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Math240Homework

Math240Home,TextbookContents,OnlineHomeworkHome

Math240WrittenHomeworkChapter2
1. UsingEuler'sformula,exp(ix)
establishDeMoivre'sformula,

= cos(x) + i sin(x), andtheusualrulesofexponents,

(cos(n) + i sin(n)) = (cos() + i sin())

2. UseDeMoivre'sformulatowritethefollowingintermsofsin() andcos() .
a. cos(6)
b. sin(6)
Oneofthepropertiesofthesin(x)andcos(x) thatIhopeyourecallfromtrigonometryis
thatcos(x) isanevenfunction,i.e.cos(x) = cos(x), whilesin(x)isanoddfunction,i.e.
sin(x) = sin(x). Wewillseethatanyfunctioncanbesplitintopieceswiththese
symmetries.

3. Givenageneralfunctionf (x), definefe (x)

f (x) + f (x)
=
2

Show
a.

andfo (x)

f (x) f (x)
=

..

f (x) = fe (x) + fo (x), and

b. fe (x) isanevenfunctionandfo (x) isanoddfunction.

Soeveryfunctioncanbesplitintoevenandoddpieces.
4. Giventhatf (x) = fe (x) + fo (x) wherefe (x) isanevenfunctionandfo (x) isanodd
function,showthat
a.

b.

f (x) + f (x)
fe (x) =

f (x) f (x)
fo (x) =

, and

, and

Thisshowsthedecompositioninthepreviousproblemistheuniquewaytocutafunctioninto
evenandoddpieces.
Ifweapplythedecompositiondevelopedintheprevioustwoproblemstotheexponential
function,wegetthehyperbolicfunctions,
exp(x) + exp(x)
cosh(x) =
2
exp(x) exp(x)
sinh(x) =
2

Thesefunctionsarecoveredinyourcalculustext,butsometimesthatsectionisskipped.They
arecloselyrelatedtotheusualtrigonometricfunctionsandyoucandefinehyperbolictangent,
secant,cosecant,andcotangentintheobviousway(e.g.tanh(x)

sinh(x)
=

).Thenextfew

cosh(x)

problemsgiveaquickoverviewofsomeoftheirproperties.
5. Show
a.

cosh(ix) = cos(x),and

sinh(
) =
sin( ).
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b. sinh(ix) = i sin(x).
Sothehyperbolicfunctionsarejustrotationsoftheusualtrigonometricfunctionsinthe
complexplane.
6. Verifythefollowinghyperbolictrigidentities.
a.

cosh (x) sinh (x) = 1

b.

cosh(s + t) = cosh(s) cosh(t) + sinh(s) sinh(t)

Notethatthesearealmostthesameasthecorrespondingidentitiesfortheregulartrig
functions,exceptforchangesinthesigns.Youcanderivehyperbolicidentitiescorresponding
toallthedifferentidentitiesyoulearnedintrigonometry.
7. Inverttheformulasinh(x)

exp(x) exp(x)
=

towritesinh1 (x) intermsoflog(x).

Notethatyouwillneedtousethequadraticformulatogettheinverse.
8. Verifythefollowingdifferentiationrulesforthehyperbolicfunctions
a.

d sinh(x)

= cosh(x), and

dx

b.

d cosh(x)
= sinh(x).
dx

Soforthehyperbolicfunctionsyoudon'thavetotrytorememberwhichderivativegetsa
minussign.
9. Usethesubstitutionx

= sinh(u) toevaluatetheintegral
dx

1 + x 2

Thisintegralcanalsobeevaluatedwithatrigsubstitution,butusingahyperbolicsubstitution
simplifiestheprocess.
10. SupposeL istheoperatordefinedbyLy

= Dy 3y .ComputeL(exp(x)).

11. SupposeL istheoperatordefinedbyLy

= D y + 3Dy + 2y .ComputeL(exp(2x)).

12. SupposeL istheoperatordefinedbyLy

= D y 3Dy + y .ComputeL(sin(x)).

13. SupposeL istheoperatordefinedbyLy

= yDy.ComputeL(2x ).

14. ShowLy = Dy xy isalinearoperator.Rememberyoumustshowbothpartsofthe

definitionholdforallfunctionsy .
15. ShowLy = D 2 y + 3Dy 4y isalinearoperator.Rememberyoumustshowbothpartsof
thedefinitionholdforallfunctionsy .
16. ShowLy

= Dy xy

isnotalinearoperator.Hint:Itissufficienttoshow

L(y + z) Ly + Lz. forsomechoiceofy andz .

17. ShowLy = yDyisnotalinearoperator.Hint:ItissufficienttoshowL(y + z)

forsomechoiceofy andz .

Ly + Lz.

18. SupposeL isalinearoperatorandwehavethreepartialparticularsolutions,

yp1 withLyp1 = f1
=
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yp2
yp3

Showy

withLyp2
withLyp3

= f2
= f3

= ayp1 + byp2 + cyp3 isaparticularsolutiontoLy = af1 + bf2 + cf3

19. Showexp(x) andexp(2x) arelinearlyindependent.

20. Showexp(rx) andexp(sx) arelinearlyindependentifr

s.

21. Showexp(rx) andx exp(rx)arelinearlyindependentforeveryr.

Theequationforafreelyhangingchain(orwireor
whathaveyou)is

d y

dx

dy
1 + (

dx

wherey andx aretheverticalandhorizontal

coordinatesofthechain, isthelineardensityofthe
chain,g istheaccelerationofgravity,andH isthe
horizontaltensioninthechain.Thecurvethatsolves
thisequationiscalledacatenary,aftertheLatinword
for"chain."Ifyouarecuriousaboutthederivationof
thisequation,youarewelcometocomebymyoffice
andaskaboutit.Thisisasecondordernonlinear
equation.Ingeneral,wewon'ttacklesuchproblemsin
thiscourse,butthisonehasthespecialfeaturethaty (ImagefromWikimediauserKamel15
neverappearsbyitself.Youonlyseeitsderivatives,
underaCreativeCommonsLicense)
2

dy

and

dx

d y
dx

. Thatallowsustouseaspecialtrickto

reducethistoafirstorderequation,whichwecan
actuallysolve.
22. Supposeg/H

= 2 sotheequationforthecatenarybecomes

d y
= 21 + (
dx

Makethesubstitutionp

dy
=

dy

) .
dx

. Thisleadstoaseparableequationisp andx. Solvethis

dx

equationforp(x) (theintegralinproblem9willbehelpful).Thenbacksubstituteand
integrate

dy

= p(x) tofindthesolution.Notethatyouwillgetonearbitraryconstantfrom

dx

theseparableequationandasecondarbitraryconstantfromtheintegrationintheback
substitution,givingyouthetwoarbitraryconstantsyouexpectforasecondorderequation.
23. Matchtheequationsontherightwiththefactoringsontheleft.
i.
ii.
iii.

(D + x)(D + 2)y = 0
(D + 2)(D + x)y = 0

(D + x)(D + x)y = 0

a.
b.
c.

y
y
y

+ (x + 2)y
+ (x + 2)y
+ 2xy

+ (x

+ (2x + 1)y = 0
+ 2xy = 0
2

+ 1)y = 0

24. Matchtheequationsontherightwiththefactoringsontheleft.
i.
ii.
iii.

(D + x)(D x)y = 0
(D x)(D + x)y = 0
2

(D + x )(D 1)y = 0

http://www.math.ksu.edu/math240/book/chap2/chap2hw.php

a.
b.
c.

y
y
y

+ (x
(x
(x

2
2
2

1)y

x y = 0

+ 1)y = 0
1)y = 0

= 0.

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25. Expandthefollowingequationsintotheformy
a. (D + x)(D 1)y = 0
b. (D 1)(D + x)y = 0
26. Expandthefollowingequationsintotheformy
a. (D + 2x)(D + 3)y = 0
b. (D + 3)(D + 2x)y = 0
27. Expandthefollowingequationsintotheformy
a. (D + a(x))(D + b(x))y = 0
b. (D + b(x))(D + a(x))y = 0

+ p(x)y

+ p(x)y

+ p(x)y

+ q(x)y = 0.

+ q(x)y = 0.

+ q(x)y = 0.

28. Basedontheresultsofpreviousproblem,whenwill
(D + a(x))(D + b(x))y = (D + b(x))(D + a(x))y,

i.e.whendotheoperatorscommute?
OnceyouhavefactoredasecondorderlineardifferentialoperatorasLu = RSu ,youcan
solveLu = f byfirstsolvingRv = f andthenSu = v .Usingthis,findthegeneralsolutions
tothefollowingproblems.
29. Findthegeneralsolutionto(D + 2x)(D + 1)y

= 0.

30. Findthegeneralsolutionto(D + 1)(D + 2x)y

= 0.

31. Findthegeneralsolutionto(D + 1)(D + 2x)y

= exp(x).

32. Solve(D r)y

equations.

= 0 ,justifyingtheclaimmadeinpoint1ofthetextsectiononhomogeneous

33. Solve(D r)2 y = 0 ,justifyingtheclaimmadeinpoint2ofthetextsectionon

homogeneousequations.
34. Assumethesolutionof(D r)n y = 0 isy = Cn1 x n1 erx + Cn2 x n2 erx + + C0 erx .
Usingthisassumption,showthatthesolutionof(D r)n+1 y = 0 is

n rx

n1 rx

rx
y = Cn x e
+C
x
e
++C e
(whereweuseC_0'sowedon'tgetconfused
n1
0
aboutthetwosetsofarbitraryconstants).
Wecanusetheresultinthepreviousproblemtojustifytheclaimmadeinpoint3ofthetext
sectiononhomogeneousequations.Problems1and2haveshowntheresultistrueforn = 0
andn = 1. Thenbyproblem3sincetheresultistrueforn = 1, itisalsotruefor
n = 1 + 1 = 2. Butthensincetheresultistrueforn = 2, itmustalsobetrueforn = 3.
Andcontinuing,itmustbetrueforalln. Thisgeneralprocessofprovingsomethingistruefor
astartingvalue,andthenprovingifitistrueforonevalue,itwillalsobetrueforthenext
value,andconcludingthestatementisthenalwaystrueiscalledmathematicalinduction.
35. Writetheformfortheparticularsolutionto
y

+ 4y

2x

+ 3y = e

+ x

+1

Youjustneedtheformwiththeundeterminedcoefficents,youdon'tneedtoactuallyfindthe
particularsolution.

36. Writetheformfortheparticularsolutionto
y

http://www.math.ksu.edu/math240/book/chap2/chap2hw.php

+ 4y

+ 3y = xe

cos(3x)

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Youjustneedtheformwiththeundeterminedcoefficents,youdon'tneedtoactuallyfindthe
particularsolution.
37. Writetheformfortheparticularsolutionto
y

+ 4y = sin(2x) x e

Youjustneedtheformwiththeundeterminedcoefficents,youdon'tneedtoactuallyfindthe
particularsolution.
38. Writetheformfortheparticularsolutionto
y

+ 6y

+ 25y = x exp(3x) cos(4x)

Youjustneedtheformwiththeundeterminedcoefficents,youdon'tneedtoactuallyfindthe
particularsolution.
39. Findthegeneralcomplexsolutiontothedifferentialequation
2

d y

dy
2

dz

+ 10y = 0.
dz

40. Findthegeneralcomplexsolutiontothedifferentialequation
2

d y

dy
+4

dz

+ 8y = 0.
dz

41. Findthegeneralcomplexsolutiontothedifferentialequation
2

d y
+ 4y = z.
dz

42. Findthegeneralcomplexsolutiontothedifferentialequation
2

d y
+ y = exp(iz).
dz

43. Solvethecomplexinitialvalueproblem
2

d y

dy
+3

dz

+ 2y = 0
dz
y(0) = 2 + i

y (0) = 3

44. Findthecomplexgeneralsolutiontothedifferentialequation
2

d y
+ 25y = 0.
dz

45. Usingthecomplexgeneralsolutionyoufoundinproblem44,solvetheinitialvalueproblem
2

d y
+ 25y = 0,
dz

y(0) = 2,

y (0) = 0

Showthattheansweryougetisarealfunction,illustratingthatalineardifferentialequation
withrealcoefficientsandrealinitialdatawillhavearealsolution.
46. Considerthedifferentialoperator
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Math240Homework
2

d y
Ly =

dy
2y

dx

.
dx

a. ShowtwohomogeneoussolutionsofLy = 0 arey1 = tan(x) andy2 = tanh(x).

b. Ingeneral,y = c 1 y1 (x) + c 2 y2 (x) isnotasolutiontotheequationLy = 0 forthis
operator.Whycan'twejusttakelinearcombinationsherelikewedidinthetext
sectiononhomogeneousequations?
47. Whensolvingapolynomialequationinalgebra,onceyoufindonesolutionyoucanfactorit
outtogetanequationofsmallerdegree.Wecandosomethingsimilarwithlineardifferential
equations.Supposev(x) isasolutiontothesecondorderlinearequation,

y + p(x)y + q(x)y = 0. Substitutey = v(x)w(x) intheequationandshowyougeta

differentialequationinvolvingw andw , butnotwbyitself.Thisnewequationcanbe
reducedtoafirstorderequationusingthetrickfromproblem22(butyoujusthavetogetthe
equation,notreducethedegree).
48. Forfirstorderequationswediscoveredthatsolutioncurvesnevercross.Thiswasbecauseif
twosolutionscrossed,thenwewouldhavetwodifferentsolutionstothecorrespondinginitial
valueproblemandthat'snotallowedbytheexistenceanduniquenesstheorem.Wehavea
correspondingexistenceanduniquenesstheoremforhigherorderequations(whichisgivenin
thesectiononnumericalmethodsforhigherorderequations).However,solutioncurvesfora
higherorderequationmaycross.Whydoesn'tthisviolatetheexistenceanduniqueness
theorem?

Solutioncurvesfory

+ 0.04y

+ 0.3y = 0 .

(GraphproducedbyWolframAlpha)
Asderivedinthetext,underdampedfreemotionhastheform
ct
x(t) = A exp (
2m

) cos(1 t + )

2
k
c
) .
(
m
2m

1 =

Thismotionisquasiperiodic.Thatmeansthemotionisn'tperiodic(sincetheamplitudeis
decaying)butthetimebetweensuccessiveupcrossings(ordowncrossingsormaximaor
minima)isconstant(and,naturally,thistimeiscalledthequasiperiod).Itisstraightforward
tocomputethespringconstantofaspring.Butcomputingthedampingcoefficientisdifficult
tododirectly.Astandardwaytodosoistousethequasiperiod.You'llworkoutthedetailsof
thisbelow.
49. Supposeaspringmasssystemhasamassof200g, aspringconstantof100g/sec 2 ,anda
dampingconstantof10g/sec. Whatisthe(circular)quasifrequency,1 , ofthedamped
motion?
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50. Supposeaspringmasssystemhasamassof70kg, aspringconstantof7kg/sec 2 ,anda

dampingconstantof28kg/sec. Whatisthe(circular)quasifrequency,1 , ofthedamped
motion?

51. Supposeaspringmasssystemhasamassof200g, aspringconstantof100g/sec 2 ,anda

dampingconstantof10g/sec. Whatisthequasiperiodofthedampedmotion?
52. Supposeaspringmasssystemhasamassof70kg, aspringconstantof7kg/sec 2 ,anda
dampingconstantof28kg/sec. Whatisthequasiperiodofthedampedmotion?
53. Supposeaspringmasssystemhasamassof100g, aspringconstantof10g/sec 2 , anda
dampingconstantof20g/sec. Whatisthequasiperiodofthedampedmotion?
54. Supposeaspringmasssystemhasamassof250g, aspringconstantof150g/sec 2 ,anda
dampingconstantof1000g/sec. Whatgoeswrongandwhywhenyoutrytocomputethe
quasiperiod?

55. Aspringmasssystemhasmass500gandspringconstant150g/sec 2 .Thequasiperiodis

measuredat14.8seconds.Whatisthedampingconstantofthespringmasssystem(tothe
nearest0.1g/sec )?
56. Aspringmasssystemhasmass140gandspringconstant700g/sec 2 .Thequasiperiodis
measuredat2.9seconds.Whatisthedampingconstantofthespringmasssystem(tothe
nearest0.1g/sec )?

57. Ifm hasunitsofg, khasunitsofg/sec 2 (orequivalentlyergs/cm ),andc hasunitsof

g/sec (orequivalentlyergs/(cm/sec) ),
a. Whataretheunitsof(circular)quasifrequency,1 , and
b. Whataretheunitsofquasiperiod?
58. Showthatincreasingthedampingofaspringmasssystemincreasesthequasiperiod.
59. Supposeanundampedspringmasssystemhasanaturalfrequencyof2seconds.Adamping
mechanismisthenattachedtothesystemsothatthedampingconstantcanbesettoany
desiredvalue.Whatareallthepossiblequasiperiodsthesystemcouldhave?

TheamplitudeofanunderdampedspringmasssystemisA exp (

ct

) , whichdecays

2m

exponentially.Soifyouknowthemassandthedampingconstant,youcandeterminedecay
rate.Andifyouknowthemassandmeasurethedecayrate,youcandeterminethedamping
constant.Notethatmeasuringthedecayoftheamplitudeisusuallymuchmoredifficultin
practicethanmeasuringthequasiperiod.Thequasiperiodcanbedeterminedbymeasuring
thetimesbetweenthesystempassingthroughtheequilibriumposition,whichmeansyoucan
setthemeasuringdevicesinafixedposition.Sincetheamplitudechanges,themeasuring
deviceswillneedtoobserveatdifferentpositionstomeasuretheamplitude.
Thehalflifeoftheamplitude(oranythingelsethatdecaysexponentially)isthetimeittakes
fortheamplitudetodecreasetohalfitsstartingvalue.

60. Supposeaspringmasssystemhasmass500ganddampingconstant750g/sec. Whatisthe

halflifeoftheamplitudeofthesystem,i.e.howlongdoesittakefortheamplitudetobe
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halved?
61. Supposeaspringmasssystemhasmass100ganddampingconstant80g/sec. Whatisthe
halflifeoftheamplitudeofthesystem,i.e.howlongdoesittakefortheamplitudetobe
halved?
62. Supposeaspringmasssystemhasmass2.0kg andtheamplitudehasahalflifeof0.4
seconds.Whatisthedampingconstantofthesystem?
63. Supposeaspringmasssystemhasmass250gandtheamplitudehasahalflifeof4.5
seconds.Whatisthedampingconstantofthesystem?

64. Aspringmasssystemhasmass350gandspringconstant700g/sec 2 .Thedampingconstant

canbeadjustedtotakeanyvalue.Whatisthesmallesthalflifethatcanbeobtainedwithout
thesystembecomingoverdamped?
65. Aspringmasssystemhasmass100gandspringconstant49g/sec 2 . Thedampingconstant
canbeadjustedtotakeanyvalue.Whatisthesmallesthalflifethatcanbeobtainedwithout
thesystembecomingoverdamped?
66. Theextremepoints(maxandmin)ofunderdampedfreemotionx(t)occurwhenx (t) = 0.
Showthatthetimingoftheextremepointsisperiodic.Notethatyoudon'thavetoactually
solvex (t) = 0.Youjusthavetoshowthesolutionsareperiodic.
67. Giventhattheextremepointsoccuratasetperiodfromthepreviousproblem,showthatthe
ratiooftheamplitudesofsuccessivemaximaisconstant.
68. Youattachamasstoanundampedspring,whichcausesittostretch1.4cm. Youthenpull
themassdownandreleaseit(withinitialvelocity0),startingthespringinmotion.Howlong
willittakethemasstoreturntothepositionfromwhichitwasreleased(tothenearest
2
0.1sec )?Yesyoudohaveenoughinformationtosolvethisproblem.Useg = 980cm/sec for
theaccelerationofgravity.
69. Youattachamasstoanundampedspring,whichcausesittostretch3.2cm. Youthenpull
themassdownandreleaseit(withinitialvelocity0),startingthespringinmotion.Howlong
willittakethemasstoreturntothepositionfromwhichitwasreleased(tothenearest
2
0.1sec )?Yesyoudohaveenoughinformationtosolvethisproblem.Useg = 980cm/sec for
theaccelerationofgravity.
Indesigningsystemstodetectsignalsofvarioussorts,itisoftenusefultocreateasystem
thatresonatesatthefrequencyyouwishtodetect.Thiscanhappenwithspringmass
systemsusedinseismographsorwithLCcircuitsusedinradiotuners.Inthefollowing
problemsyouwillneedtorememberthatcos(at) hasfrequencya/(2) cyclespersecond.
70. Consideranundampedspringmasssystemwithmassof340g. Whatspringconstantwill
causeittoresonateatafrequencyof6cyclespersecond.
71. Consideranundampedspringmasssystemwithmassof50kg. Whatspringconstantwill
causeittoresonateatafrequencyof0.2cyclespersecond.
72. Ifyouhaveacoilof70millihenrys,whatcapacitancedoyouneedtohavethecircuitresonate
at60Hz(60cyclespersecond)?
73. Ifyouhaveacoilof10millihenrys,whatcapacitancedoyouneedtohavethecircuitresonate
6
at1350kHz(1.35 10 cyclespersecond)?

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74. Showthatforanyunforced,overdampedsystem,thereis
a. asetofinitialconditionssuchthatthesolutionasymptoticallyapproachesthe
equilibriumposition(theorigin),butneverreachesit,and
b. asetofinitialconditionssuchthatthesolutionpassesthroughtheequilibriumposition
(theorigin)exactlyonce,andthenapproachestheequilibriumpositionasymptotically
ast .
75. Showthatifanysolutiontoaspringmasssystem(orLRCcircuit)passesthroughthe
equilibriumpositionmorethanonce,itisunderdamped.
Asnotedinthetext,aforcedundampedsystemcandisplaythephenomenonofbeats.The
nextfewproblemswillgothroughthecomputationstoexplorethis.
76. Thegeneralsolutiontotheforcedundampedsystemmx
x(t) =

F0
2

m(

+ kx = F 0 cos(t) is

cos(t) + A cos(0 t + ), where0 = k/m andA and are

arbitraryconstants.Showthatwithinitialconditionsx(0) = 0, x (0) = 0, whichcorrespond

tostartingthesystemfromrest,thesolutiontakestheformx(t) = B(cos(t) cos(0 t))
forsomeconstantB.
a+b

77. Usetheidentitycos(a) cos(b)

= 2 sin (

ab
) sin (

) , torewritethesolutionto

thepreviousproblemasaproductoftwosinewaves.
78. YoucanthinkofafunctionoftheformB sin(at) sin(rt)withrmuchlargerthanaasa
"fast"sinecurvesin(rt)withslowlyvaryingamplitudeB sin(at). Eachofthesefrequencies
canbemeasured.Supposetheamplitudeisvaryingwithfrequency

cyclespersecond.

Howcloseisthecircularfrequencyoftheforcingfunction, tothenaturalfrequency0 ?
2

79. Findthegeneralsolutionfor

d y
+ y = sec(x).
dx

80. Giventhatx 2 andx 3 arehomogeneoussolutionsforx

d y
dx

generalsolution.

dy
4x

dx

81. Giventhatx andx 1 arehomogeneoussolutionsforx

solutiontotheinitialvalueproblemwithy(1)
2

82. Solvetheinitialvalueproblem

d y

dy
+2

dx

d y

dy
+x

dx

= 1 ,y (1) = 0 .

+ 6y = x, findthe

y = 6x

,findthe

dx

+ 5y = ln(x) ,y(1) = 1 ,y (1) = 0 .

dx

Answerstotheoddnumberedexercises.

Ifyouhaveanyproblemswiththispage,pleasecontactbennett@math.ksu.edu.
2010AndrewG.Bennett

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