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Example of Computer Monitoring System

1. Digital Radiography
Definition Digital Radiography (DR)
Digital radiography is a form of imaging sinar_X, where sensor-digital
X-ray sensor is used replace the conventional photographic film. And
chemical processing system was replaced with a computer connected to a
monitor or a laser printer.
Components Digital Radiography (DR)
A digital radiography system consists of three main components:
a. modalities
DICOM
NON-DICOM (Conventional)
b. Software
RIS (Radiology Information System)
PACS (Picture Archiving and Communications System)
c. hardware
Servers, workstations and printers
Network
Storage
Physical Principles of Digital Radiography
The physical principles of digital radiography do not differ much from
those of screen-film radiography . However, in contrast to screen-film
radiography, in which the film serves as both detector and storage medium,
digital detectors are used only to generate the digital image, which is then
stored on a digital medium. Digital imaging comprises four separate steps:
generation, processing, archiving, and presentation of the image.
The digital detector is exposed to x-rays generated by a standard tube.
Ultimately, the energy absorbed by the detector must be transformed into
electrical charges, which are then recorded, digitized, and quantified into a
gray scale that represents the amount of x-ray energy deposited at each
digitization locus in the resultant digital image. After sampling, postprocessing
software is needed for organizing the raw data into a clinically meaningful
image.
After final image generation, images are sent to a digitized storage
archive. A digital header file containing patient demographic information is

linked to each image. Although it is possible to print digital images as hardcopy film, the advantages of digital radiography are not realized completely
unless images are viewed digitally on a computer workstation. Digital images
can be manipulated during viewing with functions like panning, zooming,
inverting the gray scale, measuring distance and angle, and windowing. Image
distribution over local area networks is possible. Digital images and associated
reports can be linked to a digital patient record for enhanced access to
diagnostic data.

2. Ultrasonography Machine (USG)

Ultrasound is sound waves with frequencies higher than the human ear
hearing ability, so we could not hear it at all. Human audible sound has a
frequency of between 20-20000 Cpd (cicles per sec- Hertz). While the ultrasound
examination using 10 MHz frequencies 1- (1- 10 million Hz).
The high-frequency sound waves generated from crystals contained in a
device called a transducer. Changes shape as a result of mechanical forces on the
crystal, will cause the power supply voltage. This phenomenon called Piezoelectric effect, which is the basis for further development of ultrasound. Crystal
form will also change when affected by electric fields. In accordance with the
polarity of the electric field through, the crystals will expand and contract, it will
produce a steeper frequency sound waves.
Working Principle means of ultrasonography
The transducer works as a transmitter and receiving sound waves. Electrical
pulses generated by the generator is converted into acoustic energy emitted by the
transducer with specific direction on the part of the body that will be studied.

Most will be reflected and some will propagate continue to penetrate the network
that will lead to various reflections according to network path. The reflection
derived from these networks will hit the transducer, and then converted into
electric pulses and then amplified and then shown in the form of light on the
oscilloscope screen.
These waves are then translated by the processor to be converted into an
image and displayed on a monitor.

A. Example of Computer Controller System

1. Remote Controll
The remote control is a remote control device which functions to control an
object (usually having electronic components). The controlled object will then provide
the appropriate response to the type of instruction they provide. Instructions are given
by way of pressing the appropriate button on the remote control. This time the remote
control is used for various purposes to change the temperature of the AC to govern the
motion of the robot

Principle works of remote control

How it works is like this similar to the way work is sent via Morse code
telegraph machine. An operator sender to send short text messages to the recipient
operator located at a certain distance. But the message is sent in the form of Morse code
pattern that symbolizes hururf letters in the message it sends. Telegraph machine using
a specific code because it can not transmit voice data such as the telephone. But the
telegraph can transmit electric current that is connected to a buzzer at the receiver, so
the receiver operator will receive the sound of the bell in certain patterns that when
assembled will be translated as a short message.

Remote control using LED (Light Emitting Diode) infra red which serves as the
sender (transmitter) pattern of infrared rays. LED infrared is a kind of small lights that
have a diode that will emit infrared light when energized so as to control the electronic
device as desired.

2. Engine Control Unit

In automotive, the ECU is an abbreviation for Electronic Control Unit or an
electronic control unit that serves to optimize its vehicle engines. In a car there can be
found some ECU. One example is the Engine Control Unit ECU or engine control unit,
which functions:
Control fuel injection serves to control the use of fuel and the amount of air injected
into the combustion chamber so that the use of the most fuel-efficient vehicles,
Ignition timing control which serves to control the time / ignition timing adjusted to
the speed and impassable terrain.
Timing control valve which controls the time / the most appropriate timing for
opening and closing the intake and exhaust valves.

How it works ECU or Engine Control Unit is to control the ratio of air and fuel,
ignition timing, idle speed, time of opening and closing of the valve. The following
details how it works:

Controlling Air and Fuel Ratio

For engines with injection technology, the ECU will determine the amount of fuel
to be sent based on several parameters obtained from sensors scattered in the
machine. If the Throttle Position Sensor shows the gas pedal is pressed deeper,
Mass Flow Sensor (MFS) will measure the amount of additional air being sucked
into the engine and ECU will inject more fuel into the engine. If the heat sink fluid

Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor indicates the engine too hot, biofuel will be
injected again.
Ignition Time control
A spark ignition engine requires to initiate combustion in the combustion chamber.
ECU set the time that the spark (so-called ignition timing) to provide better power
and economical. If the ECU detects knock, a condition that could potentially
damage the engine, the ECU will judge still too soon provide a spark and ECU will
delay (slow down) a spark to prevent this. Because knocking tends to occur more
in the engine speed is lower, the transmission control ECU will automatically
decrease to a lower gear as the first attempt to reduce knock.

Speed control Machines when Idle

Almost all machines have the Idle Speed Control system which is integrated in the
ECU. Engine RPM is monitored by Crankshaft Position Sensor which plays a
major role in the function of controlling the fuel injection timing, set when doing a
spark, and open the valve lid. Idle speed control system must anticipate the load on
the engine at idle. Changes at idle usually comes from HVAC systems, power
steering systems, power brake systems, and electrical charging and supply systems.
The temperature of the engine and transmission status, and duration of the
camshaft also affect engine performance and idle speed or a desired value.
Duration control Open Close Valves
Some machines have a Variable Valve Timing. In such machines, the ECU controls
the time in the engine cycle at which the valve opens. The valves are usually
opened more quickly at higher engine speeds than at lower speeds. It can optimize
the flow of air into the cylinder so that the increased power of the engine and the
economy.

B. Example of Computer Monitoring System and Computer Controller

System
1. Cross Automatic Door
Along with the times is rapidly increasing, the need for effectiveness and
efficiency sting preferably in a shared field. It has encouraged people to create and
innovate in the field of technology to create a tool that is more effective and efficient
as a tool doorstop automatic parking. Ultrasonic sensor SRF05 use development as a
distance detection sensor and microcontroller ATMEGA 32 as a processor and LED
lights instead of electric motor that serves to open and close the latch parking.

Principle works of Cross automatic door

Cross Automatic Doors Parking Sensor utilizes Ultrasonic SRF05 with the
microcontroller ATMEGA 32 as a processor to turn on or off the relay in order to
drive the motor to open or close the door automatically parking. The automatic latch
use LED lights instead of electric motor as the driving Pelang door. So the object is
used ie if the vehicle hit the sensor will move unbarred the door through the
microcontroller and transmitted through the motor. And will be closed again if the
object does not exist within the sensor range.

2. Fire Detection System

Basic components
The draft that the author made use of some electronic components, for
facilitate understanding of the functions and characteristics of each - each component,
the authors try to discuss it here.
Relay
Relay is a device that uses an electromagnet to operate a set of switch contacts. The
simplest arrangement consisting of coil wires are wound on an iron core. When the
coil is energized, a magnetic field is formed attract the armature pivots used as a lever
switch mechanism.
Hardware is the physical form of the detector and the fire brigade consisting of power
supply, ADC, Microcontroller AT89S51, 7 Segment Display, Display Dot Matrix 7 x
16.
ADC (Analog to Digital Converter)
ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) is a converter circuit voltage information from
analog to digital. A / D Converter can be installed as an analog voltage converter of a
digital sensor equipment to a configuration that will be fed to a minimum system.
Microcontroller
A microcontroller is a single chip computer that has the ability to be programmed and
used for task-oriented controls. Microcontroller develops two main reasons, namely

the market needs (market needed) and new technological developments. What is
meant by the needs of the market: the growing human needs for electronic devices
with smart device as a controller and data processor.
Seven Segment Display
Seven Segment is a segments that are used to show numbers. Seven of this segment is
composed of seven LEDs arranged rods form a figure 8 using the letters a - f called
DOT MATRIX. Each segment is composed of one or two Light Emitting Diode
(LED)