~.
G(o
gmstcc.
tnh, .A ,. 1. (:~
39
c> \. 0.49ti,
sr . o.
a~,
TAfJLt: C - G. CAPILLARY PRE:>.~lJJU:- DE$ATUMTION T>ATA FOH

COLUMBIA SAl-lOY LOAM
~'i,
z.
I . 000
~99
5. 1
(1 ' ~} ~ I:J
6. 4
7. 0
8. 1
9.2
II.
0 . 997
0. 096
0. 995
0 . 991
0. 853
0.
I)' ~ 11 4
pb 1. 28 f>IDS/CC, pS
34. I mh,
>
l l.
7 tZ
17.
t),
u. tili il
0. 708
0 . 657
0 . ~>6 1
I)_
se
0. ~~I
0. 54 1
0. 402
o. 94 6
Z. 6ti gmsjcc, ~
"b .
180
0.
1111>, )
>
)l)
O!J.J :~
g.4. 2
o.ns
11 9 . 3
0. 284
TABLE C-10.
0 . !nJ4
0, r120
O.tH5
0. 707
~)76
0 , 442.
0. 327
4. 1
5. 5
6. 1
6. 6
7. 3
8. 0
9. 0
o.uo
II . 5
IS. 0
0. 1 30
0 . ! 02
0 .17Z
c. ' 15
0. 955
0.89'1
0. 8Z9
0. 589
0. 394
o. 293
0. 95 1
o. 864
o. 813
0. 550
0.317
0.2ZS
0. 145
0. 0472
0. Ot 60
"" pb :-; 1. 52 gms;cc, ps;: 2:.7 1 gms .tcc , 6 ;; 0.4 39,
l!
sr ..
0. 087,
'1. 31
0, Hl,
1. 52
CAPILLA RY PRESSURE- DESATURATION DATA FOR

AN UNCONSOLIDATED SAND*
se
3. 4
0. 969
5. l
o. 902
6. 2
6. 8
0. 843
0. 7Z9
0. 966
0. 892
o. 828
0. 703
0, 514
o. 466
0. 3~3
0.235
0. 126
0. 1Ol
0 .289
0. 160
0. 0390
0. 0132
~'b
s. 7
7. 4
8. 7
tz. 0
1 ~. 3
TABLE C-ll.
CAPILLARY PRESSURE - DESATURATION' DATA FOR

Pc
mb
se
5. 2
6. 2
6. 9
8. 0
9. 9
12.2
15. l
0 . 781
o. 4 38
0. 336
0. !96
o. 760
o. 385
O. HO
o. 0586
0. OZS6
c. 00908
~.
JR
40
0. 273
O.IZ1
0. 109
0 . 094)
1\,. 1. 50 gmsjce, p 2. 71 gmsjcc,

pb 4.9 mb. X, 4 . 16
l. 56 grns{cc, ps l. 7 1 giTIS/CC, Q c 0. 4Z4, Sr = 0. 090,
s.,
o. 239
pb 5. 7 mb,.
""pb ~ l.ll gmsjcc, p ~ l.66 imsjcc , 0. 544, Sr
mb
I. M O
0. ' j.l6
0,
CAPILLARY PR:;SSURE- DESAT URATION DATA FOR

AN UNCONSOLIDATED SAN'D'
Pc
"
0. 995
0. 935
0. 875
o. 763
o. 657
0 . 548
0. 455
0. 384
0.088,
0. 518, SC 0 . .22 ,
l. 000
36. 8
41. 9
4.9. 9
6 1. 0
76. 0
pi> 5. 7 mb,
s,
~. l6
0 , U7ti5
o. 997
32.5
o. 00658
o. 1()6
. 6
11. 6
18. 9
29.2
"Pb
O.OZJO
0. I 09
o. 0940
1. 57
~'\,
~.
0. 1 35
0. l4.l
0. I "1 ~1
0 . 1 l~
0 . 126
T ABL E C-7. CAPILLARY PRESSURE- DE SATURATION DATA FOR

COLUMBIA SANDY LOAM*
pb 29. 2 mb,
o. zsz
1. :d ~msjcc. p~ - 2.71 gmsjcc, 0.435,
"b . ~ . 4
0. 418
0. 3 70
0.
0. 497
0. 34 5
0. 119
0 . 101
0. 05 19
f\:!6
o. 4 ~7
0. 562
0 . 508
0. 480
0. 4 10
0. 35 9
0. 328
o. 318
0. 303
0. 294
0. 280
64.7
O. !.HHJ
0. 8 11
0 . 734
o. 608
70. 1
85 . 6
I 03. 1
ItO. 3
1)1. z
143. 0
153.4
1&7. 7
~ i 6
n. wll
o. 775
~6.3
TABLE C-8.
Pc
1. 000
0.
419. 6
52.9
57.9
::;,,

mb
8
6. 4
13. 6
21.0
28. 1
lZ. 4
19. 1
43.0
44.8
TABLE C-9.
~.
o. 445,
sr.
0, 086,
..,
Key Words : Similitude. P ermeability. Porosity, Pore-si...e, Bubbling pressure.

Lind isturbE'd media, Sea ling c rite r ra, Partially satura ted, Soils. Cap ilia ry p r essure.
Key Words : Sim ilitude . Pe rmeabil ity, Por osity, Pore-size , Bubbling pressure,
t:ndlsturbed me dia, Scaling criteria, Partially saturated. Soils, Capillary pressure.
Abstr act: Som e of the problems associated with satisfying the scaling criteria of
the Brooks-Corey modeling theory for partially saturated porous media are
e xami ned critically. Th<;> e ffec t of the poros ity of disturbed media on the hyd raulic
prop('rties wi11ch are significant ln the modeling theory Is d etermined e xpe rimentally by va r ying porosity. The r esults indicate that the pore-size distribution index
is changed only slightly over a wrde range of porosities but permeability snd bub bling pressur e m a y be changed several fold over the same range. Evidently,
bubbling pressure and permeability may be adjusted to suit the size of the model
by changing the porosity without appreciably changing the pore -s ize dis tribution.
A functional r elationship among the hydraulic properties which are s ignificant m
the modeling th()(>ry is developed, b<>ginning with the rundamental l!quations used in
Abs tlact : Some of the problems ass ociated with satisfying the scaling c r iteria of
the Brooks -Corey modeling theory for part ially saturated po r ous mPdia are
examined critically. The effect of the porosity or d isturbed media on the hydra ulic
p1oper ties which are significant in t he modeling theory is dete r mine d experimen tally by varying por osity. The results indicate that the pore size distribution index
is changed only slightly over a wide range or por osities but permeabi lity and bubbllng pressure may be changed several fold ove r the same range. Evidently,
bubbling pressure and perm eability may be adj usted to suit the slze of the model
by changing the porosity without appreciably changing the pore-size distribution.
A functional relationship among the hyd raullc properties which are significant in
the modeling thocry is developed, beginni ng with the runtlamen\al t:qua tiOIIB used in
(Abstract contin ued on reverse side)
(Abstract con!inu~ d 011 n~verse side)
Refert'ncc :
t.a llbertt', G . E . , Cor<'y , A . T. and Rrooks, fl. H., Colorado State

Univers ity Hydro logy Paper :-lo. 17 ( ''ovrmbe r 1966). "Properties of
llefe rence:
I.;nsa turated Porous ~1edia. "
L aliberte, G. E . C o r ey, A . T. and Brooks, R. II., Colorado State

l 'niverslly Hydrology Paper No. 17 (November 1966). "P roperties of
l'nsaturated P orO\rs Media."
Key Wo rds: Sunilitude, Perme ab ility, Porosity, Po1e-size. Bubbling pressure,

Undisturbed media. Scaling criteria. Partially' saturated. Soils. Capill ary pre ssure.
Ke " Words Si m !litud l', Permeabili!v. Porosi: , , P c-re - s:ze . R ol-bl:n ~ or-.."s:lrt' ,
tn:!:sturbe d me1ia. ~ca!!ng c r:te r ia. Pa rt <aHy S!:'. C!Clted. S.f"ls Ca.c:Har:- pre~~ urP.
Abstract Some of the problems a s sociated with satisfymg the s caling c rite r ia of
the Books -Co rey modeling theory for partially satu rated porous media are
examined criticaliy . T he effect or the porosity of disturbed media on the hydraulic
propertie s whic h are significant in the modeling theory is determined experimentally by varying poros ity . The resulls Indicate t hat the pore -s ize distr ibution Index
is changed only s lightly over a w ide range of poros ities b ut permeability and bubbling pressure may be changed several fold over the same range. Evidently,
bubbling pressure and permeability may be adjusted to suit the si~e of the m odel
by changing the poros ity without appreciably changing the pore -size distribution.
1\ functio na l relationship among the hydraulic properties which are s ignificant in
the modeling thoery is developed, beginning with the fundamental t:quationa used In
.Abstract : Somt' rf 'h~ problerr..s assoc ~ a tci w:h sa ! ~~ :~-: !1~ .,..~ creaLr cr:~e r:a of
the Broe>its -Core~ rr.o1e\:n~ :~ ... ory for oa~ ra l!y eatt.:ra:eo::! porous rrtl'-lia are
eu mint'd cri\icatl~ The eifect o! 11':e por o'l:t.'' of ':!:!!t'-'r~c! mt'dia on the hydraulic
prope rti<."s which are O:Jignifican! in th<' model!ng :hror~ is de:erm:'lerl experimen tally by va rying poros ity . T he res ul!s hv1icate that t'lP pore-sizt' distribution index
Is changed onl~ slightly over a wide range or porosities but permeability and b ub bling pressure may be c hanged several fold o ver the same range. Ev idently,
bubbling pressure and permeabil ity may be adj usted to suit the size or the model
by c hanging the porosity without appreciably changing the pore-s ize distribution.
A functiona l relationship among the hydraulic properties wh ich a re significant in
the modeling thoery Is developed , beginning with the fundamental t quations used In
(Abstract continued on r eve rse aide)
{Abstract continued o n reverse side)
Reference
L aliberte , G . E., Corey, A. T. and Brooks, R. H. , Colorado Sta te

University Hyd rology Paper No. 17 (November 1966). "Properties of
Unsaturated Porous Med ia. "
Reference:
Lalibe rte, G. E . Corey, A . T. and Brooks, R. H., C olorado State

Unlvei'Sity Hydrol ogy Paper No. 17 (Novembe r 1966), " Properties of
Unsaturated Porous Media. "

Properties of Unsaturated Porous Media - 1966

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Properties of Unsaturated Porous Media - 1966

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PROPERTIES OF UNSATURATED

PROPERTIES OF UNSA TURATF:D POROUS MEDIA

TABLF OJ C'OI"TJ:t>: I'S

LISf OF TABLES (TEXT) . . . . .

RESULTS AND DIOCUSSION ..

APPENDIX A. Properties of Wett ing F luid and Media . . .

APPENDIX B. Capillary Pressure-Permeability Data.

APPENDIX C . Capillary Pressure-Desaturation Data.

Sleeve -type sampler (ready for assembly) . . . . . . . . .

Relative permeability as a function of capillary pressure for

Relative permeability as a function of capillary pressure for

Relative permeability as a function of capillary pressure for

Saturation and effective saturation as functions of capillary

Saturation and effective saturation as functions of capillary

Saturation and effective satur ation as functions of capillary

Saturation and effective saturation as funct ions of capillary

Saturation and effective saturation as functions of capillary

Saturation and effective saturation as functions of capillary

Saturation and effective saturation as functions of capillary

Saturation and effective saturation as functions of capillary

Saturation and effective saturation as functions of capillary

Saturation and effective saturation as funct ions of capillary

Saturation and effective saturation as functions of capillary

Saturated permeability as a function of porosity for three

Bubbling pressure as a function of porosity for three

Pore-size dist ribut ion index as a funct ion of porosity for

LIST OF FIGURES - contimad

Permeability as a function of caplllary pr<SRUJ't f o1

Permeability as a function of capillary pr<'s!'urt for

Permeability as a function of capillary pressun for

P e rmeability as a function of capillary pressure for

Permeability as a function of capillary pressure for

Permeability as a function of capillary pressure for

Permeability as a function of capillary pressure for

LIST OF TABLES (TEXT)

POROSITY, SATURATED PERMEABILITY, BUBBLING

COMPARISON OF BUBBLING PRESSURE AND PORE - SIZE

SUMMARY OF HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES USED IN

CALCULATING THE PRODUCT K:pb

THREE DISTURBED MEDIA (IT= 22.9 DYNES/CM) . . . . . 23

POROSITY, SATURATED PERMEABILITY, BUBBLING

POROSITY, SATURATED PERMEABILITY, BUBBLING

LIST OF TABL~S (APPENDICES)

DYNAMIC VISCOSITY AND DENSITY OF SOLTROL "C"

GRAIN-SIZE ANALYSIS OF MATEIHALS USED . . .

PARTICLE DENSITY OF MATEHlALS USED. . . . . . . . .

CAPILLARY PRESSURE-PERMEA rm.ITY DATA FOR

CAPI LLA RY PRESSURE-PEIIMEA 13JLITY DATA FOR

CAPILLARY PRESStrRE-PEHMEKf3ILITY DATA FOR

CAPILLARY PRES::itiHI:-l'EHMEABILITY DATA FOR

CAPILLARY PHESStiJ!E-J>EnMEABILITY DATA FOR

CAPILLAHY l'lH:S:>UHE-PERMEABILITY DATA FOR

CAPILLAI(V l'H!-;SSUHE-PERMEABILITY DATA FOR

CAP!LLAHY l'HI:SStilm-PERMEABILITY DATA FOR

CAPTLLA HY l'lli::SSUHE-PERMEABILITY DATA FOR

CAI'll.!.i\ ttY l'!!l':SSllHE - PERMEABILITY DATA FOR

CAI'll.I.;\HV PHESSURE-PERMEABILITY DATA FOR

C;\1' 11.1 .,\ HY l'f\ESSURE-PERMEABILITY DATA FOR

<':\l'!Ll.AHY l'HE SSURE-PERMEABILITY DATA FOR

<':\ I'!LU\ HY I' RESSURE-PERMEABILITY DATA FOR

I'll .l .A HY PRESSURE-PERMEABILITY DATA FOR

AN l!NC< lNOL!DATED SAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 35

<"AI 'Il . l.,\HY l'HESSURE-PERMEABILITY DATA FOR

('i\ !'I I.I .A liY PRESSURE-PERMEABILITY DATA FOR